139B Midterm

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homestead strike 1892

- In 1892 the powerful Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers squared off against the even more powerful industrialists Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Carnegie in western Pennsylvania. The strike/lockout at Homestead "stirred the labor movement as few other single events" had, in the 1922 words of labor economist Selig Perlman. Strikers and sympathizers successfully defended their town against an invasion by the company's armed, mercenary Pinkerton guards. Only the arrival of the state militia and the arrest and prosecution of strike leaders brought Frick and Carnegie the victory they desired. -The union lay in ashes, wages and working conditions deteriorated rapidly, strikers lost their jobs, managers crushed overt dissent and effectively dominated local politics, and unionism in steel was wiped out for the next four decades. The debacle at Homestead, Perlman argued, taught the labor movement the "lesson that even its strongest organization was unable to withstand an onslaught by the modern corporation." s -it was an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892. The battle was one of the most serious disputes in U.S. labor history, - The dispute occurred at the Homestead Steel Works in the Pittsburgh area town of Homestead, Pennsylvania, between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (the AA) and the Carnegie Steel Company. -The final result was a major defeat for the union and a setback for their efforts to unionize steelworkers. -background: The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (AA) was an American labor union formed in 1876. It was a craft union representing skilled iron and steel workers. The AA's membership was concentrated in ironworks west of the Allegheny Mountains. The union negotiated national uniform wage scales on an annual basis; helped regulate working hours, workload levels and work speeds; and helped improve working conditions. It also acted as a hiring hall, helping employers find scarce puddlers and rollers. -Andrew Carnegie placed industrialist Henry Clay Frick in charge of his company's operations in 1881. Frick resolved to break the union at Homestead. -Carnegie was publicly in favor of labor unions. He condemned the use of strikebreakers and told associates that no steel mill was worth a single drop of blood.But Carnegie agreed with Frick's desire to break the union and -Frick implemented a 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a number of positions from the bargaining unit. Carnegie encouraged Frick to use the negotiations to break the union -Frick announced on April 30, 1892 that he would bargain for 29 more days. If no contract was reached, Carnegie Steel would cease to recognize the union. Carnegie formally approved Frick's tactics on May 4. -When no collective bargaining agreement was reached on June 29, Frick locked the union out of the rest of the plant. A high fence topped with barbed wire, begun in January, was completed and the plant sealed to the workers. -At a mass meeting on June 30, local AA leaders reviewed the final negotiating sessions and announced that the company had broken the contract by locking out workers a day before the contract expired. The Knights of Labor, which had organized the mechanics and transportation workers at Homestead, agreed to walk out alongside the skilled workers of the AA. Workers at Carnegie plants in Pittsburgh, Duquesne, Union Mills and Beaver Falls struck in sympathy the same day. - devised a plan to get the Pinkertons onto the mill property. With the mill ringed by striking workers, the agents would access the plant grounds from the river. Three hundred Pinkerton agents assembled on the Davis Island Dam on the Ohio River about five miles below Pittsburgh at 10:30 p.m. on the night of July 5, 1892. They were given Winchester rifles, placed on two specially-equipped barges and towed upriver. -The strikers were prepared for them; the AA had learned of the Pinkertons as soon as they had left Boston for the embarkation point. The small flotilla of union boats went downriver to meet the barges. Strikers on the steam launch fired a few random shots at the barges, then withdrew—blowing the launch whistle to alert the plant. The strikers blew the plant whistle at 2:30 a.m., drawing thousands of men, women and children to the plant. -A few shots were fired at the tug and barges, but no one was injured. The crowd tore down the barbed-wire fence and strikers and their families surged onto the Homestead plant grounds. Some in the crowd threw stones at the barges, but strike leaders shouted for restraint.[ -The Pinkerton agents attempted to disembark, and shots were fired. Then the workmen opened fire on the detectives. The men shot first, and not until three of the Pinkerton men had fallen did they respond to the fire. Regardless of which side opened fire first, the first two individuals wounded. The Pinkerton agents aboard the barges then fired into the crowd, killing two and wounding 11. The crowd responded in kind, killing two and wounding 12. The firefight continued for about 10 minutes. -Frick, too, needed a way out of the strike. The company could not operate for long with strikebreakers living on the mill grounds, and permanent replacements had to be found. -On July 18, the town was placed under martial law, further disheartening many of the strikers. -National attention became riveted on Homestead when, on July 23, Alexander Berkman, a New York anarchist with no connection to steel or to organized labor, plotted with his lover Emma Goldman to assassinate Frick. He came in from New York, gained entrance to Frick's office, then shot and stabbed the executive. Frick survived and continued his role; Berkman was sentenced to 22 years in prison. -The Berkman assassination attempt undermined public support for the union and prompted the final collapse of the strike. The union voted to go back to work on Carnegie's terms; the strike had failed and the union had collapsed.[53] -The strike had collapsed so much that the state militia pulled out on October 13, ending the 95-day occupation. -The Homestead strike broke the AA as a force in the American labor movement. Many employers refused to sign contracts with their AA unions while the strike lasted. A deepening in 1889 of the Long Depression led most steel companies to seek wage decreases similar to those imposed at Homestead.

partisanship

-United class and ethnic group within parties, unite generations, partisan ship had men stay with a party no matter what , strong two party system Newspapers party organs Rise of the independent vote rooted in civil service reform But most people one or the other Huge midterm election turn out too throughout the late nineteenth century the vast majority of voters stood by the Republicans or the Democrats, in congressional and state elections as well as in presidential contests. -Moreover, whatever their motivation, party supporters went to the polls in huge numbers. In presidential election years over 75 percent of eligible voters typically cast ballots, a turnout rate far in excess of twentieth-century averages. In this sense the active political community in the Gilded Age was much broader than its modern-day counterpart. -In another sense, however, the political community was narrower, for virtually everywhere women were denied the ballot, and in the South, after the end of Reconstruction, conservative white Democrats employed a variety of means to block voting by African Americans. But even with these egregious exclusions from the suffrage, politics remained a consuming interest to people throughout the nation, engaging the enthusiastic participation of millions of citizens. -For most Gilded Age political leaders, their commitment to principle, as well as their personal ambition, was inextricably linked to devotion to party. They could not achieve their goals unless they gained power, which they could not do except through the agency of one of the two major parties. Leaders high and low, and many voters as well, displayed a dedication to party that bordered on zealotry. Even so level-headed a politician as Treasury Secretary John Sherman once confessed to a friend that the idea of the opposing party coming to power "haunts me like a nightmare." -Parties were nearly as old as the Republic. The emergence of mass politics earlier in the nineteenth century had led to the creation of partisan structures and methods that were well established by the beginning of the Gilded Age. In a general sense, party organizations served as the essential link between leaders, who formulated policy and governed, and the voters, who, with their own beliefs and notions, sought guidance and inspiration. In an age when politicians had no independent means for reaching masses of voters (such as television in the late twentieth century), the party constituted the essential vehicle for communicating with the electorate. -In both major parties the structure was pyramidal, resting on a broad foundation at the precinct or ward level and moving up through town, city, county, legislative and congressional districts, state, and nation. At each level the periodic convention was the basic governing unit for the party. Gatherings of leaders and interested activists, these conventions served several purposes. Those in attendance selected nominees for public office and issued platforms promulgating party beliefs, they chose delegates to attend subsequent conventions up the pyramid, and they created various committees to conduct the ensuing campaign and to carry on party business until the next convention. -As this structure suggests, the national party was in reality little more than a confederation of state and local parties, with only a weak national committee structure holding it together between presidential election years. Even so, the quadrennial national convention was in many ways the crowning event in the party's cycle. Here, delegates on the platform committee from throughout the nation hammered out a statement of shared ideals, and here, delegates sought to choose a presidential ticket that would win the confidence and votes of party members everywhere. Although local issues and battles remained important to voters, the national convention and the following campaign proved to be powerful forces for the renewal of party identification.

dawes severalty act

-adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship. -The objectives of the Dawes Act were to abolish tribal and communal rights of Native Americans in order to stimulate assimilation of them into mainstream American society, to transfer lands under Indian control to white settlers, and thereby lift Native Americans out of poverty. Individual household ownership of land and subsistence farming on the European-American model was seen as an essential step. The act provided that the government would classify as "excess" those Indian reservation lands remaining after allotments, and sell those lands on the open market, allowing purchase and settlement by non-Native Americans. -The Dawes Commission, set up under an Indian Office appropriation bill in 1893, was created to try to persuade the Five Civilized Tribes to agree to allotment plans. (They had been excluded from the Dawes Act by their treaties.) -During the ensuing decades, the Five Civilized Tribes lost 90 million acres of former communal lands, which were sold to non-Natives. In addition, many individuals, unfamiliar with land ownership, became the target of speculators and criminals, were stuck with allotments that were too small for profitable farming, and lost their household lands. Tribe members also suffered from the breakdown of the social structure of the tribes. -The new policy intended to concentrate Native Americans in areas away from encroaching settlers, but it caused considerable suffering and many deaths. During the nineteenth century, Native American tribes resisted the imposition of the reservation system and engaged with the United States Army in what were called the Indian Wars in the West for decades. Finally defeated by the US military force and continuing waves of encroaching settlers, the tribes negotiated agreements to resettle on reservations.[6] Native Americans ended up with a total of over 155 million acres (630,000 km2) of land, ranging from arid deserts to prime agricultural land -The Reservation system, though forced upon Native Americans, was a system that allotted each tribe a claim to their new lands, protection over their territories, and the right to govern themselves. With the Senate supposedly being able to intervene only through the negotiation of treaties, they adjusted their ways of life and tried to continue their traditions.[8] The traditional tribal organization, a defining characteristic of Native Americans as a social unit, became apparent to the non-native communities of the United States and created a mixed stir of emotions. The tribe was viewed as a highly cohesive group, led by a hereditary, chosen chief, who exercised power and influence among the members of the tribe by aging traditions.[9] The tribes were seen as strong, tight-knit societies led by powerful men who were opposed to any change that weakened their positions. Many white Americans feared them and sought reformation. The Indians' failure to adopt the "Euroamerican" lifestyle, which was the social norm in the United States at the time, was seen as both unacceptable and uncivilized. -By the end of the 1880s, a general consensus seem to have been reached among many US stakeholders that the assimilation of Native Americans into American culture was top priority; it was the time for them to leave behind their tribal landholding, reservations, traditions and ultimately their Indian identities.[10] -On February 8, 1887, the Dawes Allotment Act was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland. -Responsible for enacting the division of the American native reserves into plots of land for individual households, the Dawes Act was created by reformers to achieve six goals:breaking up of tribes as a social unit, encouraging individual initiatives, furthering the progress of native farmers, reducing the cost of native administration, securing parts of the reservations as Indian land, and opening the remainder of the land to white settlers for profit

civil service reform

-is a United States federal law, enacted in 1883, which established that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation.[1] The act provided selection of government employees by competitive exams,[1] rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote government officials for political reasons and prohibited soliciting campaign donations on Federal government property.[1] To enforce the merit system and the judicial system, the law also created the United States Civil Service Commission.[1] This board would be in charge of determining the rules and regulations of the act.[2] The Act also allowed for the president, by executive order to decide which positions could be subject to the act and which would not.[2] A crucial result was the shift of the parties to reliance on funding from business,[3] since they could no longer depend on patronage hopefuls. -n 1877, there was growing interest in the United States concerning the effects of the spoils system on the American political system.[2] New York City established the Civil Service Reform Association to help address the issues, which would lead to several other organizations like it appearing in other cities.[2] The presence of these organizations was one of the first steps in trying to up end the spoils system in America. The assassination of President James A. Garfield moved the Civil Service Reform from city organizations to a leading topic in the political realm.[2] President Garfield was shot in July 1881 by Charles Guiteau, because Guiteau believed the president owed him a patronage position for his "vital assistance" in securing Garfield's election the previous year.[4] Garfield died two months later, and Vice President Chester A. Arthur acceded to the presidency.[5] Once in office, President Arthur pushed through legislation for civil reform.[5] On January 16, 1883 Congress passed the Civil Service Act, which is sometimes referred to as the Pendleton Act after Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio,[2] one of the primary sponsors. The Act was written by Dorman Bridgman Eaton, a staunch opponent of the patronage system who was later first chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission. However, the law would also prove to be a major political liability for Arthur.[1] The law offended machine politicians, or politicians who belong to a small clique that controls a political party.[6] These politicians realized that with the Pendleton Act in place they would have to find a new means of income, since they could no longer count on donations from the wealthy hoping to receive jobs.[5] The Act initially covered only about 10% of the U.S. government's civilian employees.[1] However, there was a provision that allowed outgoing presidents to lock in their own appointees by converting jobs to civil service. After a series of party reversals at the presidential level (1884, 1888, 1892, 1896), the result was that most federal jobs were under civil service.

