135-ch 5 quiz

Inclusion in which of the following adolescent groups is typically based on friendship and shared activity?

A clique

A reputation based collective of peers is called

A crowd

Inclusion in the following adolescent group is typically based on friendship and shared activity:

Clique

Which of the following statements can be used to explain why, at least during early and middle adolescence, cliques tend to be composed of adolescents of the same sex?

Cliques are formed largely on the basis of shared activities and interests.

Adolescents who are rejected by peers due to aggressive behavior are more likely to be treated for

Conduct problems

Which of the following adolescent groups is based on reputation and stereotype rather than interaction?

Crowd

Adolescents seem to benefit from being in a clique because of what they can learn about:

Intimacy

Income, residence and reputation in the community are used to determine

Social class

Popularity is most highly associated with

Social skill

Although it is widely agreed that popular adolescents are generally more ____ than their unpopular peers, there is surprising variability among popular teenagers with respect to other characteristics.

Socially skilled

Which crowd members are most likely to have high self-esteem?

Socies

Based on the findings published in The Adolescent Society, this author believed that age segregation in American society had created a separate and troublesome youth culture. Who is this researcher?

James Coleman

Who believed that American adolescents had created a separate and troublesome youth culture?

James Coleman

Who carried out the classic study looking at social position and the composition of adolescent cliques?

James Coleman

In Brown's scheme of social mapping, a crowd that is high in involvement in peer culture, and high in involvement in adult institutions is

Jocks

According to Brown's model for mapping the social world of adolescents, the crowds that are highly involved in both peer culture and adult institutions are the:

Jocks and populars

What happens when adolescents become more secure in their identity as individuals?

The need for affiliation with a crowd diminishes.

Which research method did Cusick (1973) use when he established rapport with a group of high school students in order to infiltrate and eventually join the group?

Participation observation

Groups of people who are roughly the same age are

Peer groups

Groups of people who are roughly the same age are:

Peer groups

In general, adolescents tend to exert ______ influences on their peers.

Positive and negative

Young people are socialized primarily by elders in

Postfigurative cultures

Adolescents assisting adults with computer technology would be found in

Prefigurative cultures

__ adolescents tend to misinterpret the intentions of their peers as being negative or aggressive, especially when the situation is vague or ambiguous.

Rejected-aggressive

Psychologist Nicki Crick has studied the aggressive tendencies of girls, and finds that they are more likely than boys to use ____ aggression, which is intended to harm others through deliberate manipulation of their social standing and social relationships.

Relational

Adolescents who become popular tend to:

be very good at taking the perspective of others

As one progresses through adolescence, crowds ______ permeable.

become more

All of the following are ways that peer groups change in significance and structure during adolescence, except:

during adolescence, peer groups drastically decrease in size and crowds become almost nonexistent.

According to the textbook, girls are more likely to be _____, whereas boys are more likely to be _____.

members of cliques; isolates

In general, which of the following is the positive aspect of crowd membership during adolescence?

membership provides the person with an "identity" before the teen creates one on his own

The structure of American schooling began to have a significant impact on adolescent peer groups after

1930

The percentage of the U.S. population comprising 15 to 19-year-olds reached its highest level in

1975

The percentage of the U.S. population comprising 15- to 19-year-olds reached its highest level in:

1975

Baby boomers are to Generation X as the 1950s are to the ______.

1980's

By the time a U.S. adolescent is a senior in high school, approximately what percentage of her waking hours will be spent with adults?

15%

According to the viewpoint of the "separate youth culture," increases in the rate of all of the following except ________ can be attributed to the rise of peer groups in America.

Academic achievement

What is one way that adolescent behavior is affected by their crowd membership?

Adolescents tend to imitate the behaviors of the crowd leaders. Crowds establish social norms, values, and expectations that members strive to follow. When members behave in ways that are consistent with the social norms of the crowd, they are reinforced for doing so.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about clique composition?

Adolescents' cliques typically are composed of people who are different from each other—"opposites attract."

Ken Dodge has successfully "treated" the illogical thought patterns of children and teens who are prone to be ___ by showing them videotapes of others in action, stopping the tape, asking them what they think will happen, playing the rest of the tape, and pointing out to them how their thinking was wrong.

