16.4
What is Pale of Settlement?
A territory including parts of modern-day Poland, latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Belarus, in which most Jews were required to live
What were Joseph II's measures?
Aboslished serfdom and decreed that peasants could pay landlords in cash rather than labor.
What did Catherine call Voltaire
champion of the human race
What did Maria Theresa do to regain Silesia?
Formed an alliance with leaders of France and Russia
What was the first Euroepan state to remove all restrictions on the Jew?
France
How did Frederick the Great differ from his father?
He embraced cultural and literature rather than militarism
What were Joseph's II response to Haskalah?
He made measures that intende dto integrate Jews more fully into society, inluding eligibility for military service, higher education and artisanla trades, and removal of requirements for special clothing or emblems
Why was Peter III so unpopular?
He was alienated because he withdrew Russian troops from the coalition against Prussia
What is Haskalah?
Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn
Who was the son of Maria Theresa?
Joseph II
What happened to Prussia's legal system?
Laws were simplified, torture was abolished, and judges decided cases quickly and impartially
What were Frederick's primary tools?
Legal system and the bureaucracy
Where were the most influential enlightened monarchs?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
Wh led the Haskalah?
Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn
What did Catherine offer to Diderot when French government banned the Encyclopedia?
Publish it in St. Petersburg
What had put an end to Catherine's intentions to reform serfdom?
Pugachev's rebellion
What were bureaucractic reforms under Maria Theresa?
administrative renovations strengthening the central bureaucracy, smoothed out some provinical differences, and revamped the tax system,t axing even nobles
What is Catherine's origin?
german princess
Where were Jews confined to for the most part?
ghettos
What happened to nobility under Frederick the Great?
he accepted and extended the privileges of the nobility
What was state of Habsburg empire when Joseph II died?
in turmoil
How did Jews manage to succeed and obtain right of permanent settlement?
special service for the state
What did Frederick's government reconstruct after the Seven Years' War?
Agriculture and industry
What three refomrs did Maria Theresa make to make stronger and more efficient state after War of the Austrian Succession?
Church reform, administrative renovation which strengthened the central bureaucracy,smoothed out provincial differences, and eevamped tax system, and improve the lot of the agricultural population, cautiously reducing the power of lords over hereditary sefs.
What was the aim of the alliance?
Conquer Prussia and divide up territory
What did Prussia become after War of the Austrian Succession?
European Great Power
What were social reforms of Maria Theresa?
Government sought to improve the lot of the agricultural production, cautiously reducing the power of lords over their hereditary serfs and their partially free peasant tenants
Who was Catherine the Great's lover?
Gregory Orlov
Who murdered Peter the III
Gregory Orlov and his three brothers, all army officers
What areas did Maria Theresa of Austria control?
Habsburg dominions in Austria, including Silesia
How did Frederick justify monarchy?
In terms of practical results
What was Frederick the Gerat of Prussia's views on Jew?
Oppposed their emancipation
What was Catherine the Great's response to Jews?
Pale of Settlement
What were some of Catherine's refomrs?
Restricted the practice of torture and allowed limited religious freedom. She also tried to imporve education and strengthen local government
What was the Pugachev rebellion?
Thousands join Pugachev in slaughtering landlords and officals over a vast area of southwestern Russia. They lost to Catherine's noble-led army. Pugachev was captured and savagely executed
What were Pugachev's orders?
To abolish serfdom, taxes, and army service.
What were the more human policies for Frederick's subjects that he thought would strengthen the state?
Tolerantly allowed his subjects to believe as they wished in religious and philosophical matters, promoted advancement of knowledge, improving his country's schools and permitting scholars to publish their findings
What was most important to Maria Theresa?
Traditional power politics
What is the best example of limitatsion of enligthened absolutism?
debates surrounding the emancipation of the Jews
How much did Prussia's population increase as a result of taking Silesia?
doubled to 6 million
What was Maria Theresa's church reform?
limited papacy's influence, eliminating religious holidays, reducing number of monasteries
In what war did Maria Theresa have to cede almost all of Silesia to Prussia?
European War of the Austrian Succession
What showed limitations of Enlightenment thinking (rather than deficiencies in Enlightenment programs)?
Failure to implement "humane" policies
Where was Catherine the Gerat from?
Anhalt-Zerbst (insignificant principality sandwiched between Prussia and Saxony)
Whoi was Poland split among?
Austria, Prussia, Russia
What were Catherine the Great's three main goals?
Bring culture of western Europe to Russia, domestic reform, and territorial expansion
What competitoin brought conflict to Prussia?
British and French competition for colonial empire
Why did Partition of POland occur?
Catherine was winning victories against Ottomans and thereby threatened to distrub the balance of power between Russia and Austria in e. Euorpre, so Frederick of Prussia came forward with a deal. He proposed Turkey be let off and Prussia, Austria, and russia take Poland
Who was Maria Theresa of Austria's father?
Charles VI
What is Pragmatic Sanction?
Diplomatic agreement that had guaranteed Maria Theresa's succession
Who sparked a gigantic uprsing of serfs?
Emelian Pugachev
Who was Frederick the Great's father?
Frederick William I
What did Christian and Jewish philosophers aruge?
Freedom and civil rights for Jews. Said that restrictions on religious grounds could not stand.
What did Frederick seek from his subjects?
Happiness in his people and enlighten them.
Who did Catherine subjagate and begin conquest in?
MOngols and Crimean Tartars. Conquest of the Caucus
Did peasants and nobility like Joseph II'S new measures.
No. Peasants couldn't pay and nobility violently reject it.
How did British Parliament respond to Haskalah?
Passed a law allowing naturalization of Jes, but later repealed the law due to public outrage
How was Prussia saved?
Peter III cam eto the Russian thorne in 1762 and calleld of the attack against Frederick, whom he greatly admired
Who did Catherine marry?
Peter III, heir to Russian throne
What did alliance of France, Russia, and Austria result in?
Seven Years' War
What was Catherine the Great's legal reform? Did it succeed?
She appointed a legislative commission to prepare a new law code. It was not completed.
How did Catherine differ in Peter the Great's westernization?
She westernized the imagination of the Russian nobility
Where did Frederick II invade in regards to Maria Theresa? What did it defy?
Silesia. Defies Pragmatic Sanction
What is enlightened absolutism?
Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
What is cameralism?
View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good
What were restrictions of Jew?
excluded by law form most profesions, could be ordered out of a kingdom at a moment's notice
Why was Catherine related to Russia?
mother related to Romanovs of Russia
What was Catherine's greatest coup?
partition of Poland
What three things did cameralism emphasize?
rationality, progress, and utilitarianism
What was Joseph II also known as?
revolutionary emperor
What tempered Frederick's interest in territorial expansion?
seven years' War