lt col george a custer

Custer order to take care of this gathering -1876 Led 600 troops to little bighorn river His scouts informed him of the location He underestimated the numbers, divided unit into 4 indians had about 7000 Custer went against advice of his indian guides Led by crazy horse the 5 calvarys destroyed Custer died 263 died vs about 75 indians Reaction was shocking Newspaper demand revenge Custer portrayed as a hero- but not whole story Army respond with intensified effort in the plains, gov force native to reseade black hills and moved to reservations - was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars. Raised in Michigan and Ohio, Custer was admitted to West Point in 1857, where he graduated last in his class in 1861. With the outbreak of the Civil War, Custer was called to serve with the Union Army. Custer developed a strong reputation during the Civil War. He participated in the first major engagement, the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, near Washington, D.C. His association with several important officers helped his career as did his success as a highly effective cavalry commander. Custer was brevetted to brigadier general at age 23, less than a week before the Battle of Gettysburg, where he personally led cavalry charges that prevented Confederate cavalry from attacking the Union rear in support of Pickett's Charge. He was wounded in the Battle of Culpeper Court House in Virginia on September 13, 1863. In 1864, Custer was awarded another star and brevetted to major general rank. At the conclusion of the Appomattox Campaign, in which he and his troops played a decisive role, Custer was present at General Robert E. Lee's surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant, on April 9, 1865. After the Civil War, Custer remained a major general in the United States Volunteers until they were mustered out in February 1866. He reverted to his permanent rank of captain and was appointed a lieutenant colonel in the 7th Cavalry Regiment in July 1866. He was dispatched to the west in 1867 to fight in the American Indian Wars. On June 25, 1876, while leading the 7th Cavalry Regiment at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana Territory against a coalition of Native American tribes, he and all of his detachment—which included two of his brothers—were killed. The battle is popularly known in American history as "Custer's Last Stand." -By the time of Custer's Black Hills expedition in 1874, the level of conflict and tension between the U.S. and many of the Plains Indians tribes (including the Lakota Sioux and the Cheyenne) had become exceedingly high. European-Americans continually broke treaty agreements and advanced further westward, resulting in violence and acts of depredation by both sides. To take possession of the Black Hills (and thus the gold deposits), and to stop Indian attacks, the U.S. decided to corral all remaining free Plains Indians. The Grant government set a deadline of January 31, 1876 for all Lakota and Arapaho wintering in the "unceded territory" to report to their designated agencies (reservations) or be considered "hostile".[63] The 7th Cavalry, Custer commanding, departed from Fort Abraham Lincoln on May 17, 1876, part of a larger army force planning to round up remaining free Indians. Meanwhile, in the spring and summer of 1876, the Hunkpapa Lakota holy man Sitting Bull had called together the largest ever gathering of Plains Indians at Ash Creek, Montana (later moved to the Little Bighorn River) to discuss what to do about the whites.[64] It was this united encampment of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians that the 7th met at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in the Crow Indian Reservation[65] created in old Crow Country. (In the Fort Laramie Treaty (1851), the valley of the Little Bighorn is in the heart of the Crow Indian treaty territory and accepted as such by the Lakota, the Cheyenne and the Arapaho).[66] The Lakotas were staying in the valley without consent from the Crow tribe,[67] which sided with the Army to expel the Indian invaders.[68] Custer and Bloody Knife (kneeling left), Custer's favorite Indian Scout About June 15, Reno, while on a scout, discovered the trail of a large village on the Rosebud River.[69] On June 22, Custer's entire regiment was detached to follow this trail. On June 25, some of Custer's Crow Indian scouts identified what they claimed was a large Indian encampment in the valley near the Little Bighorn River. Custer had first intended to attack the Indian village the next day, but since his presence was known, he decided to attack immediately and divided his forces into three battalions: one led by Major Marcus Reno, one by Captain Frederick Benteen, and one by himself. Captain Thomas M. McDougall and Company B were with the pack train. Reno was sent north to charge the southern end of the encampment, Custer rode north, hidden to the east of the encampment by bluffs and planning to circle around and attack from the north,[70][71] and Benteen was sent south and west to cut off any attempted escape by the Indians. Reno began a charge on the southern end of the village but halted some 500-600 yards short of the camp, and had his men dismount and form a skirmish line.[72] They were soon overcome by mounted Lakota and Cheyenne warriors who counterattacked en masse against Reno's exposed left flank,[73] forcing Reno and his men to take cover in the trees along the river. Eventually, however, this position became untenable, and the troopers were forced into a bloody retreat up onto the bluffs above the river, where they made their own stand.[74][75] This, the opening action of the battle, cost Reno a quarter of his command. Custer may have seen Reno stop and form a skirmish line as Custer led his command to the northern end of the main encampment, where he apparently planned to sandwich the Indians between his attacking troopers and Reno's command in a "hammer and anvil" maneuver.[76] According to Grinnell's account, based on the testimony of the Cheyenne warriors who survived the fight,[77] at least part of Custer's command attempted to ford the river at the north end of the camp but were driven off by stiff resistance from Indian sharpshooters firing from the brush along the west bank of the river. From that point the soldiers were pursued by hundreds of warriors onto a ridge north of the encampment. Custer and his command were prevented from digging in by Crazy Horse, however, whose warriors had outflanked him and were now to his north, at the crest of the ridge.[78] Traditional white accounts attribute to Gall the attack that drove Custer up onto the ridge, but Indian witnesses have disputed that account.[79] Hurrah boys, we've got them! We'll finish them up and then go home to our station. —Famous words reportedly said by General Custer shortly before being killed.[80] For a time, Custer's men appear to have been deployed by company, in standard cavalry fighting formation—the skirmish line, with every fourth man holding the horses, though this arrangement would have robbed Custer of a quarter of his firepower. Worse, as the fight intensified, many soldiers could have taken to holding their own horses or hobbling them, further reducing the 7th's effective fire. When Crazy Horse and White Bull mounted the charge that broke through the center of Custer's lines, pandemonium may have broken out among the soldiers of Calhoun's command,[81] though Myles Keogh's men seem to have fought and died where they stood. According to some Lakota accounts, many of the panicking soldiers threw down their weapons[82] and either rode or ran towards the knoll where Custer, the other officers, and about 40 men were making a stand. Along the way, the warriors rode them down, counting coup by striking the fleeing troopers with their quirts or lances.[83] Initially, Custer had 208 officers and men under his command, with an additional 142 under Reno, just over 100 under Benteen, 50 soldiers with Captain McDougall's rearguard, and 84 soldiers under 1st Lieutenant Edward Gustave Mathey with the pack train. The Lakota-Cheyenne coalition may have fielded over 1,800 warriors.[84] Historian Gregory Michno settles on a low number of around 1,000 based on contemporary Lakota testimony, but other sources place the number at 1,800 or 2,000, especially in the works by Utley and Fox. The 1,800-2,000 figure is substantially lower than the higher numbers of 3,000 or more postulated by Ambrose, Gray, Scott, and others. Some of the other participants in the battle gave these estimates: Spotted Horn Bull - 5,000 braves and leaders Maj. Reno - 2,500 to 5,000 warriors Capt. Moylan - 3,500 to 4,000 Lt. Hare - not under 4,000 Lt. Godfrey - minimum between 2,500 and 3,000 Lt. Edgerly - 4,000 Lt. Varnum - not less than 4,000 Sgt. Kanipe - fully 4,000 George Herendeen - fully 3,000 Fred Gerard - 2,500 to 3,000 An average of the above is 3,500 Indian warriors and leaders.[85] As the troopers were cut down, the native warriors stripped the dead of their firearms and ammunition, with the result that the return fire from the cavalry steadily decreased, while the fire from the Indians constantly increased. The surviving troopers apparently shot their remaining horses to use as breastworks for a final stand on the knoll at the north end of the ridge. The warriors closed in for the final attack and killed every man in Custer's command. As a result, the Battle of the Little Bighorn has come to be popularly known as "Custer's Last Stand".

marching companies

Election of 1876- new haven produced 42 clubs for both parties, 5,000 eligible voters were in clubs or marching companies ⅕ of northern voters play active role in campaign organization Depth of commitment

us 7th cavalry

George armstrong custer- civil war general, high ranking but actually bumped down Mythic last stand Controversial Fool and butcher- he has been depicted as both On the one hand we can save without doubt his poor judgement resulted in the complete destruction of five companies at Little Bighorn of the 7th Cavalry and that and those companies included two of his brothers a brother-in-law and his nephew all slain at the Battle of Little Bighorn. But cant be made to take the fall- more complicated Born in ohio, west point Tiffany graduated and then he and then he began his service in the Civil War he was put in charge of the Cavalry Regiment he grows rapidly he was known for his superb horsemanship for his great bravery and good off officership at very important very important campaigns his protect and mentor was Phil Sheridan one of the three top Union Generals and Sheridan continue to protect him during his and after war was always a stand out Nickname was cinnamon So much was not and he stayed in the Army as I said he did a little bit of reconstruction duty but most of his duties most of his postings were in the west he and he was assigned to this new Cavalry unit the 7th Cavalry in the US Army still extent that Cavalry unit. Had to learn to fight the indians, new kind of warfare New strategy he used was to use indian scouts and indian tactics, us army began t make war on the winter camps, very controversial, resulted in massacres, attack the camps, take away their supplies for the next year, defeat them so they would go to reservation Conflicts increase not decrease -is a United States Army cavalry regiment formed in 1866. Its official nickname is "Garryowen",[1] after the Irish air "Garryowen" that was adopted as its march tune. Following its activation, the Seventh Cavalry Regiment patrolled the Western plains for raiding Native Americans and to protect the westward movement of pioneers. From 1866 to 1881, the regiment marched a total of 181,692 miles (292,342 km) across Kansas, Montana, and Dakota Territory.[citation need -From 1871 through 1873, 7th Cavalry companies participated in constabulary duties in the deep South in support of the Reconstruction Act and, for half the regiment, again in 1874-1876. In 1873, the 7th Cavalry moved its garrison post to Fort Abraham Lincoln, Dakota Territory. From here, the regiment carried out Custer's 1874 Black Hills Expedition. This led to the discovery of gold in the Black Hills, starting a gold rush in 1874 that precipitated the Great Sioux War of 1876-77.[3] In June, 1876, Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer was killed in the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Montana, along with 267 soldiers of the 7th Cavalry. Although the regiment is well known for the Battle of the Little Bighorn, it also participated in other battles of the American Indian Wars, including the Battle of Bear Paw in Montana (30 September 1877 - 5 October 1877) and the Battle of Crow Agency in Montana (5 November 1887). On 29 December 1890, the regiment instigated the Wounded Knee Massacre in South Dakota, an event that signaled the end of the American Indian Wars. -Little Bighorn, Montana Territory - June 25-26, 1876

wounded knee

Massacre of wounded knee - occurred on December 29, 1890,[5] near Wounded Knee Creek (Lakota: Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála) on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of South Dakota. The previous day, a detachment of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M. Whitside intercepted Spotted Elk's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them 5 miles (8.0 km) westward to Wounded Knee Creek, where they made camp. The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, led by Colonel James W. Forsyth, arrived and surrounded the encampment. The regiment was supported by a battery of four Hotchkiss mountain guns.[6] On the morning of December 29, the U.S. Cavalry troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota. One version of events claims that during the process of disarming the Lakota, a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to give up his rifle, claiming he had paid a lot for it.[7] Simultaneously, an old man was performing a ritual called the Ghost Dance. Black Coyote's rifle went off at that point, and the U.S. army began shooting at the Native Americans. The disarmed Lakota warriors did their best to fight back.[8] By the time the massacre was over, more than 150 men, women, and children of the Lakota had been killed and 51 were wounded (4 men and 47 women and children, some of whom died later); some estimates placed the number of dead at 300.[3] Twenty-five army soldiers also died, and 39 were wounded (6 of the wounded later died).[9] At least twenty soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor.[10] In 2001, the National Congress of American Indians passed two resolutions condemning the military awards and called on the U.S. government to rescind them.[11] -In the years leading up to the conflict, the U.S. government had continued to seize Lakota lands. The once-large bison herds, a staple of the Great Plains indigenous peoples, had been hunted to near-extinction by European settlers. Treaty promises[13] to protect reservation lands from encroachment by settlers and gold miners were not implemented as agreed. As a result, there was unrest on the reservations.[14] During this time, news spread among the reservations of a Paiute prophet named Wovoka, founder of the Ghost Dance religion. He had a vision that the Christian Messiah, Jesus Christ, had returned to Earth in the form of a Native American.[15] According to Wovoka, the Messiah would raise all the Native American believers above the earth. During this time, the white invaders would disappear from Native lands, the ancestors would lead them to good hunting grounds, the buffalo herds and all the other animals would return in abundance, and the ghosts of their ancestors would return to Earth — hence the word ghost in "Ghost Dance".[3] They would then return to earth to live in peace. All this would be brought about by performance of the slow and solemn Ghost Dance, performed as a shuffle in silence to a slow, single drumbeat. Lakota ambassadors to Wovoka, Kicking Bear and Short Bull taught the Lakota that while performing the Ghost Dance, they would wear special Ghost Dance shirts as seen by Black Elk in a vision. Kicking Bear said the shirts had the power to repel bullets.[15] U.S. settlers were alarmed by the sight of the many Great Basin and Plains tribes performing the Ghost Dance, worried that it might be a prelude to armed attack. Among them was the U.S. Indian agent at the Standing Rock Agency where Chief Sitting Bull lived. U.S. officials decided to take some of the chiefs into custody in order to quell what they called the "Messiah craze". The military first hoped to have Buffalo Bill — a friend of Sitting Bull — aid in the plan, to reduce the chance of violence. Standing Rock agent James McLaughlin overrode the military and sent the Indian police to arrest Sitting Bull. On December 15, 1890, 40 Native American policemen arrived at Sitting Bull's house to arrest him. Crowds gathered in protest, and the first shot was fired when Sitting Bull tried to pull away from his captors, killing the officer who had been holding him. Additional shots were fired, resulting in the deaths of Sitting Bull, eight of his supporters, and six policemen. After Sitting Bull's death, 200 members of his Hunkpapa band, fearful of reprisals, fled Standing Rock to join Chief Spotted Elk (later known as "Big Foot") and his Miniconjou band at the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation. -Yellow Bird began to perform the Ghost Dance, telling the Lakota that their "ghost shirts" were bulletproof. As tensions mounted, Black Coyote refused to give up his rifle; he was deaf and had not understood the order. Another Indian said: "Black Coyote is deaf." (Black Coyote did not speak English.) When the soldier persisted, he said, "Stop. He cannot hear your orders." At that moment, two soldiers seized Black Coyote from behind, and (allegedly) in the struggle, his rifle discharged. At the same moment, Yellow Bird threw some dust into the air, and approximately five young Lakota men with concealed weapons threw aside their blankets and fired their rifles at Troop K of the 7th. After this initial exchange, the firing became indiscriminate.[23] Soldiers pose with three of the four Hotchkiss-designed M1875 mountain guns used at Wounded Knee. The caption on the photograph reads: "Famous Battery 'E' of the 1st Artillery. These brave men and the Hotchkiss guns that Big Foot's Indians thought were toys, Together with the fighting 7th what's left of Gen. Custer's boys, Sent 200 Indians to that Heaven which the ghost dancer enjoys. This checked the Indian noise, and Gen. Miles with staff Returned to Illinois." According to commanding General Nelson A. Miles, a "scuffle occurred between one warrior who had [a] rifle in his hand and two soldiers. The rifle was discharged and a battle occurred, not only the warriors but the sick Chief Spotted Elk, and a large number of women and children who tried to escape by running and scattering over the prairie were hunted down and killed."[24] At first all firing was at close range; half the Indian men were killed or wounded before they had a chance to get off any shots. Some of the Indians grabbed rifles from the piles of confiscated weapons and opened fire on the soldiers. With no cover, and with many of the Indians unarmed, this lasted a few minutes at most. While the Indian warriors and soldiers were shooting at close range, other soldiers used the Hotchkiss guns against the tipi camp full of women and children. It is believed that many of the soldiers were victims of friendly fire from their own Hotchkiss guns. The Indian women and children fled the camp, seeking shelter in a nearby ravine from the crossfire.[25] The officers had lost all control of their men. Some of the soldiers fanned out and finished off the wounded. Others leaped onto their horses and pursued the Natives (men, women, and children), in some cases for miles across the prairies. In less than an hour, at least 150 Lakota had been killed and 50 wounded. Historian Dee Brown, in Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, mentions an estimate of 300[26] of the original 350 having been killed or wounded and that the soldiers loaded 51 survivors (4 men and 47 women and children) onto wagons and took them to the Pine Ridge Reservation.[27] Army casualties numbered 25 dead and 39 wounded. -Historically, Wounded Knee is generally considered to be the end of the collective multi-century series of conflicts between colonial and U.S. forces and American Indians, known collectively as the Indian Wars. It was not however the last armed conflict between Native Americans and the United States.

