1864-1865

Even after the Union attacked Petersburg, Lee pondered whether the greater danger lay south or north of the _____ River.

James. Not trusting that Grant was really heading to Petersburg and not Richmond, Lee kept most of his forces on the peninsula defending Richmond. He thus did not immediately comply with Petersburg commander Beauregard's desperate but ambiguous appeals for reinforcements.

In the early spring of 1864, Union Major General Sherman saw that Georgia, and _______ specifically, held the key to bringing the war to an end.

Atlanta. Confederate General Lee's forces in Virginia, the main focus of the war to that point, were able to hold the Union forces away from Richmond largely because of the supplies that flowed steadily up from the transportation and logistical center of Atlanta. With Lieutenant General Grant's blessing, Sherman set about building an overwhelming force from his headquarters in Chattanooga, Tennessee, a little more than 100 miles northwest of Atlanta. Other Union commands were asked to supply what men they could spare, and by late April 1864, three grand armies with more than 98,000 men stood ready to invade Georgia. A steady stream of reinforcements brought this force to more than 112,000 by June.

On July 17, 1864 Confederate President Davis appointed John Hood with the task of keeping Sherman and his men from taking _______.

Atlanta. Davis had grown tired of Johnston's tactics that allowed Sherman to advance on Atlanta. Hood was now the leader charged with keeping Atlanta in confederate control. The day after Hood took command, Union infantrymen advanced to the northern banks of Peachtree Creek. By nightfall the Union forces formed a solid line of blue-coated infantry on the south banks of Peachtree Creek itself, facing due south toward the Confederate line arranged atop low hills about one-half mile away.

On May 7, 1864, the Union forces marched out of Chattanooga and the _______ Campaign began.

Atlanta. The Campaign would consist of nine individual battles or local campaigns, as well as nearly five months of unbroken skirmishes and small actions. During the Campaign Jefferson Davis made one of the worst decisions during the war and fired Johnston. Late in the afternoon of July 17, Hood was promoted to General and given command of the entire Army of Tennessee.

On ______ 25, 1864 all the guns outside Atlanta fell silent and Hood hoped for a moment that Sherman had given up and was withdrawing.

August. In fact Sherman had decided to swing far south to cut the last rail connection the Confederates had to the city of Atlanta. On September 1 the Union attack began and Hood at long last ordered the evacuation of the doomed city. With the railway cut, it was impossible to take much in the way of supplies with them, so warehouses were ordered opened up for the civilians. Sherman knew he now had the city.

The confederates had fortified Petersburg in 1862 and General __________ was in command of the troops there when Grant arrived in mid June 1864.

Beauregard. On June 15-18, 1864 the Union mounted a series of disjointed assaults that failed to take the city of Petersburg despite the fact that Beauregard's pleas for reinforcement had not been met. Not until June 18 did the first division of Lee's own army join Beauregard's weary defenders at Petersburg. By then, Beauregard had saved the city.

Grant's Grand plan to coordinate the Union's forces and fight the Confederate armies to defeat began on May 4, ____.

1864. For the first time in the three year old war, the Union was going to wage a coordinated movement: one army against Atlanta and three against Richmond. Sherman would advance on Atlanta forcing Johnston to fight him to defend the city. Grant would lead the attack on Richmond with the objective of getting the main Army of the Potomac to fight Lee's Army of North Virginia. Two other union armies: The Army of James and the force in the Shenandoah Valley would advance on Richmond as well. Grant's keen perception of all federal forces as one concerted grand army finally allowed the North to bring its manpower and material superiority to bear. This approach, moreover, threatened all Confederate armies east of the Mississippi, thus allowing none to reinforce each other. Most significantly Grant's grand strategy undercut the Virginia powerbase and denied the rest of the Confederacy access to manpower and supplies.

Officially released on bond posted by public figures North and South, Davis was in limbo until December ____, when the indictment was quashed, allowing him to reclaim his life.

