1/21/16 Physicss
Temperature
-a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance -is proportional to the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules
Monatomic gas
-contains only one type of atom
Internal Energy
-the energy of a substance due to both the random motions of its particles and to the potential energy that results from the distances and alignments between the particles
Thermal Equilibrium
-the state in which two bodies in physical contact with each other have identical temperatures -is the basis for measuring temperatures with thermometers
describes efficiency of heat engines
1st law of thermodynamics
What is the specific heat capacity of water?
4.186 x 10³
coefficient of volume expansion
A thing that tells how much the volume of a solid will change when it is heated or cooled.
calorimetry
An experimental procedure used to measure the energy transferred from one substance to another as heat.
What is a formula used to find the specific heat capacity?
Cp=Q/m∆T
unit for temperature used in the US
Fahrenheit
Celsius-Fahrenheit Temperature Conversion
Fahrenheit temperature=(9/5 x CelsiusTemperature) + 32.0
unit for heat
J
unit for heat of fusion
J/kg
unit for specific heat
J/kg x degrees C
Explain how the KE of molecules in water accounts for its temperature
KE is the energy of motion, so the faster the water particles move, the higher the temperature will be
_____ heat is heat gained or lost during phase changes
Latent
How Temperature affects Matter
Matter expands as its temperature increases
Calorimetry, a problem solving approach to heat transfer problems, has the equation
Qgained=-Qlost
heat required to raise temperature of 1 kg 1 degrees C
Specific heat
What is the formula to change between degrees celcius and farenheit?
Tf=9/5Tc+32
absolute zero
The coldest temperature, 0 Kelvin, that can be reached. It is the hypothetical temperature at which all molecular motion stops.
latent heat
The energy per unit mass that is transferred during a phase change of a substance
thermal expansion
The increase in volume of a substance due to an increase in temperature
What is the formula to change between celcius and kelvin?
Tk=Tc+273.15
What is the energy transferred to or from a unit mass of a substance during a phase change called? a. latent heat b. specific heat capacity c. internal energy d. thermal energy
a
What occurs to the particles in a substance at low temperature when energy is transferred to the substance as heat?
a
electromagnetic radiation
a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space
temperature
a measure of hot or cold something is specifically a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object
temperature
a measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance
entropy
a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system
internal energy
a property that includes the energies of the individual particles of a system but not the energy of the entire system
system
a set of particles or interacting components considered to be a distinct physical entity for the purpose of study
adiabatic process
a thermodynamic process in which no heat transfer between the system and its environment takes place. Q=0
cyclic process
a thermodynamic process in which one form of energy is partly converted into another and the remainder is released as heat
isothermal process
a thermodynamic process that takes place at constant temperature. ∆u=0
isovolumetric process
a thermodynamic process that takes place at constant volume so that no work is done or by the system. w=0
name for 0 K
absolute zero
heat of vaporization
amount of energy required for liquid particles to escape the attractive forces within the liquid or the energy required to change from a liquid to a gas
Which of the following is not a good thermal insulator? a. ceramic b. iron c. fiberglass d. cork
b
During a phase change which of the following properties does not change? a. internal energy b. physical state c. temperature d. volume
c
What is the energy due to the random motions of a substance's particles and the PE due to the bonds btwn those particles called? a. vibrational energy b. rotational energy c. translational energy d. internal energy
c
What is the process by which energy is transferred by the motion of cold and hot mater? a. thermal conduction b. thermal insulation c. convection d. radiation
c
Which of the following statements correctly describes what occurs to a substance that undergoes thermal expansion? a. As the temperature increases, the volume of the substance increases b. As the temperature increases, the volume of the substance decreases c. As the temperature increases, the density of the substance increases d. As the temperature increases, the mass of the substance decreases
c
Which property of a substance is not needed to determine the amount of energy transferred as heat to or from the substance? a. temperature change b. specific heat capacity c. volume d. mass
c
∆u
change in thermal energy
heat transfer by touching
conduction
What are three ways internal energy can be transferred from a hot object to a cooler object?