sitting bull

Mobilize to oppose us policy Sue for example they have many different names so I'm not I'm just going to talk about the Lakota Sioux which were the most numerous Did not always live in the plains From Minnesota that's where that's where is Anthropologist and Indian studies people have Trace their Origins at least at least as far as they can tell but the but they were driven out of Minnesota and Wisconsin where they lived by a huge battles with the chippewa indians Prospered in the great plains Used new tech, defeated tribes in the plains and drove them out fought with each other, adapted, used guns and horses Before 1860 they transformed into hunting and warfare culture- so live revolved around family and tribe -was a Hunkpapa Lakota leader who led his people during years of resistance to United States government policies. He was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him, at a time when authorities feared that he would join the Ghost Dance movement.[4] Before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull had a vision in which he saw many soldiers, "as thick as grasshoppers," falling upside down into the Lakota camp, which his people took as a foreshadowing of a major victory in which a large number of soldiers would be killed.[5] About three weeks later, the confederated Lakota tribes with the Northern Cheyenne defeated the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer on June 25, 1876, annihilating Custer's battalion and seeming to bear out Sitting Bull's prophetic vision. Sitting Bull's leadership inspired his people to a major victory. Months after their victory at the battle, Sitting Bull and his group left the United States for Wood Mountain, North-West Territories (now Saskatchewan), where he remained until 1881, at which time he and most of his band returned to US territory and surrendered to U.S. forces. A small remnant of his band under Waŋblí Ǧi decided to stay at Wood Mountain. After working as a performer with Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, Sitting Bull returned to the Standing Rock Agency in South Dakota. Because of fears that he would use his influence to support the Ghost Dance movement, Indian Service agent James McLaughlin at Fort Yates ordered his arrest. During an ensuing struggle between Sitting Bull's followers and the agency police, Sitting Bull was shot in the side and head by Standing Rock policemen Lieutenant Bull Head (Tatankapah, Lakota: Tȟatȟáŋka Pȟá) and Red Tomahawk (Marcelus Chankpidutah, Lakota: Čhaŋȟpí Dúta) after the police were fired upon by Sitting Bull's supporters. His body was taken to nearby Fort Yates for burial. In 1953, his Lakota family exhumed what were believed to be his remains, reburying them near Mobridge, South Dakota, near his birthplace. -During the period 1868-1876, Sitting Bull developed into the most important of Native American political leaders. After the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) and the creation of the Great Sioux Reservation, many traditional Sioux warriors, such as Red Cloud of the Oglala and Spotted Tail of the Brulé, moved to reside permanently on the reservations. They were largely dependent for subsistence on the US Indian agencies. Many other chiefs, including members of Sitting Bull's Hunkpapa band such as Gall, at times lived temporarily at the agencies. They needed the supplies at a time when white encroachment and the depletion of buffalo herds reduced their resources and challenged Native American independence.[citation needed] In 1875, the Northern Cheyenne, Hunkpapa, Oglala, Sans Arc, and Minneconjou camped together for a Sun Dance, with both the Cheyenne medicine man White Bull or Ice and Sitting Bull in association. This ceremonial alliance preceded their fighting together in 1876.[25] Sitting Bull had a major revelation. At the climactic moment, "Sitting Bull intoned, 'The Great Spirit has given our enemies to us. We are to destroy them. We do not know who they are. They may be soldiers.' Ice too observed, 'No one then knew who the enemy were - of what tribe.'...They were soon to find out."(Utley 1992: 122-24) Sitting Bull's refusal to adopt any dependence on the US government meant that at times he and his small band of warriors lived isolated on the Plains. When Native Americans were threatened by the United States, numerous members from various Sioux bands and other tribes, such as the North Cheyenne, came to Sitting Bull's camp. His reputation for "strong medicine" developed as he continued to evade the European Americans. Sketch of Sitting Bull; Harper's Weekly, December 8, 1877 issue. After the January 1st ultimatum of 1876, when the US Army began to track down as hostiles those Sioux and others living off the reservation, Native Americans gathered at Sitting Bull's camp. He took an active role in encouraging this "unity camp". He sent scouts to the reservations to recruit warriors, and told the Hunkpapa to share supplies with those Native Americans who joined them. An example of his generosity was Sitting Bull's taking care of Wooden Leg's Northern Cheyenne tribe. They had been impoverished by Captain Reynold's March 17, 1876 attack and fled to Sitting Bull's camp for safety.[25] Over the course of the first half of 1876, Sitting Bull's camp continually expanded, as natives joined him for safety in numbers. His leadership had attracted warriors and families, creating an extensive village estimated at more than 10,000 people. Lt. Col. Custer came across this large camp on June 25, 1876. Sitting Bull did not take a direct military role in the ensuing battle; instead he acted as a spiritual leader. A week prior to the attack, he had performed the Sun Dance, in which he fasted and sacrificed over 100 pieces of flesh from his arms.[6] Custer's 7th Cavalry advance party attacked Cheyenne and Lakota tribes at their camp on the Little Big Horn River (known as the Greasy Grass River to the Lakota) on June 25, 1876. The U.S. Army did not realize how large the camp was. More than 2,000 Native American warriors had left their reservations to follow Sitting Bull. Inspired by a vision of Sitting Bull's, in which he saw U.S. soldiers being killed as they entered the tribe's camp, the Cheyenne and Lakota fought back. Custer's badly outnumbered troops lost ground quickly and were forced to retreat. The tribes led a counter-attack against the soldiers on a nearby ridge, ultimately annihilating them.[29] The Native Americans' victory celebrations were short-lived. Public shock and outrage at Custer's death and defeat, and the government's knowledge about the remaining Sioux, led them to assign thousands more soldiers to the area. Over the next year, the new American military forces pursued the Lakota, forcing many of the Native Americans to surrender. Sitting Bull refused to surrender and in May 1877 led his band across the border into the North-West Territories, Canada. He remained in exile for four years near Wood Mountain, refusing a pardon and the chance to return.[30] When crossing the border into Canadian territory, Sitting Bull was met by the Mounties of the region. During this meeting, James Morrow Walsh, commander of the North-West Mounted Police, explained to Sitting Bull that the Lakota were now on British soil and must obey British law. Walsh emphasized that he enforced the law equally and that every person in the territory had a right to justice. Walsh became an advocate for Sitting Bull and the two became good friends for the remainder of their lives.[31] While in Canada, Sitting Bull also met with Crowfoot, who was a leader of the Blackfeet, long-time powerful enemies of the Lakota and Cheyenne. Sitting Bull wished to make peace with the Blackfeet Nation and Crowfoot. As an advocate for peace himself, Crowfoot eagerly accepted the tobacco peace offering. Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him.[32] Sitting Bull and his people stayed in Canada for 4 years. Due to the smaller size of the buffalo herds in Canada, Sitting Bull and his men found it difficult to find enough food to feed his people, who were starving and exhausted. Sitting Bull's presence in the country led to increased tensions between the Canadian and the United States governments.[33] Before Sitting Bull left Canada, he may have visited Walsh for a final time and left a ceremonial headdress as a memento.[34] -Hunger and desperation eventually forced Sitting Bull, and 186 of his family and followers, to return to the United States and surrender on July 19, 1881. -In 1885, Sitting Bull was allowed to leave the reservation to go Wild Westing with Buffalo Bill Cody's Buffalo Bill's Wild West. He earned about $50 a week for riding once around the arena, where he was a popular attraction. Although it is rumored that he cursed his audiences in his native tongue during the show, the historian Utley contends that he did not

pullman strike

-1894. --it was was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States that lasted from May 11 to July 20, 1894, and a turning point for US labor law. It pitted the American Railway Union (ARU) against the Pullman Company, the main railroads, and the federal government of the United States under President Grover Cleveland. The strike and boycott shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit, Michigan. The conflict began in Pullman, Chicago, on May 11 when nearly 4,000 factory employees of the Pullman Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages. -The previous year, just as the depression was beginning and numerous railroads went bankrupt, the newly formed American Railway Union (ARU), led by the former locomotive fireman and future socialist Eugene V. Debs, swept as many as 150,000 railroad workers from a wide range of crafts into its ranks, thoroughly repudiating the narrow, conservative railroad brotherhoods that had previously dominated unionism on the rails. In contrast to the AFL, the ARU endorsed the Populist party and called for the nationalization of the railroads at its first convention. In the summer of 1894 striking Pullman Palace Car Company workers in the company town of Pullman, Illinois, turned to the ARU for assistance in their fight to reinstate fired union activists and to rescind severe wage cuts. T he new industrial union responded with a vote of solidarity. When the company refused "all attempts at conciliation and settlement of differences" (as the U.S. Strike Commission subsequently phrased it), ARU members refused to handle any train carrying a Pullman car. The Pullman boycott was on. -Railroad workers' solidarity, however, was no match for the combined power of the General Managers' Association (the railroad employers' organization) and its allies in the press and in state and federal government. -As the boycott spread, tying up the nation's major railroads, the companies placed thousands of armed deputies on railroad payrolls to combat the strikers. More serious was the response of the federal government. -By placing U.S. mail cars at the end of all Pullman trains, it effectively transformed an efforts to halt rail traffic into interference with the mail, a federal offense. -President Grover Cleveland dispatched companies of U.S. Army troops to Chicago and other cities to protect railroad property and to disperse strikers; dozens of strikers and sympathizers were shot by police and military troops. -The judiciary also became an antilabor force. Judges issued sweeping injunctions banning ARU members from interfering with railroad activities in any way, from picketing, and even from meeting. ARU leaders were arrested, their offices broken into and their records seized. -Unable to convince Gompers and the AFL to join it in a nationwide sympathy strike (Gompers viewed the strike as an "impulsive vigorous protest" that placed the labor movement in a position of "open hostility to Federal authority"), the ARU went down to utter defeat. -In the Pullman boycott's aftermath, the union disintegrated, strike leader Debs was convicted and sentenced to prison, and hundreds of strikers permanently lost their jobs. -When his company laid off workers and lowered wages, it did not reduce rents, and the workers called for a strike. Among the reasons for the strike were the absence of democracy within the town of Pullman and its politics, the rigid paternalistic control of the workers by the company, excessive water and gas rates, and a refusal by the company to allow workers to buy and own houses. They had not yet formed a union. Founded in 1893 by Eugene V. Debs, the ARU was an organization of unskilled railroad workers. Debs brought in ARU organizers to Pullman and signed up many of the disgruntled factory workers. When the Pullman Company refused recognition of the ARU or any negotiations, ARU called a strike against the factory, but it showed no sign of success. To win the strike, Debs decided to stop the movement of Pullman cars on railroads. The over-the-rail Pullman employees (such as conductors and porters) did not go on strike. Debs and the ARU called a massive boycott against all trains that carried a Pullman car. It affected most rail lines west of Detroit and at its peak involved some 250,000 workers in 27 states. -Thirty people were killed in response to riots and sabotage that caused $80 million in damages. -President Grover Cleveland ordered in the Army to stop the strikers from obstructing the trains.