Aggressive

_____ teens have difficulty controlling their hostility, but are nervous about initiating social contact with others.

Aggressive-withdrawn

Which adolescent is at the greatest risk for psychological and behavioral problems:

An adolescent who is aggressive and withdrawn

From childhood to adolescence, the nature of the peer group changes in all of the following ways except:

During adolescence, more contact occurs with same-sex friends

The research technique that involves observing, interviewing and writing field notes is commonly referred to as __________.

Ethnography

A deviant peer group that can be identified by name and common symbols is a

Gang

Although different in some respects, what characteristic does the crowds known as nerds, brains, and jocks have in common using Brown's social mapping model?

High involvement in adult institutions

Thinking that other children's behavior is aggressive when it is not is referred to as:

Hostile attributional bias

Particularistic norms are found in ______ regions.

Kinship-based

Which developmental period does this statement best reflect, "during this period the clique becomes less important as couples begin to form"?

Late adolescence

Individuals who are not part of a clique but who interact with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, are known as:

Liasons

Which of the following is not associated with poor peer relationships?

Low intelligence

__________ emphasized the positive socialization influence that adolescents have on their peers.

Margaret Mead

Some adolescents don't seem to have either enough motivation or the right kinds of social skills to make and keep many friends. They tend to spend more time alone, or with one or two friends, while many of their other classmates don't really pay much attention to them. These teens would be categorized as

Neglected

Which of the following statements about adolescent bullies is NOT true?

Online harassment is far more prevalent than in-person bullying.

A research technique commonly used to study the functioning of adolescent peer groups is

Participant observation

Which of the following accurately describes one of the changes in peer groups during adolescence?

adolescence marks the emergence of larger collectives of peers known as crowds

Social scientists distinguish between several groups of unpopular adolescents. Unpopular adolescents who have difficulty controlling their hostility and are nervous about initiating social contact with others are known as:

aggressive and withdrawn.

Studies involving both girls and boys from different ethnic groups support which of the following conclusions regarding involvement in antisocial activity?

contrary to the popular belief that antisocial adolescents do not have friends, they have friends who also tend to be antisocial

In contemporary American society, "jocks," "nerds," "druggies," and "populars" are examples of social structures known as:

crowds

The qualitative research technique that involves observations of interactions and interviewing and writing field notes is commonly referred to as:

ethnography

The most striking negative effect of being bullied in adolescence is that:

experiencing victimization by peers (bullying) is likely to undermine feelings of academic competence, which can persist well into adulthood.

What do we mean when we say that American society is very age-segregated?

from age 5 until high school graduation, children are grouped with children their own age

A deviant peer group that can be identified by name and common symbols is a:

gang

Membership in which of the following adolescent groups places adolescents at greater risk of psychological distress, exposure to violence, high-risk sexual behavior, and drug abuse?

gang

Based on research from David Kinney's ethnographic study, what is one thing that contributed to the transformation of "nerds" to "normals" in high school?

high school peer structure is more differentiated and more permeable than elementary and junior high schools' peer structures

What is likely to be an effect of an intervention that groups delinquent adolescents together?

iatrogenic effects—delinquent adolescents may teach and reinforce each other to become more delinquent

Which of the following is true regarding the amount of time high school students spend with peers compared to their parents? High school students:

in the United States and Europe spend twice as much time with peers than with parents.

Although different in some respects, what characteristic does the crowds known as toughs, druggies, and partiers have in common using Brown's social mapping model?

low involvement in adult institutions

An example of the hostile attributional bias is when an unpopular child:

regards other children's behavior as deliberately hostile, even when it is not.

Although both genders employ it, psychologists, including Nikki Crick, believe that girls are more likely than boys to experience nonphysical aggression intended to harm others through deliberate manipulation of their social standing and social relationships. This form of aggression is called:

relational aggression.

Interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents learn social skills have focused on each of the following strategies, except:

teaching bullying and victimizing behaviors to develop self-confidence.

As one progresses through adolescence, the permeability of the crowd system:

tend to increase

The more unpopular withdrawn adolescents are teased and rejected:

the more they are likely to blame themselves for their own victimization.

According to David Kinney's ethnographic study of "nerds," how do adolescents labeled as such become "normals" as they move into high school?

the nerds' increasing physical and cognitive maturity facilitated peer acceptance

What is the most prevalent type of bullying?

verbal bullying