conduction, convection, radiation
monatomic gas
contains only one type of atom, temperature can be understood in terms of the translational kinetic energy of the atoms in the gas
heat transfer by mass movement
convection
How are the celcius and kelvin temperature scales similar? a. both scales are based on the freezing and boiling points of water b. both scales are based on absolute zero c. neither scale has negative temperature values d. the difference of one degree is the same for both scales
d
What must be true if energy is to be transferred as heat btwn two bodies in physical contact? a. the two bodies must have diff volumes b. the two bodies must be at diff temps c. the two bodies must have different masses d. the two bodies must be in thermal equilibrium
d
Which of the following statements est describes a state of thermal equilibrium btwn two systems? a. both systems have the same mass b. both systems have the same volume c. both systems have the same temperature d. both systems contain the same amount of internal energy
d
unit for temperature
degrees C or K
calorimeters
devices used to measure the amount of heat absorbed or released during chemical or physical processes.
defines build up of waste heat
entropy
∆s
entropy
degrees
equally spaced unit marks on a thermometer
ice point / melting point
first reference Mark on a thermometer: The temperature at which ice melts or water freezes, Fahrenheit 32. Celsius 0. kelvin 273.
energy transfer by convection primarily occurs with this type of matter
fluids
Q
heat
Hf
heat of fusion
direct of heat flow
hot to not
Qh
input heat (absorbed)
What is the energy contained within the particles of a substance?
internal energy
SI unit for temperature
kelvin
celcius + 273=
kelvin
another name for heat of fusion or vaporization
latent heat
what happens to molecules inside a closed chamber as pressure increases
move faster
maximum temp on kelvin scale
none
unit for efficiency
none
Qc
output heat(loss)
heat travels from the sun by this
radiation
evacuates heat via liquid in coils
refrigerator
steam point / boiling point
second reference Mark made at the point when the thermometer is in thermal equilibrium with a mixture of steam and water at one atmosphere pressure (100 degrees Celsius)
C
specific heat
What is the quantity of energy needed to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree C called?
specific heat capacity
1st use of heat engine
steamboats
thermal conductors
substances that rapidly transfer energy as heat (metals)
thermal insulators
substances that slowly transfer energy as heat (asbestos, cork, ceramic, cardboard, fiberglass)
Which of the following is proportional to the average KE of particles in matter?
temperature
environment
the combination of conditions and influences that determine the behavior of a system
internal energy
the energy of a substance due to both the random motions of its particles and to the potential energy that results from the distances and alignments between the particles
heat of fusion
the energy that is added to a substance equals the difference between the total potential energies for particles in the solid and the liquid phases
heat
the energy transferred between objects that are a different temperatures; energy is always transferred from higher temperature to lower temperature objects until thermal equilibrium is reached
latent heat
the heat energy that is absorbed or released by a substance during a phase change
calorimetry
the measurement of heat related constants, such as specific heat or latent heat
convection
the movement of hot and cold matter
phase change
the physical change of a substance from one state to another
phase changes
the physical change of a substance from one state to another at constant temperature and pressure
specific heat capacity
the quantity of heat required to raise a unit mass of homogeneous material 1 K or 1 C in a specific way given constant pressure and volume
Specific Heat Capacity
the quantity of heat required to raise a unit mass of homogenous material 1 K or 1 degree C in a specified way given constant pressure and volume
thermal equilibrium
the state in which all portions of a thermodynamic system are at a uniform temperature consistent with the system's surroundings
thermal equilibrium
the state in which two bodies in physical contact with each other have identical temperatures
1st law of thermodynamics
the total energy of an isolated system is constant ; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but can not be created or destroyed. ∆u=Q-W
thermal conduction
the transfer of energy as heat through a material
heat
the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another because of a difference in temperature
which has a higher specific heat, sand or water?
water
process
what heat is sometimes referred to as
convert heat to do this
work
What is the formula for change in internal heat?
∆u=-(mghf-mghi)-(1/2mvf²-1/2mvi²)