urban political machines

- a hierarchical system with a "boss" who held the allegiance of local business leaders, elected officials and their appointees, and who knew the proverbial buttons to push to get things done. Benefits and problems both resulted from the rule of them -in large cities in the United States—Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Kansas City, New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis - A single powerful figure (the boss) was at the center and was bound together to a complex organization of lesser figures (the political machine) by reciprocity in promoting financial and social self-interest. -One of the most infamous of these political machines was Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party machine that played a major role in controlling New York City and New York politics and helping immigrants, most notably the Irish, rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s. - From 1872, Tammany had an Irish "boss". However, Tammany Hall also served as an engine for graft and political corruption, perhaps most notoriously under William M. "Boss" Tweed in the mid-19th century. -Hay day from 1875-1910 -rose because of pop boom effect- from immigration, sprang up to accommodate this growth, growth of cities, urbanization, industrialization and rise of big business -Spoil system was a huge part, Reward selfs when they won, Based on give gov. jobs to party men -Invites corruption -Businessman contribute to politicians that can help them -Cities and political machines grew at the same time-Rapid urbanization, pop growth caused by immigration challenging the governance of cities -Power of machines always contested- sometimes lost to reformers -Had trouble staying in power- stuffed ballot boxes, padded registration lists- most famous philadelphia

spoils system

- a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government civil service jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a merit system, where offices are awarded on the basis of some measure of merit, independent of political activity. - operated on until the Pendleton Act was passed in 1883 due to a civil service reform movement. Thereafter it was largely replaced by a nonpartisan merit at the federal level of the United States. -Moderation of the system at the federal level came with the passage of the Pendleton Act in 1883, which created a bipartisan Civil Service Commission to evaluate job candidates on a nonpartisan merit basis. -The system survived much longer in many states, counties and municipalities, such as the Tammany Hall ring, which survived well into the 1930s when New York City reformed its own civil service. -James Garfield, Assassinated 100 days after becoming president, shot by disappointed office seeker-Charles J. Guiteau, spoil system gone mad- -Reward selfs when they won, Based on give gov. jobs to party men, Once in office- then you have to give to your party

wovoka

- also known as Jack Wilson, was the Paiute religious leader who founded a second episode of the Ghost Dance movement. Wovoka means "cutter"[3] or "wood cutter" in the Northern Paiute language. -Wovoka claimed to have had a prophetic vision during the solar eclipse of January 1, 1889. Wovoka's vision entailed the resurrection of the Paiute dead, and the removal of whites and their works from North America. Wovoka taught that in order to bring this vision to pass, the Native Americans must live righteously and perform a traditional round dance, known as the Ghost Dance, in a series of five-day gatherings. Wovoka's teachings spread quickly among many Native American peoples, notably the Lakota. The Ghost Dance movement is known for being practiced by the victims of the Wounded Knee Massacre; Indian Agents, soldiers, and other federal officials were predisposed towards a militaristic posture, and even outright violence, when dealing with a movement that was so antithetical to their views and ideas. Wovoka's preachings included messages of non-violence, but two Miniconjou, Short Bull and Kicking Bear, allegedly emphasized the possible elimination of whites, which contributed to the existing defensive attitude of the federal officials, who were already fearful due to the unfamiliar Ghost Dance movement.

thomas nast

- his cartoons in Harper's Weekly helped topple New York Democratic Boss William M. Tweed, who, with his associates, embodied corruption on a grand scale. -Known among reformers as the forty thieves, the Tweed RIng had granted lucrative franchises to companies they controlled, padded construction bills, practiced graft and extortion, and exploited every opportunity to plunder the city's funds. -The ring was toppled for good in 1871, when Nast's paper, the Times, revealed the fraud that was going on. Tweed fled the country and was arrested in Spain, after having been recognized from one of Nast's cartoons. - he was a German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon". -He was the scourge of Democratic Representative "Boss" Tweed and the Tammany Hall Democratic party political machine. Among his notable works were the creation of the modern version of Santa Claus (based on the traditional German figures of Sankt Nikolaus and Weihnachtsmann) and the political symbol of the elephant for the Republican Party (GOP).

tammany hall

-It was the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics and helping immigrants, most notably the Irish, rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s. -It typically controlled Democratic Party nominations and political patronage in Manhattan from the mayoral victory of Fernando Wood in 1854 and used its patronage resources to build a loyal, well-rewarded core of district and precinct leaders; after 1850 the great majority were Irish Catholics. -After 1854, the Society expanded its political control even further by earning the loyalty of the city's rapidly expanding immigrant community, which functioned as its base of political capital. -The business community appreciated its readiness, at moderate cost, to cut through red tape and legislative mazes to facilitate rapid economic growth. - However, it also served as an engine for graft and political corruption, perhaps most infamously under William M. "Boss" Tweed in the mid-19th century. By the 1880s, Tammany was building local clubs that appealed to social activists from the ethnic middle class. -under "Boss" Tweed's dominance, the city expanded into the Upper East and Upper West Sides of Manhattan, the Brooklyn Bridge was begun, land was set aside for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, orphanages and almshouses were constructed, and social services - both directly provided by the state and indirectly funded by state appropriations to private charities - expanded to unprecedented levels. All of this activity, of course, also brought great wealth to Tweed and his friends. It also brought them into contact and alliance with the rich elite of the city, who either fell in with the graft and corruption, or else tolerated it because of Tammany's ability to control the immigrant population, of whom the "uppertens" of the city were wary. -It was therefore Tammany's demonstrated inability to control Irish laborers in the Orange riot of 1871 that began Tweed's downfall. Campaigns to topple Tweed by The New York Times and Thomas Nast of Harper's Weekly began to gain traction in the aftermath of the riot, and disgruntled insiders began to leak the details of the extent and scope of the Tweed Ring's avarice to the newspapers.

knights of labor

-It was the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. -promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, demanded the eight-hour day -most inclusive labor organization in American history. Every state, major city, and sizable town boasted local assemblies. -The membership was also extremely diverse-regardless of race, sex, or skill. -offered a set of pragmatic and idealistic proposals for restructuring the status quo, a strong critique of existing economic and political conditions, and a broad moral vision of what labor's place ought to be in an industrializing republic. -They called for the establishment of cooperatives, the reserving of public lands for actual settlers (not speculators), laws that applied equally to capital and labor, the replacement of strikes by arbitration, the abolition of child and convict labor, equal pay for equal work, more leisure time, a graduated income tax, and the eight-hour day - In some cases it acted as a labor union, negotiating with employers, but it was never well organized, and after a rapid expansion in the mid-1880s, it suddenly lost its new members and became a small operation again.

alexander holley

-he was an American mechanical engineer, inventor, and founding member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers -He was considered the foremost steel and plant engineer and designer of his time, especially in regard to applying research to modern steel manufacturing processes. -he improved the Bessemer process and brought it to the United States. He soon designed and built Bessemer plants in Troy, New York, and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He planned or was consulted on a dozen others.

henry bessemer

-he was an English inventor, whose steelmaking process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century for almost one century from year 1856 to 1950 -One was technological-the development of new processes utilizing chemistry and electricity. -The Bessemer process was the first step in the iron and steel factories developed the industrial muscles that enabled the United States to become the giant of the new industrial age. -Iron had been smelted since colonial days but steel, a more difficult and expensive product, was just beginning to be commercially important at the end of the Civil War. -The Bessemer process made the production of steel more efficient and less expensive. - his system for blowing air through molten pig iron to remove the impurities made steel easier, quicker and cheaper to manufacture, and revolutionized structural engineering. -Many industries were constrained by the lack of steel, being reliant on cast iron and wrought iron alone. -Examples include railway structures such as bridges and tracks, where the treacherous nature of cast iron was keenly felt by many engineers and designers. Wrought iron structures were much more reliable with very few failures. -it was of enormous industrial importance because it lowered the cost of production steel, leading to steel being widely substituted for cast iron.

vertical integration

-in microeconomics and management, vertical integration is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need. -It is contrasted with horizontal integration, wherein a company produces several items which are related to one another. - management styles that bring large portions of the supply chain not only under a common ownership, - desired because it secures the supplies needed by the firm to produce its product and the market needed to sell the product. -One of the earliest, largest and most famous examples was the Carnegie Steel company. -The company controlled not only the mills where the steel was made, but also the mines where the iron ore was extracted, the coal mines that supplied the coal, the ships that transported the iron ore and the railroads that transported the coal to the factory, the coke ovens where the coal was cooked, etc. -By 1900 his plants were turning out about a quarter of all the steel produced in the United States. The next year, when America's first billion-dollar corporation, the United States Steel Company, was formed, Carnegie received about a quarter of a billion dollars (in 5 per cent gold bonds) for his share of the business he had started little more than a quarter century earlier.

sherman anti-trust act

-is a landmark federal statute in the history of United States antitrust law -passed by Congress in 1890 under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison. -it had no enforcement provision -Set up the standard of business behavior -Government now has a role in regulating business -Brought back competition - one way law put a limit of success? -The law attempts to prevent the artificial raising of prices by restriction of trade or supply. -Section 2 of the Act forbade monopoly. -The law proved ineffective in dealing with the misdeeds of the trusts. In the first decade of the law's existence the government brought only eighteen court actions tinder it. -Moreover, the Supreme Court interpreted the law so as to render it almost harmless to the monopolists. The most important case before 1900 was that concerning the Sugar Trust. The court decided in 1895 that even though the trust controlled the manufacture of 95 per cent of the refined sugar produced in the United States, it was not violating the Sherman Act because manufacturing itself was not interstate commerce

amalgamated association of iron and steel workers

-it was an American labor union formed in 1876 to represent iron and steel workers. -The Homestead strike was a major turning point for the union. -Carnegie placed strong anti-unionist Henry Clay Frick in charge of his company's operations in 1881.With the union's contract due to expire on June 30, 1892, Frick demanded a 22 percent wage decrease, then unilaterally announced that if an agreement was not reached he would no longer recognize the union. -Frick locked the workers out on June 29. The striking workers ringed the plant to prevent anyone from entering.Local sheriff's deputies failed to retake the plant on July 5. -Frick then sent 300 Pinkerton National Detective Agency guards to seize the plant and re-open it on the night of July 5. The Pinkerton men were ordered to approach the plant from the river. But the strikers learned of the Pinkertons' arrival.The Pinkertons attempted to land about 4 a.m., and the crowd surged onto the Homestead plant grounds.A shot was fired, then both sides opened fire. Two workers and two Pinkertons died and dozens were wounded. The Pinkerton tug departed with the wounded agents, leaving the remaining agents stranded. -The strikers continued to sporadically fire on the stranded barges, and an attempt was made to sink the barges with a cannon. When the Pinkertons tried to disembark again at 8:00 a.m., a firefight broke out and four more strikers were killed. The strikers attempted to burn the barges several times during the day, but failed. At 5:00 p.m., the Pinkertons surrendered and were handed over to the sheriff. -On July 9, despite union claims that law and order had been restored, Governor Robert E. Pattison ordered the state militia to seize the town. More than 8,000 militia arrived on July 12, and within 90 minutes company officials were back in their offices.Strike leaders were charged with conspiracy, riot, murder and treason. -The AA never recovered from the U.S. Steel strike. -The strike/lockout at Homestead "stirred the labor movement as few other single events" had, The union lay in ashes, wages and working conditions deteriorated rapidly, strikers lost their jobs, managers crushed overt dissent and effectively dominated local politics, and unionism in steel was wiped out for the next four decades. The debacle at Homestead, Perlman argued, taught the labor movement the "lesson that even its strongest organization was unable to withstand an onslaught by the modern corporation."

trust

-one of the new words to describe new untamed power -a large grouping of business interests with significant market power, which may be embodied as a corporation or as a group of corporations that cooperate with one another in various ways. - The term trust is often used in a historical sense to refer to monopolies or near-monopolies in the United States during the Second Industrial Revolution in the 19th century and early 20th century -Samuel C. T. Dodd, Standard Oil's General Solicitor, conceived of the corporate trust to help John D. Rockefeller consolidate his control over the many acquisitions of Standard Oil, which was already the largest corporation in the world. he Standard Oil Trust formed pursuant to a "trust agreement" in which the individual shareholders of many separate corporations agreed to convey their shares to the trust; it ended up entirely owning 14 corporations and also exercised majority control over 26 others -steel is another prominent trust -Sherman Antitrust act, made many attempts to oppose trusts. In 1898 President William McKinley launched the "trust-busting" era when he appointed the U.S. Industrial Commission. - The first section of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 declared: Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal....

union pacific

-one of the railroad companies receiving funding to build TCR -began in 1862, starting laying track two years later in July, 1865 -later known as the Overland Route. - It was constructed westward from Omaha, Nebraska to meet the Central Pacific Railroad line, which was constructed eastward from Sacramento. -The line was constructed primarily by Irish labor who had learned their craft during the recent Civil War. - The two lines were joined together at Promontory Summit, Utah -material had to be shipped from east coast -Hired grenville dodge, sherman's engineer, known as America's greatest railroad builder, and he hired union officers and army vets -Great race was attrackting immense attention, American people invested -Huge scandals too- lots of money to be had and not much oversight, skimming -thier task was slightly easier, but had desert and rocky mountains-had scouters, then graders, to prepare, then crew to lay track Freedmen, irish and german immigrants, mormons -Had issues with native americans, more for UP, attacked the crews-sue arapahoe, cheyennes, -Small towns pop up with saloons...

willam marcey tweed

-was an American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State. -At the height of his influence, he was the third-largest landowner in New York City and a director of the Erie Railroad, the Tenth National Bank, and the New-York Printing Company, as well as proprietor of the Metropolitan Hotel. -Tweed was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1852 and the New York County board of supervisors in 1858, the year he became the head of the Tammany Hall political machine. He was also elected to the New York State Senate in 1867, but Tweed's greatest influence came from being an appointed member of a number of boards and commissions, his control over political patronage in New York City through Tammany, and his ability to ensure the loyalty of voters through jobs he could create and dispense on city-related projects. -Tweed was convicted for stealing an amount estimated by an aldermen's committee in 1877 at between $25 million and $45 million from New York City taxpayers through political corruption, although later estimates ranged as high as $200 million -projects benefitted his pocketbook and those of his friends, but also provided jobs for the immigrants, especially Irish laborers, who were the electoral base of Tammany's power. -Under "Boss" Tweed's dominance, the city expanded into the Upper East and Upper West Sides of Manhattan, the Brooklyn Bridge was begun, land was set aside for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, orphanages and almshouses were constructed, and social services - both directly provided by the state and indirectly funded by state appropriations to private charities - expanded to unprecedented levels. All of this activity, of course, also brought great wealth to Tweed and his friends.

Website: Thomas J. Schlereth, "Living and Dying"

Changes i thinking about birth, marriage, death Increase in population Get older Social childbirth change to doctor delivery Still high mortality rate Abortions common Bottle feed more Mothers responsible for child car Ebut new middle class family emerges with women in the workforce, less patriarchal too Teens more influenced by popular culture- more clubs. Sports... Corsets Courting rituals Old age a problem for the first time-widowed women, insurance... Limited use of medicine Dangerous medicines Don't see the doctor often but this changes Establish nursing schools More hospitals Still unhealthy and deadly place Infectious diseases Tuberculosis Most died at home More cemeteries Funeral in churches Mortistian now a job

human energy

Chinese labor force, irish and germans, immigration, civil war veterans, the workers

little big horn

Website: Lee Chew, "Life of a Chinese Immigrant"

Many Chinese men went to America in hopes of earning enough money to allow them to return to China and raise a family. Some were successful, others were not. Those who went to America faced a difficult life. Only the least desirable jobs were available to Chinese laborers. Further, anti-Chinese racism was virulent, becoming worse after the transcontinental railroad was completed and Chinese laborers began to compete more directly with whites. By 1882, Chinese immigrants were legally excluded from immigrating to the United States. The following selection was published in the February, 1903, issue of The Independent. I heard about the American foreign devils, that they were false, having made a treaty by which it was agreed that they could freely come to China, and the Chinese as freely go to their country. After this treaty was made China opened its doors to them and then they broke the treaty that they had asked for by shutting the Chinese out of their country... I have found out, during my residence in this country, that much of the Chinese prejudice against Americans is unfounded, and I no longer put faith in the wild tales that were told about them in our village, tho some of the Chinese, who have been here twenty years and who are learned men, still believe that there is no marriage in this country, that the land is infested with demons and that all the people are know better. Americans are not all bad, nor are they wicked wizards. Still, they have their faults, and their treatment of us is outrageous... The reason why so many Chinese go into the laundry business in this country is because it requires little capital and is one of the few opportunities that are open... There is no reason for the prejudice against the Chinese. The cheap labor cry was always a falsehood. Their labor was never cheap, and is not cheap now. It has always commanded the highest market price. But the trouble is that the Chinese are such excellent and faithful workers that bosses will have no others when they can get them. If you look at men working on the street you will find an overseer for every four or five of them. That watching is not necessary for Chinese. They work as well when left to themselves as they do when someone is looking at them...given over to general wickedness.

All gilded age presidents

Pro business More limited role of government but also federal gov at this time was a huge role in the economy Often forgotten

human initiative

business leaders and politicians working together, promote conditions that lay legal and political foundation for the economic growth Like lincoln, leland stanford, grenfell dodge

Three Questions: 1. was amweica no longer for the common man 2.how can the power of buissness be restrained 3. can one person have too much money

he Rise of Big Business Institution through which people finance, produce , and distribute goods and service Dominated by a few enterprises Meat packing, sugar, tobacco, finance Concentration was impersonal, bureaucratic, capital intensive, many kinds of jobs, owned by people who didn't manage it Boss no longer knew all employees and customers Now many levels of management Less competition Most successful were vertically integrated John d rockefeller-sold kerosene Brought about massive changes Debate on what kind of society america was becoming Opportunity for common man gone? Farmers replaced by white collar workforce How can power of big business be restrained? Free from restraint led to issues with power Over investment Depressions Irresponsible behavior More strikes Turmoil New words to describe: trust, monopoly, -stood for untamed power Competition threatened by big business Response: New laws Lawsuits State, federal, and legal responses Sherman antitrust act 1890 Had no enforcement provision Set up the standard of business behavior Government has a role in regulating business Brought back competition Does this law put a limit of success? Or necessary?-why mixed economy Tariffs oo much money Wealth considered influential essay-1888 Industrial means progress to him It's a good thing All in the price of progress Unstoppable force Did Not accept communism and socialism Liberal philanthropy philosophy-help people help themselves Tries to infuse capitalism with morality Took his own advice-gave a lot to charity

Issues

Mobilise the electorate= close elections Tariff Monetary question Civil service reform Veteran pensions Gilded age politics were out of touch with society now and then, parties were deserving of third party challenges, (populus party), brings a puzzle- despite being in the mud, voters participate in highest numbers, had enthusiasm, and was a vibrant political atmosphere Why? Larger culture, tradition

the rail road strike of 1877

- Protesting yet another round of wage cuts -spread spontaneously along principal railroad trunk lines over the course of the next two weeks. -Soon, even Galveston and San Francisco would be affected. -Not just railroaders but coal miners, longshoremen, mill hands, and domestic workers were swept up in the rebellion. -Violence erupted -By August 1 the strikes were over, suppressed by company guards, local police, and federal troops ordered into action by President Rutherford B. Hayes. -serving as a wake-up call to politicians, economic elites, and workers alike as to the human costs of capitalist industrialization in the United States. -America's middle and upper classes now stressed their belief in the need for order-for the rule of conservative law, the election of the "best men" to office, and the restraint of radical impulses. -The events of 1877, which included the final collapse of what was left of Reconstruction in the South, placed the "labor question" squarely and unavoidably on the nation's agenda

Website: "The Chinese Exclusion Act"

Many Chinese came to America to take part in building the transcontinental railroad. Once the railroad was completed, those laborers became competitors for the jobs of white Americans in the West. Not surprisingly, there was great hostility aimed at Chinese people coming to America, which resulted in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which forbade Chinese Immigration to the United States for 10 years. It was later renewed for another 10 years, and then in 1904 it was renewed indefinitely. The Act was adopted by Congress on May 6, 1882. he coming of Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities within the territory thereof: the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be, and the same is hereby, suspended; and during such suspension it shall not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come, or, having so come after the expiration of said ninety days, to remain within the United States.

Elections

They were social events, brought people together From small towns to the national elections Joined organizations Volunteered Large crowds attend rallies and cheer speakers Election eve big event Social and recreational Voters felt important Challenges Change everywhere Farmer and labor unrest Economic depressions Strikes Racial tensions All demand actions and solutions

Popular politics

Wide base of suffrage rights Politics of the people American voters wanted to be listen to, not for the best man to win So elections required the support of the masses, this is rooted in 1830's and 1840's when all white men could vote, then 15th amendment Idea people could vote out people who don't listen was big Theatrical National elections had parades, rallie, huge events, as seen in readings Everybody comes out, women too, family events Parties were organized, reached out to the people, political clubs everywhere, guided by professional party workers Political clubs had geographical boundary but were everywhere, supported by regular voters- then reached out to other voters Many voters mobilized by ethnic, religion , race People were unified by this Community spirit Campaigns absorbed the energies of many americans Election of 1876- new haven produced 42 clubs for both parties, 5,000 eligible voters were in clubs or marching companies ⅕ of northern voters play active role in campaign organization Depth of commitment

ely s parker

family with studying by the very first American Anthropologist are one of the very first man named Lewis Lewis Henry Morgan Educated- college, became an engineer Worked in civil war- was on grants staff At surrender of appomattox -was a Seneca attorney, engineer, and tribal diplomat. He was commissioned a lieutenant colonel during the American Civil War, when he served as adjutant and secretary to Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. He wrote the final draft of the Confederate surrender terms at Appomattox. Later in his career, Parker rose to the rank of brevet brigadier general. President Grant appointed him as Commissioner of Indian Affairs, the first Native American to hold that post. -When Ulysses S. Grant became commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi, Parker became his adjutant during the Chattanooga Campaign. He was subsequently transferred with Grant as the adjutant of the U.S. Army headquarters and served Grant through the Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg. At Petersburg, Parker was appointed as the military secretary to Grant, with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He wrote much of Grant's correspondence. -Parker was present when Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse in April 1865. He helped draft the surrender documents, which are in his handwriting -At the time of surrender, General Lee "stared at me for a moment," said Parker to more than one of his friends and relatives, "He extended his hand and said, 'I am glad to see one real American here.' I shook his hand and said, 'We are all Americans.' Parker was brevetted brigadier general of United States Volunteers on April 9, 1865, and of United States Army March 2, 1867. -Shortly after Grant took office as president in March 1869, he appointed Parker as Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Parker served in this office from 1869 to 1871. He was the first Native American to hold the office. Parker became the chief architect of President Grant's Peace Policy in relation to the Native Americans in the West. Under his leadership, the number of military actions against Indians were reduced and there was an effort to support tribes in their transition to lives on reservations.

john henry

- The song probably originated as a work song, for work involving the use of a hammer. -The legend, told both as a narrative and as a ballad, concerns "steel driving," or drilling, that is, using a hammer and steel chisel to make dynamite holes to clear rock in the construction of a railroad tunnel, and a contest between one of the fastest and strongest workers, John Henry, and a steam-powered drilling machine. -John Henry wins, but dies in the effort. -In most of these accounts he was an African American, either a freed slave working for pay or a prisoner working on a chain gang. -Whether or not the legend has an historical basis, the story of a man whose worth and identity are measured only by his strength, which is then challenged by the advent of steam power, is one that has endured for over a century. -John Henry's complaint to the work "captain," "A man ain't nothing but a man," found in most versions of the ballad, reminds us of the lives of countless nameless people who helped to build America by the work of their hands, many of whom died in the effort.

crockers army of the high sierras

-Crocker was an American railroad executive who founded the Central Pacific Railroad -known as the organizer, construction genius, and leader of men among the Central Pacific's Big Four —was the man responsible for recruiting the Chinese, first in California, and later in Canton Province and bringing them to California. -they were driven out of the mines by racial prejudice, so Crocker hired them, 10,000 hired and known as crockers army -Labor problems-prefered force was white miners but they didn't want to do it, so crocker gets idea to employ chinese workers -had them build snow sheds, hang from baskets....

desmet, south dakota

-De Smet was the childhood home of children's book author Laura Ingalls Wilder; the birthplace of her daughter Rose, who became an author known as Rose Wilder Lane; -Wilder's father filed for a formal homestead over winter 1879-1880. De Smet, South Dakota, became her parents' and sister Mary's home for the remainder of their lives. After spending the mild winter of 1879-1880 in the surveyor's house, they watched the town of De Smet rise up from the prairie in 1880. The following winter, 1880-1881, one of the most severe on record in the Dakotas, was later described by Wilder in her novel, The Long Winter (1940). Once the family was settled in De Smet, Wilder attended school, worked several part-time jobs, and made friends. Among them was bachelor homesteader Almanzo Wilder. This time in her life is documented in the books Little Town on the Prairie (1941) and These Happy Golden Years (1943).

henry clay frick

-He was an American industrialist, financier, -anti-union -He founded the H. C. Frick & Company coke manufacturing company -chairman of the Carnegie Steel Company, and played a major role in the formation of the giant U.S. Steel manufacturing concern. He also financed the construction of the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Company, He met Andrew Carnegie in New York City and lead to an eventual partnership between H. C. Frick & Company and Carnegie Steel Company and, eventually, to United States Steel. This partnership ensured that Carnegie's steel mills had adequate supplies of coke. He became chairman of the company. Carnegie made multiple attempts to force him out of the company they had created by making it appear that the company had nowhere left to go and that it was time for Frick to retire. Despite the contributions Frick had made towards Andrew Carnegie's fortune, Carnegie disregarded him in many executive decisions including finances. Frick and Carnegie's partnership was strained over actions taken in response to the Homestead Steel Strike, an 1892 labor strike at the Homestead Works of the Carnegie Steel Company, called by the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. At Homestead, striking workers, some of whom were armed, had locked the company staff out of the factory and surrounded it with pickets. Frick was known for his anti-union policy and as negotiations were still taking place, he ordered the construction of a solid board fence topped with barbed wire around mill property. The workers dubbed the newly fortified mill "Fort Frick." With the mill ringed by striking workers, Pinkerton agents planned to access the plant grounds from the river. Three hundred Pinkerton detectives assembled on the Davis Island Dam on the Ohio River about five miles (8 km) below Pittsburgh at 10:30 p.m. on the night of July 5, 1892. They were given Winchester rifles, placed on two specially-equipped barges and towed upriver with the object of removing the workers by force. Upon their landing, a large mêlée between workers and Pinkerton detectives ensued. Ten men were killed, nine of them workers, and there were seventy injuries. The Pinkerton agents were thrown back, and the riot was ultimately quelled only by the intervention of 8,000 armed state militia under the command of Major General George R. Snowden. During the confrontation Frick issued an ultimatum to Homestead workers, which restated his refusal to speak with union representatives and threatened to have striking workers evicted from their homes Among working-class Americans, Frick's actions against the strikers were condemned as excessive, and he soon became a target of even more union organizers. - He gave a testimony before the U.S. Senate on November 24, 1892, during their inquiry into the Homestead Strike. Frick, was supervisor of the Homestead Steel Mill.

andrew carnagie

-He was born in Dunfermline, Scotland in 1835. -All of his early organizations were either partnerships or associations. -He chose to focus on the vertical integration of a single industry, specifically the steel industry. -At the age of 35, Carnegie decided to limit his personal wealth and donate the surplus to benevolent causes. -"Wealth" -owned Edgar Thomson Steel Company

lake chautauqua

-How victorian values spread -adult education program -shows Americas new social desire for progress, improvement -striving

the great race

-Immense project-required gov support, had to be the federal gov, but couldn't get support, politicas and practicality is in the way -Practicalities: Did Not believe it was possible, Saw it as Waste of money, Government vs private money, Precedent- congress grant land to develop railroad to states, they were given federal land politics, Run through the south or north--Argued about this -Events turn tide-1. 11 southern states secede-meant north in control and opposition to northern root gone and 2. Theodore gouda, and grenville dodge percent complete surveys for northern route to congress in 1861-practical and political given green light for transcontinental railroad-made it possible, said it could be done-viable route mapped out -So pass landmark bill-Pacific railroad act Lincoln signed -Set up the great race, whichever company built fastest and longest got most land, so a rivalry was created, race for funding, urge speed over caution. -promontory point in the place--May 10, 1869 they get there. A new era beings -What it all meant:Can move 17 miles in a day, 1870-150000 rode from Omaha to sac, 1 million in 1872, Now takes 4 days by rail to travel what used to take 4 months, 2,000 miles, Ranks up there with great wall of china, -A new age of the locomotive, Railroad corporations made, Banks more powerful, Railroad industry expand power of white collar worker, A symbol of change and profits and a darker side-instability and hardship, Steadily rising per capita income, flourishing markets, rising standard of living, but also depression, crisis-like depression of 1873, strikes, Power inequality

oligarchy

-a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people. -These people might be distinguished by nobility, wealth, family ties, education or corporate, religious or military control.

homesteader

-It is characterized by subsistence agriculture, home preservation of food, and may also involve the small scale production of textiles, clothing, and craftwork for household use or sale. Pursued in different ways around the world—and in different historical eras—homesteading is generally differentiated from rural village or commune living by isolation (either socially or physically) of the homestead. Use of the term in the United States dates back to the Homestead Act (1862) and before.

wealth

-It is considered an influential essay written by Andrew Carnegie -Written 1888 -says: Industrial means progress, it's a good thing and all in the price of progress, an unstoppable force -about liberal philanthropy philosophy-help people help themselves- -Tries to infuse capitalism with morality and he took his own advice-gave a lot to charity -describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. -proposed that the best way of dealing with the new phenomenon of wealth inequality was for the wealthy to redistribute their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner. -argues against wasteful use of capital in the form of extravagance, irresponsible spending, or self-indulgence, instead promoting the administration of said capital over the course of one's lifetime toward the cause of reducing the stratification between the rich and poor. - the duty of the rich was to live modest lifestyles, and that any surplus of money they had was best suited for re-circulation back into society where it could be used to support the greater good. -He shunned aristocratic chains of inheritance and argued that dependents should be supported by their work with major moderation, with the bulk of excess wealth to be spent on enriching the community.

pacific railroad act 1862

-Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on July 1, 1862. -The act authorized extensive land grants in the Western United States and the issuance of government bonds to the Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad to construct a continuous transcontinental railroad -It was the realization of a vision that had been on the mind of most politicans in Washington for a decade, but had been mired in political gridlock because no decision could be reached on a route. -was a legislative landmark. It represented an unprecedented extension of government power, and at the same time committed the country to a project that would change the very foundations of American economic, social and political life. -Set up the great race

standard time

-Standard time is the synchronization of clocks within a geographical area or region to a single time standard, rather than using solar time or a locally chosen meridian (longitude) to establish a local mean time standard. -Historically, the concept was established during the 19th century to aid weather forecasting and train travel. -Until 1883 each United States railroad chose its own time standards. -Charles F. Dowd proposed in 1879 four time zones across the contiguous United States, based upon Greenwich Mean Time. -The General Time Convention (renamed the American Railway Association in 1891), an organization of US railroads charged with coordinating schedules and operating standards, became increasingly concerned that if the US government adopted a standard time scheme it would be disadvantageous to its member railroads.

capt. bill jones

-he first worked in several machine shops - in 1862, he enlisted for the union in the civil war and promoted to corporal and participated in the Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville campaigns. -While in the employ of the Cambria Iron Company Captain Jones assisted in the construction of the company's Bessemer steel-converting and blooming mill plants. - master-mechanic for the Edgar Thomson Steel Company at Braddock, near Pittsburgh, to help erect their steel works and rail-mill. -Upon the completion of the works, the owner, Andrew Carnegie, hired captain "Bill" Jones as the general manager and afterwards he was given the full, charge of the engineering department. -In 1875, surrounded by his faithful men from Johnstown, Captain Jones began to show the world how to make steel. He broke all the records for steel production, not only in America but also in Great Britain. In his first fifteen months of steel-making,he turned out nearly twice as much steel as any one had made before with a plant of equal size. -he asked for and received "a hell of a big salary" from Andrew Carnegie

grenville dodge

-he was a Union army officer who served as Ulysses S. Grant's intelligence Chief in the Western Theater. He was promoted to major general in June 1864 and commanded the XVI Corps during William T. Sherman's Atlanta campaign. -He later served as a U.S. Congressman, businessman, and railroad executive who helped direct the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad. -he was an engineer, he was involved in surveying for railroads, including the Union Pacific. - During the summer of 1865, Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians had been raiding the Bozeman Trail and overland mail routes. Dodge ordered a punitive campaign to quell these raids, which came to be known as the Powder River Expedition.. -Dodge's job was to plan the route and devise solutions to any obstacles encountered. -America's greatest railroad builder - he hired union officers and army vets -But, far across the Great Basin, in the Platte River valley, the U.P. and General Dodge found themselves increasingly frustrated by a human impediment, the resentful Indian -largely responsible for the rapidity and efficiency with which the road was constructed.

edgar thomson steel works

-The company was designed and built because of the Bessemer process, the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel. -In the summer of 1872, while in Europe, Andrew Carnegie learned about the Bessemer process. He returned to Pittsburgh with plans to build his own Bessemer plant. Some of the partners, stockholders, and connected people were William Coleman, Andrew Kloman, Henry Phipps, David McCandless, Wm. P. Shinn, John Scott, David A. Stewart, James Robb Wilson and Thomas Carnegie. -The firm was known as Carnegie, McCandless, and Company. The plant was named after J. Edgar Thomson, who was the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Carnegie Brothers and Company was created by the consolidation of the steel businesses owned by Andrew Carnegie in the early 1880s. -On January 1, 1873, ground work began on the Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock Twp. -The mill was built by Alexander Lyman Holley, who found a manager to run the mill, Capt. William Jones, a Civil War veteran. -The plant's first general superintendent, William R. Jones, -In 1892, the workers of the plant took part in one of the most serious strikes in U.S. history. -The Homestead Strike arose when Henry Clay Frick, who attempted to cut the wages of the steel workers. -The steelworkers at the Duquesne and Edgar Thomson Works joined the strike and shut their mills down in sympathy. -Frick took extreme measures. He brought in thousands of strikebreakers. When he sent in 300 Pinkerton guards to protect the strikebreakers, a riot broke out, resulting in 10 deaths and thousands of injuries. To prevent any further bloodshed, the governor, Robert Pattison, sent two brigades to stop the fighting. Carnegie, McCandless and Company recommenced operations with non-union immigrant workers. -In 1901, Carnegie sold the Carnegie Steel Company, including the Edgar Thomson Works, to J. P. Morgan, Elbert H. Gary and other investors, as part of the foundation of U.S. Steel.

republicans

-supported Old and new generations, Building and expanding influence by emitting new states in the west Washington, idaho, ND, SD, colorado, nebraska, nevada, utah, wyoming, Enjoyed governing, Reminded voters again and again- vote as you shot, referring to civil war, Half of dems corrupt (south) they said -Won a lot but could not get a governing majority- change in election of 1888 -Run over issue of protective tariff- Republican for the tariff -Dems against- for free trade-Boring issue but made it meaningful to people's lives -Cleveland against harrison; Harrison- sherman's march, lawyer, republican, popular, tariff protection, civil service reform, benefits for veterans -Cleveland- lost pop but won electoral, didn't really do anything in the election, gave inaugural - his grandfather was william henry harrison -Generally speaking, Republicans placed greater stress on government activism, especially at the national level, with the primary aim of fostering economic development. They welcomed the nation's burgeoning industrialization and believed the federal government should assist the process. In the words of Senator John P. Jones, "One of the highest duties of Government is the adoption of such economic policy as may encourage and develop every industry to which the soil and climate of the country are adapted." As the period progressed, the protective tariff emerged as the centerpiece of the Republicans' economic program. Democrats, on the other hand, tended to cling to their party's traditional belief in small government and states' rights. They criticized elements in the Republicans' program as favoring special interests. With its low-tariff wing from the agrarian, largely preindustrial South still looming large, the Democratic party continued its decades-old opposition to tariff protectionism. In pursuit of their goals Republicans read the Constitution broadly to find sanction for national government action; Democrats' interpretation viewed federal power as more restricted. In the past generation modern scholars have begun to recognize the differences between parties that Gilded Age politicians knew instinctively. As the Maine statesman James G. Blaine put it (in a somewhat partisan fashion) in his book Twenty Years of Congress, late nineteenth-century Democrats and Republicans displayed the same "enduring and persistent line[s] of division between the two parties which in a generic sense have always existed in the United States;-the party of strict construction and the party of liberal construction, the party of State Rights and the party of National Supremacy, the party of stinted revenue and restricted expenditure and the party of generous income with its wise application to public improvement." -At the state and local levels Republicans again were more willing to resort to government action for what they perceived to be the good of society. They were more likely than Democrats to advocate restrictions on the consumption of alcohol, although many Republicans approached the question warily, fearful of repelling blocs of voters, such as German Americans or Irish Americans, who resented such interference in their personal lives. Similarly, Republicans were more inclined to favor measures to hasten the assimilation of immigrants, such as requiring the use of the English language in parochial schools. Again, Democrats tended to oppose such paternalism. In the past few decades several historians, using quantitative methods to measure voter reaction to such issues, have argued that ethnic and religious distinctions lay at the root of party affiliation. In this view, voters from pietistic, evangelical Protestant denominations tended to favor the moralistic stewardship associated with the Republicans, while liturgical, ritualistic sects, especially Roman Catholics, found comfort in the Democrats' defense of individuals' private lives.

the power of workers: socila philosophy, unions, strikes

-The origin of species-darwin-social darwinism Herbert spencer Karl marx Edgar thompson

democrats

-suppported state rights, decentralization, limited gov, Conservative electorate, Didn't want people to lean on federal gov, Cutting and repealing , Voting laws, Doing less better, End gov interference, Keep gov. out of southern elections, and early jim crow- because that meant republicans wouldn't win the south-National party again -Ex confederate votes restored -One of the criticisms traditional historians leveled against Gilded Age politics was that no real substantive differences divided Republicans from Democrats. Here again, the equilibrium in party strength offers some explanation. With the outcome of elections in doubt, party leaders and spokesmen saw the need to exercise caution in articulating party positions and were wary of getting too far ahead of public opinion. Taking too strong a stand, even on a minor issue, might offend just enough members of some group to bring defeat at the next election. In 1884, for instance, the Republicans lost the presidential election after trailing in pivotal New York by about one thousand votes out of one million. Contemporaries and historians alike could cite many factors, both ideological and organizational, any one of which could have tipped the balance. -When scholars charge that Gilded Age Republicans and Democrats were largely indistinguishable, they tend to apply an inappropriate standard. Historically, American political parties have not been like those of European countries, with starkly differentiated groupings of left and right. Instead, largely because victory in the electoral college requires a majority rather than a plurality, major parties in the United States seek broad consensus and try to make their appeals as wide as possible, with the result that a considerable area of agreement often exists between them. In the Gilded Age the even balance between Republicans and Democrats simply reinforced their perceived need to avoid the fringes of political assertion.

honest grafts

-This is one of the most famous talks on practical politics by the Democratic senator of New York (District of Tammany), George Washington Plunkitt, at the beginning of the 20th century. -It is rightly famous for the candid and straightforward manner in which politics is portrayed. Not many politicians had the courage of qualifying the behaviour and the finalities of the elected representatives as "honest graft". -Plunkitt became wealthy by practicing what he called "honest graft" in politics. He was a cynically honest practitioner of what today is generally known as "machine politics," patronage-based and frank in its exercise of power for personal gain -In one of his speeches, quoted in Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, he describes the difference between dishonest and honest graft. For dishonest graft, one works solely for one's own interests. For honest graft, one pursues, at the same time, the interests of one's party, state, and person. -taking advantage of the money-making opportunities that might arise while holding public office. -Tammany Hall boss George Washington Plunkitt defined "dishonest graft" as actual theft from the public treasury or taking bribes for making certain public decisions. "Honest graft," however, simply meant pursuing the public interest and one's personal interests at the same time. For instance, Plunkitt made most of his money through land purchases, which he knew would be needed for public projects. He would buy such parcels, then resell them at an inflated price.

domesticity

-This value system emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman's role within the home and the dynamics of work and family. -victorian manners and mores -striving- women as moral center

pinkerson detective agency

-a private security guard and detective agency - performed services ranging from security guarding to private military contracting work. -During the labor strikes of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, businessmen hired the them to infiltrate unions, supply guards, keep strikers and suspected unionists out of factories, and recruit goon squads to intimidate workers. -One such confrontation was the Homestead Strike of 1892, in which Pinkerton agents were called in to reinforce the strikebreaking measures of industrialist Henry Clay Frick, acting on behalf of Andrew Carnegie. -The ensuing battle between Pinkerton agents and striking workers led to the deaths of seven agents and nine steelworkers. -In 1892 the powerful Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers squared off against the even more powerful industrialists Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Carnegie in western Pennsylvania. The strike/lockout at Homestead "stirred the labor movement as few other single events" had, in the 1922 words of labor economist Selig Perlman. Strikers and sympathizers successfully defended their town against an invasion by the company's armed, mercenary Pinkerton guards. -Only the arrival of the state militia and the arrest and prosecution of strike leaders brought Frick and Carnegie the victory they desired.

central pacific

-a rail route between east from sacramento, California, nevada, and Utah built eastwards from the West Coast in the 1860s, to complete the western part of the "First Transcontinental Railroad" in North America. - financed and built through "The Big Four": Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, and Mark Hopkins. -The "Golden spike", connecting the western railroad to the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory, Utah, was hammered on May 10, 1869. -Completed preliminary line over sierra nevada -Leland Stanford, Gov. in CA during civil war, Mark Hopkins, Responsible for day to day operation, Collis P. Huntington, Businessman who was the railroads agent , Charles Crocker, Businessman, construction manager, responsible for labor -Crocker was in charge of construction. -Construction crews comprised 12,000 Chinese emigrant workers by 1868, when they constituted eighty percent of the entire work force. -They laid the first rails in 1863. -Supplies had to go around panama, 15000 mile supply line -Had to cross sierra nevada -By 1867-CP only gone 100 miles, challenge was the weather-built snow sheds, but by 1868-issues were addressed and CP moved faster -Built entirely without equipment-used nitroglycerin -Built 689 miles over sierra nevada- many died

monopoly

-one of the new words to describe new untamed power -Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service, a lack of viable substitute goods, and the possibility of a high monopoly price well above the seller's marginal cost that leads to a high monopoly profit. -U.S. Steel has been accused of being a monopoly. J. P. Morgan and Elbert H. Gary founded U.S. Steel in 1901 by combining Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company with Gary's Federal Steel Company and William Henry "Judge" Moore's National Steel Company. -At one time, U.S. Steel was the largest steel producer and largest corporation in the world. In its first full year of operation, U.S. Steel made 67 percent of all the steel produced in the United States. However, U.S. Steel's share of the expanding market slipped to 50 percent by 1911,] and anti-trust prosecution that year failed. -By the end of the century about 85 percent of the oil industry-some authorities thought the figure even higher-was under the control of one organization, the Standard Oil Company. The man primarily responsible for creating this near-monopoly, and who dominated the oil industry as Carnegie stood foremost in steel, was John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937).

chester a arthur

-was an American attorney and politician who served as the 21st president of the United States from 1881 to 1885; he succeeded James A. Garfield upon the latter's assassination. At the outset, Arthur struggled to overcome a slightly negative reputation, which stemmed from his early career in politics as part of New York's Republican political machine. He succeeded by embracing the cause of civil service reform. His advocacy for, and subsequent enforcement of, the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was the centerpiece of his administration. -After just half a year as vice president, Arthur found himself in the executive mansion due to the assassination of his predecessor. To the surprise of reformers, Arthur took up the cause of reform, though it had once led to his expulsion from office. He signed the Pendleton Act into law and strongly enforced its provisions. He gained praise for his veto of a Rivers and Harbors Act that would have appropriated federal funds in a manner he thought excessive. He presided over the rebirth of the United States Navy, but was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus, which had been accumulating since the end of the Civil War. -Garfield's assassination by a deranged office seeker amplified the public demand for civil service reform.[145] Both Democratic and Republican leaders realized that they could attract the votes of reformers by turning against the spoils system and, by 1882, a bipartisan effort began in favor of reform.[145] In 1880, Democratic Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio introduced legislation that required selection of civil servants based on merit as determined by an examination.[145] In his first annual presidential address to Congress in 1881, Arthur requested civil service reform legislation and Pendleton again introduced his bill, but Congress did not pass it.[145] Republicans lost seats in the 1882 congressional elections, in which Democrats campaigned on the reform issue.[146] As a result, the lame-duck session of Congress was more amenable to civil service reform; the Senate approved Pendleton's bill 38-5 and the House soon concurred by a vote of 155-47.[147] Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law on January 16, 1883.[147] In just two years' time, an unrepentant Stalwart had become the president who ushered in long-awaited civil service reform. -Although he still objected to this denial of citizenship to Chinese immigrants, Arthur acceded to the compromise measure, signing the Chinese Exclusion Act into law on May 6, 1882.[ -The Arthur administration was challenged by changing relations with western Native American tribes.[178] The American Indian Wars were winding down, and public sentiment was shifting toward more favorable treatment of Native Americans. Arthur urged Congress to increase funding for Native American education, which it did in 1884, although not to the extent he wished.[179] He also favored a move to the allotment system, under which individual Native Americans, rather than tribes, would own land. Arthur was unable to convince Congress to adopt the idea during his administration but, in 1887, the Dawes Act changed the law to favor such a system.[179] The allotment system was favored by liberal reformers at the time, but eventually proved detrimental to Native Americans as most of their land was resold at low prices to white speculators.[180] During Arthur's presidency, settlers and cattle ranchers continued to encroach on Native American territory.[181] Arthur initially resisted their efforts, but after Secretary of the Interior Henry M. Teller, an opponent of allotment, assured him that the lands were not protected, Arthur opened up the Crow Creek Reservation in the Dakota Territory to settlers by executive order in 1885.[181] Arthur's successor, Grover Cleveland, finding that title belonged to the Native Americans, revoked Arthur's order a few months later.[181]

james g blaine

-was an American statesman and Republican politician who represented Maine in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1863 to 1876, serving as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1869 to 1875, and then in the United States Senate from 1876 to 1881. -Blaine twice served as Secretary of State (1881, 1889-1892), one of only two persons to hold the position under three separate presidents (the other being Daniel Webster), and unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for President in 1876 and 1880 before being nominated in 1884. -In the general election, he was narrowly defeated by Democrat Grover Cleveland. Blaine was one of the late 19th century's leading Republicans and champion of the moderate reformist faction of the party known as the "Half-Breeds." -In Reconstruction, Blaine was a supporter of black suffrage, but opposed some of the more coercive measures of the Radical Republicans. Initially a protectionist, he later worked for a reduction in the tariff and an expansion of American trade with foreign countries. Railroad promotion and construction were important issues in his time, and as a result of his interest and support, Blaine was widely suspected of corruption in the awarding of railroad charters; these allegations plagued his 1884 presidential candidacy.As Secretary of State, Blaine was a transitional figure, marking the end of an isolationist era in foreign policy and foreshadowing the rise of the American Century that would begin with the Spanish-American War. His efforts at expanding the United States' trade and influence began the shift to a more active American foreign policy. Blaine was a pioneer of tariff reciprocity and urged greater involvement in Latin American affairs. An expansionist, Blaine's policies would lead in less than a decade to the establishment of the United States' acquisition of Pacific colonies and dominance of the Caribbean. -laine entered the 1876 presidential campaign as the favorite, but his chances were almost immediately harmed by the emergence of a scandal.[57] Rumors had begun to spread in February of that year that Blaine had been involved in a transaction with the Union Pacific Railroad in which the railroad had paid Blaine $64,000 for some Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad bonds he owned, even though the bonds were nearly worthless. In essence, the alleged transaction was presented as a sham designed to bribe Blaine.[57][d] Blaine denied the charges, as did the Union Pacific's directors.[59] Blaine claimed he never had any dealings with the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad except to purchase bonds at market price, and that he had lost money on the transaction.[59] Democrats in the House of Representatives nevertheless demanded a Congressional investigation.[60] The testimony appeared to favor Blaine's version of events until May 31, when James Mulligan, a Boston clerk formerly employed by Blaine's brother-in-law, testified that the allegations were true, that he had arranged the transaction, and that he had letters to prove it.[60] The letters ended with the damning phrase, "Kindly burn this letter."[60] When the investigating committee recessed, Blaine met with Mulligan that night in his hotel room. What transpired between the men is unclear, but Blaine either acquired the letters or, as Mulligan told the committee, snatched them from Mulligan's hands and fled the room. In any event, Blaine had the letters and refused the committee's demand to turn them over. Opinion swiftly turned against Blaine; the June 3 New York Times carried the headline "Blaine's Nomination Now Out of the Question." Blaine took his case to the House floor on June 5, theatrically proclaiming his innocence and calling the investigation a partisan attack by Southern Democrats, revenge for his exclusion of Jefferson Davis from the amnesty bill of the previous year.[61] He read selected passages from the letters aloud, saying "Thank God Almighty, I am not afraid to show them!" Blaine even succeeded in extracting an apology from the committee chairman. The political tide turned anew in Blaine's favor. But now the pressure had begun to affect Blaine's health, and he collapsed while leaving church services on June 14.[62] His opponents called the collapse a political stunt, with one Democratic newspaper reporting the event as "Blaine Feigns a Faint." Rumors of Blaine's ill health combined with the lack of hard evidence against him garnered him sympathy among Republicans, and when the Republican convention began in Cincinnati later that month, he was again seen as the front-runner.[63]'-Though he was damaged by the Mulligan letters, Blaine entered the convention as the favorite.[64] Five other men were also considered serious candidates: Benjamin Bristow, the Kentucky-born Treasury Secretary; Roscoe Conkling, Blaine's old enemy and now a Senator from New York; Senator Oliver P. Morton of Indiana; Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio; and Governor John F. Hartranft of Pennsylvania.[64] Blaine's was nominated by Illinois orator Robert G. Ingersoll in what became a famous speech: This is a grand year—a year filled with recollections of the Revolution ... a year in which the people call for the man who has torn from the throat of treason the tongue of slander, the man who has snatched the mask of Democracy from the hideous face of rebellion ... Like an armed warrior, like a plumed knight, James G. Blaine from the state of Maine marched down the halls of the American Congress and threw his shining lance full and fair against the brazen foreheads of every traitor to his country and every maligner of his fair reputation.[65] The speech was a success and Ingersoll's appellation of "plumed knight" remained a nickname for Blaine for years to come.[63] On the first ballot, no candidate received the required majority of 378, but Blaine had the most votes, with 285 and no other candidate had more than 125.[66] There were a few vote shifts in the next five ballots, and Blaine climbed to 308 votes, with his nearest competitor at just 111.[66] On the seventh ballot the situation shifted drastically as anti-Blaine delegates began to coalesce around Hayes; by the time the balloting ended, Blaine's votes had risen to 351, but Hayes surpassed him at 384, a majority.[66] Blaine received the news at his home in Washington and telegraphed Hayes his congratulations.[67] In the subsequent contest of 1876, Hayes was elected after a contentious compromise over disputed electoral votes.[68] The results of the convention had further effects on Blaine's political career, as Bristow, having lost the nomination, also resigned as Treasury Secretary three days after the convention ended.[67] President Grant selected Senator Lot M. Morrill of Maine to fill the cabinet post, and Maine's governor, Seldon Connor, appointed Blaine to the now-vacant Senate seat.[67] When the Maine Legislature reconvened that autumn, they confirmed Blaine's appointment and elected him to the full six-year term that would begin on March 4, 1877.[67][e] -Hayes had announced early in his presidency that he would not seek another term, which meant that the contest for the Republican nomination in 1880 was open to all challengers—including Blaine.[80] Blaine was among the early favorites for the nomination, as were former President Grant, Treasury Secretary John Sherman of Ohio, and Senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont.[81] Although Grant did not actively promote his candidacy, his entry into the race re-energized the Stalwarts and when the convention met in Chicago in June 1880, they instantly polarized the delegates into Grant and anti-Grant factions, with Blaine the most popular choice of the latter group.[82] Blaine was nominated by James Frederick Joy of Michigan, but in contrast to Ingersoll's exciting speech of 1876, Joy's lengthy oration was remembered only for its maladroitness.[83] After the other candidates were nominated, the first ballot showed Grant leading with 304 votes and Blaine in second with 284; no other candidate had more than Sherman's 93, and none had the required majority of 379.[84] Sherman's delegates could swing the nomination to either Grant or Blaine, but he refused to release them through twenty-eight ballots in the hope that the anti-Grant forces would desert Blaine and flock to him.[84] Eventually, they did desert Blaine, but instead of Sherman they shifted their votes to Ohio Congressman James A. Garfield, and by the thirty-sixth ballot he had 399 votes, enough for victory.[84] Garfield placated the Stalwarts by endorsing Chester A. Arthur of New York, a Conkling loyalist, as nominee for vice president, but it was to Blaine and his delegates that Garfield owed his nomination. When Garfield was elected over Democrat Winfield Scott Hancock, he turned to Blaine to guide him in selection of his cabinet and offered him the preeminent position: Secretary of State.[86] Blaine accepted, resigning from the Senate on March 4, 1881.

laura ingals wilder

-was an American writer known for the Little House on the Prairie series of children's books released from 1932 to 1943 which were based on her childhood in a settler and pioneer family.[1] -Laura was born on February 7, 1867, 7 miles (11 km) north of the village of Pepin in the Big Woods region of Wisconsin,[2] to Charles Phillip Ingalls and Caroline Lake (née Quiner) Ingalls. She was the second of five children, following Mary Amelia.[3][4][5][6] Their three younger siblings were Caroline Celestia, Charles Frederick (who died in infancy), and Grace Pearl. Wilder's birth site is commemorated by a replica log cabin, the Little House Wayside.[7] Life there formed the basis for her first book, Little House in the Big Woods (1932).[2] Laura was a descendant of the Delano family, an ancestral family of U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.[8] A progenitor of the Delano family emigrated to the Plymouth Colony in the early 1620s; another family ancestor, Edmund Rice, emigrated in 1638 to the Massachusetts Bay Colony.[9] One paternal ancestor, Edmund Ingalls, was born on June 27, 1586, in Skirbeck, Lincolnshire, England, and emigrated to America, where he died in Lynn, Massachusetts, on September 16, 1648.[8] -From Kansas, the Ingalls family returned to Wisconsin, where they lived for the next three years. Those experiences formed the basis for the novels Little House in the Big Woods (1932) and Little House on the Prairie (1935). -On December 10, 1882, two months before her 16th birthday, Wilder accepted her first teaching position.[13] She taught three terms in one-room schools when she was not attending school in De Smet. (In Little Town on the Prairie she receives her first teaching certificate on December 24, 1882, but that was an enhancement for dramatic effect.[citation needed]) Her original "Third Grade" teaching certificate can be seen on page 25 of William Anderson's book Laura's Album (1998).[14] She later admitted she did not particularly enjoy it but felt the responsibility from a young age to help her family financially, and wage-earning opportunities for women were limited. Between 1883 and 1885, she taught three terms of school, worked for the local dressmaker, and attended high school, although she did not graduate. Laura and Almanzo Wilder, circa 1885 Wilder's teaching career and studies ended when she married Almanzo Wilder, whom she called "Manly",[15] on August 25, 1885. As he had a sister named Laura, his nickname for Wilder became "Bess", from her middle name, Elizabeth.[15] She was 18 and he was 28. He had achieved a degree of prosperity on his homestead claim, and their prospects seemed bright. She joined him in a new home, north of De Smet. -n 1894, the Wilders moved to Mansfield, Missouri, and used their savings to make the down payment on an undeveloped property just outside town. They named the place Rocky Ridge Farm[20] and moved into a ramshackle log cabin. At first, they earned income only from wagon loads of fire wood they would sell in town for 50 cents. Financial security came slowly. Apple trees they planted did not bear fruit for seven years. Almanzo's parents visited around that time and gave them the deed to the house they had been renting in Mansfield, which was the economic boost Wilder's family needed. They then added to the property outside town, and eventually accrued nearly 200 acres (80.9 hectares). Around 1910, they sold the house in town, moved back to the farm, and completed the farmhouse with the proceeds. What began as about 40 acres (16.2 hectares) of thickly wooded, stone-covered hillside with a windowless log cabin became in 20 years a relatively prosperous poultry, dairy, and fruit farm, and a 10-room farmhouse.[citation needed] The Wilders had learned from cultivating wheat as their sole crop in De Smet. They diversified Rocky Ridge Farm with poultry, a dairy farm, and a large apple orchard. Wilder became active in various clubs and was an advocate for several regional farm associations. She was recognized as an authority in poultry farming and rural living, which led to invitations to speak to groups around the region -In 1929-1930, already in her early 60s, Wilder began writing her autobiography, titled Pioneer Girl. At the time, it was rejected by publishers and was never released. At Lane's urging, she rewrote most of her stories for children. The result was the Little House series of books. In 2014, the South Dakota State Historical Society published an annotated version of Wilder's autobiography, titled Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography.[32][33] Pioneer Girl includes stories that Wilder felt were inappropriate for children: e.g., a man accidentally immolating himself while drunk, and an incident of extreme violence of a local shopkeeper against his wife, which ended with his setting their house on fire. She also describes previously unknown facets of her father's character. According to its publisher, "Wilder's fiction, her autobiography, and her real childhood are all distinct things, but they are closely intertwined." The book's aim was to explore the differences, including incidents with conflicting or non-existing accounts in one or another of the sources.[34] -

tariff

A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states. Won a lot but could not get a governing majority- change in election of 1888 Run over issue of protective tariff Republican for the tariff

president grants peace policy

And the policy would do this it would end the treaty system that assumed each tribe was a Sovereign Nation the policy would treat Indians as individuals his policy Grant's peace policy would contain and protect on reservations while they and their children would be educated to become American citizens that's the highest compliment americans back them Chester a arthur Policy was to place indians On restricted reservations in order to begin the process of assimilation and this policy was to be executed by three agencies the war department now the word apartment oversaw the military aspect of this Interior department- office of indians affairs- bad history with indians, failed again- push americanization Grant created the bard of indian commissioners- bring in christianity to this, bring in minister's here, provided a watchdog for federal government to avoid corruption, wanted to americanize but be humane, Appointed eli s parker to head the department, full blooded seneca Adapted to white ways interesting enough Eli Parker's family with studying by the very first American Anthropologist are one of the very first man named Lewis Lewis Henry Morgan Educated- college, became an engineer Worked in civil war- was on grants staff At surrender of appomattox Failed though- Why -one of the reasons is the next step in the destruction of and that would be military conflict well Civil war vets directing military campaigns against the indians About the background of the US Army and the Indians during this period by the end of 1866 the Army was in the middle of a very complicated relationship between United States and Indians -agreed to the end which was removal, disagree about the means Didn't see indians as owning the land But so the end was clear Indians they supported Indians being moved onto reservations large reservation but it was the means that divided the country most in the east agreement with Grant policy and viewed humanitarianism- in the west though- they wanted protection, wanted to use warfare Divided the country -When Grant took office in 1869, the nation's policy towards Indians was in chaos, with more than 250,000 Indians being governed by 370 treaties.[71] He appointed Ely S. Parker, a Seneca Indian, a member of his wartime staff, as Commissioner of Indian Affairs, the first Native American to serve in this position, surprising many around him.[327][v] In April 1869, Grant signed a law establishing an unpaid Board of Indian Commissioners to reduce corruption and oversee implementation of Indian policy, based on the appointment of churchmen, "Quakers", as Indian agents.[329][w] In 1871, he signed a bill ending the Indian treaty system; the law now treated individual Native Americans as wards of the federal government, and no longer dealt with the tribes as sovereign entities.[331][x] Grant's peace policy was undermined by Parker's resignation in 1871, denominational infighting, and entrenched economic interests, while Indians refused to adopt European American culture.[332] On October 1, 1872, General Oliver Otis Howard successfully negotiated peace with Apache leader, Cochise, who waged guerrilla war against the army and settlers, to move the tribe to a new reservation.[333] On April 11, 1873, General Edward Canby, was killed in Northern California south of Tule Lake by Modoc leader Kintpuash, in a failed peace conference to end the Modoc War, shocking the nation.[334] Grant ordered restraint after Canby's death, the army captured Kintpuash, who was convicted of Canby's murder and hanged on October 3 at Fort Klamath, while the remaining Modoc tribe was relocated to the Indian Territory.[334] In 1874, the army defeated the Comanche Indians at the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon.[335] Their villages were burned and horses slaughtered, eventually forcing them to finally settle at the Fort Sill reservation in 1875.[336] Grant pocket-vetoed a bill in 1874 protecting bison and supporting Interior Secretary Columbus Delano, who believed correctly the killing of bison would force Plains Indians to abandon their nomadic lifestyle.[337][y] The Plains tribes accepted the reservation system, but encounters with prospectors and settlers in search of gold in the Black Hills led to renewed conflict in the Great Sioux War of 1876, ending the understanding established between Grant and Sioux Chief Red Cloud.[339] Grant was determined to enforce the treaty using the army if necessary, but after consulting with Sheridan he was reminded that the post-Civil War army was undermanned and that the territory involved was vast, requiring great numbers of soldiers to enforce the treaty; as a result, it was never enforced.[340] During the war, Sioux warriors led by Crazy Horse killed George Armstrong Custer and his men at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, the army's most famous defeat in the Indian wars. Later, Grant castigated Custer in the press, saying "I regard Custer's massacre as a sacrifice of troops, brought on by Custer himself, that was wholly unnecessary - wholly unnecessary." In spite of Grant's efforts, over 200 battles were fought with the Indians during his presidency. The policy was considered humanitarian for its time but was later criticized for disregarding native cultures.

Gilded age presidents

Andrew Johnson-April 15, 1865 - March 4, 1869 Ulysses S. Grant-March 4, 1869 - March 4, 1877 Civil war general, little political background, his administration had corruption-whiskey ring, credit mobile, but very popular, elected twice, revered by voters, if he had wanted to run a third term he would have won First term-economic growth and railroad development Indian policy Rutherford Hayes-March 4, 1877 - March 4, 1881 Bland-Allison act. Created reform system, great railroad strike. Election of 1876 Republican but in the election, which was undecided, he lost pop vote and the voting suppression in the south affected election, resolved in favor of him From ohio, reformer, civil service reform, tried to keep south safe for blacks, but made a deal in the south to withdraw troops Known for not serving liquor, championship of civil service reform Spoil system was out of hand at this point, which is why he supported it James Garfield-March 4, 1881 - September 19, 1881 Assassinated 100 days after becoming president. Ran against winfield scott 1 of 7 presidents to be born in log cabin, came from rural poverty in ohio Worked on canals, very smart, shot by disappointed office seeker-Charles J. Guiteau, spoil system gone mad- but he wasn't killed, could not find the bullet though so he dies Chester Arthur-September 19, 1881 - March 4, 1885 Supported Chinese Exclusion act, Pendleton Act. Signed the Immigration Act. Replaced garfield Known as spoilsman of the century Abandoned the spoil system though, signed leg responding- pendleton act Made gov employment under competitive scope Grover Cleveland-1. March 4, 1885 - March 4, 1889 and 2. March 4, 1893 - March 4, 1897 Presidential Succession Act, Dawes Severalty Act, dedication of Statue of Liberty, Interstate Commerce Act. Pullman's Strike, Attempted to lower tarots. First and only to serve non consecutive terms New york, known as a new kind of dem, not tainted by treason, proved to be a popular president Ran against james blaine- but he had a few bluders and lost him new york, presidential elections at this time were very close Benjamin Harrison-March 4, 1889 - March 4, 1893 Sherman Antitrust act, made many attempts to oppose trusts. Also civil war general William McKinley-March 4, 1897 - September 14, 1901 Annex Hawaii, Spanish-American War, Open Door Policy/Boxer Rebellion. Also assassinated Sometimes known as America's most underrated president Got all leg through congress, economic growth,

human ingenuity

Bringing the transformation about through science and engineering

Gilded age as especially debased history stereotype

Money rules politics Wealthy men larger than life But also brought out reformers Exaggerated shortcomings of gov Attack money in politics which isn't new but even more powerful Bribes, rigged elections, extorted Historians tired of the same old story of the gilded age Shift focus from at corruption but to ong term public policy changes Do this by: Two party system Ideals and standards of the parties Republicans Emancipation Union forever Protection to farms Protective Tariffs Democrats Foreign political culture Cornelius vanderbilt-power of railroad trust Urban political machines Best known type of political orgs Came to power after civil war Hay day from 1875-1910 Pop boom effect- from immigration, sprang up to accommodate this growth, growth of cities, urbanization, industrialization Rise of big business Hunger to put people to work Facilitated pop growth in cities Cities had to grow and improve Example is transportation Native born americans threatened Statue of liberty and grover cleveland Municipal gov Party of two party system Like national parties Bottom up power Spoil system Rotation in office Reward selfs when they won Based on give gov. jobs to party men Once in office- then you have to give to your party Politicians use civil servant to finance campaigns Invites corruption Businessman contribute to politicians that can help them Railroads dominate some city govs Corps invest in parties There were civil service reformers though Cities and political machines grew at the same time Rapid urbanization, pop growth caused by immigration challenging the governance of cities The politicians- their jobs and who they were Called the city boss Organized and naturalize immigrants Rejister voted Build machine Why dems friendly to immigrants Organize and deliver services to the urban people and build infrastructure Develop police and fire stations Built schools Building large bureaucracy Municipal services and utilities Built streets, parks, ... Took a little bit off the top- money from the gov Urban political Machines rose to dominance-local gov governing cities and leaders known as bosses Hinky dink hannah William tweed Me who rules american cities Ward bosses elect big boss Power of machines always contested- sometimes lost to reformers Had trouble staying in power- stuffed ballot boxes, padded registration lists- most famous philadelphia New york Huge pop growth Rise in baking business Information center

Website: Grenville Dodge, "The Construction and Completion of the Railroad"

The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 provided for the construction of a transcontinental railroad to be undertaken by the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railway companies, the former building eastward from California line, the latter westward from Omaha, Nebraska. General Grenville M. Dodge, who had proven his talents as Sherman's engineer in the Atlanta campaign, was made chief engineer of the Union Pacific and was largely responsible for the rapidity and efficiency with which the road was constructed. The juncture of the Union Pacific with the Central Pacific at Promontory Point, Utah, was an event of national importance. Each of our surveying parties consisted of a chief who was an experienced engineer, two assistants, also civil engineers, rodmen, flagmen, and chairmen, generally graduated civil engineers but without personal experience in the field, besides ax men, teamsters, and herders. When the party was expected to live upon the game of the country, a hunter was added. Each party would thus consist of from eighteen to twenty--two men, all armed. When operating in a hostile Indian country they were regularly drilled, through after the Civil War this was unnecessary, as most of them had been in the army. Each party entering a country occupied by hostile Indians was generally furnished with a military escort of from ten men to a company under a competent officer. Our Indian troubles commenced in 1864 and lasted until the tracks joined at Promontory. We lost most of our men and stock while building from Fort Kearney to Bitter Creek. The Union Pacific and Central Pacific were allowed to build, one east and the other west, until they met. The building of five hundred miles of road during the summers of 1866 and 1867, hardly twelve months' actual work, had aroused great interest in the country and much excitement, in which the government took a part. We were pressed to as speedy a completion of the road as possible, although ten years had been allowed by Congress. The officers of the Union Pacific had become imbued with this spirit, and they urged me to plan to build as much road as possible in 1868... The reaching of the summit of the first range of the Rocky Mountains, which I named Sherman, in honor of my old commander, in 1867, placed us comparatively near good timber for ties and bridges which, after cutting, could be floated down the mountain streams at some points to our crossing and at others within twenty--five or thirty miles of our work. This afforded great relief to the transportation. meet them at Promontory. When the two roads approached in May, 1869, we agreed to connect at the summit of Promontory Point; and the day was fixed so that trains could reach us from New York and California. We laid the rails to the junction point a day or two before the final closing... The two trains pulled up facing each other, each crowded with workmen who sought advantageous positions to witness the ceremonies and literally covered the cars.

Website: Thomas J. Schlereth, "Striving"

The importance of christianity in victorian culture-sunday school, Expansion of the education system One room schools Women as the moral head of family Development of 8 year school system Segregation in school Kindergarten t socialize and give children moral standards High schools rare and elitist, male and private High Schools became an avenue of economic mobility Colleges grow-especially for engineering and incorporate some women and blacks- but in all black or all women colleges Became more specialized More artists and writers More reinforced status Chautauqua movement Illiteracy fell Huge enrollments More value in museums and libraries, a more educated culture, self-help... Social settlements like hull house Develop places to keep the divent of society like disabled and mentally ill Create juvenile prisons Very church going america-but immigrant catholics and black christians are outsiders Jewish immigrants Social gospels- salvation army

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