1868. He was homeless and unemployed at age sixty-two. In 1869 he accepted the presidency of the Carolina Life Insurance Company in Memphis, joining the ranks of many ex-Confederate generals and officials who became figurehead executives in the postwar business world. In the 1870s, Davis yielded to the pleas of family and others to write his memoirs, hoping book sales' profits would cushion his retirement and provide security for his family. The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government was published in two fat volumes in 1881. Far from being a rich, anecdotal autobiography, the book was legalistic, wordy, and digressive, including long constitutional arguments, speeches, and documents, while omitting much Confederate history. Jefferson Davis died in New Orleans on December 6, 1889, having contracted bronchitis after visiting Brierfield. After a spectacular funeral procession, said to have been the largest ever in the South, he was buried at Metairie Cemetery in a suit of Confederate gray. In 1893 he was re-interred in Richmond.

At the Battle of Appomattox Station, General George A. Custer captured approximately 25 enemy artillery pieces. He was __ years old.

26. Although Custer had graduated last in his class at West Point (class of 1861), he was promoted to Brigadier General at the age of 23, making him one of the youngest generals in the Union army. On April 9, 1865, General Custer's Calvary Division attacked and captured three confederate supply trains at Appomattox station. He then proceeded on to the Appomattox Courthouse where he attacked a large unit of Confederate artillery and wagons. He captured more than 25 cannons and a great number of wagons loaded with supplies. Custer's victory helped cut off Lee's escape and significantly contributed to his surrender the following day.

On November 15, 1864 as General Sherman and his __ thousand man army left Atlanta for Savannah he was opposed by fewer than 5 thousand Confederate soldiers.

65. All that stood between Sherman's 65,000 men during his march to the sea, was General Joseph Wheeler who commanded a Confederate force of approximately 3,500 cavalrymen and 1,500 militia.

Lee, down but not out, took what was left of his army and headed for ______ Court House.

Amelia. His plan was to get supplies and gain access to the Richmond Railroad and to join Johnston and prolong the war enough to give the Rebels some credibility from which to negotiate a surrender. Sheridan, however, had already blocked the way to the Railroad and, in the confusion at Petersburg, the confederate supplies had not been dispatched to Amelia Court House.

After Lincoln's assassination, Vice-President ______________ became the 17th president of the United States.

Andrew Johnson. Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina in 1808. Johnson's political career advanced rapidly. In 1830, Johnson was elected mayor of Greenville, and this was followed by terms in the Tennessee State House and Senate. As the sole senator from any state that now styled itself a part of the Confederacy, Johnson staunchly supported the Lincoln administration and advocated a vigorous prosecution of the Union's war effort. Lincoln rewarded Johnson's loyalty in March 1862 by naming him military governor of Tennessee after that state had come under the control of Union armies. Johnson's unwavering commitment to the Union, combined with Lincoln's desire to create a nonpartisan, prowar ticket, persuaded the president to support Johnson for the vice presidency on the Union Party ticket in the election of 1864. Lincoln's election carried Johnson back to Washington in early 1865 and Lincoln's assassination in April propelled Johnson into the presidency in April 1865, and from there, Johnson presided over the final defeat of the Confederacy and the restoration of his beloved Union.

John Wilkes Booth not only planned on killing President Lincoln, but also his Vice President ______________.

Andrew Johnson. He had also hoped to kill Vice President Johnson, but his last-minute plan did not allow for this. If he had killed the vice president, the President Pro Tem, Lafayette S. Foster would have become the new president until a new election could have taken place.

On April 26, 1865 the Confederate _______ held its last meeting.

Cabinet. After meeting in Charlotte, NC the cabinet disbanded and its members resigned one by one to return to their homes and their families. Because President Johnson had rejected the Sherman-Johnston armistice agreement, Davis and his ministers were not protected by amnesty and were considered criminals and fugitives.

The human cost of the war far exceeded what anyone had imagined in 1861. More Americans were killed in the _________ than in all other American wars combined from the colonial period through the war in Afghanistan in 2001. The total dead and wounded for both sides are estimated at over one million men.

Civil War. The North placed roughly 2.2 million men in uniform (180,000 of them blacks), of whom about 640,000 were killed, wounded in battle, or died of disease. Of the 360,000 Northern soldiers who died, two-thirds perished from illnesses such as dysentery, diarrhea, measles, malaria, and typhoid. Casualties in Confederate forces are more difficult to estimate, but they probably approached 450,000 out of approximately 750,000 to 850,000 Confederate soldiers. Of these, it is estimated that more than 250,000 died. The proportion of battlefield deaths to deaths by disease was probably the same as in the Northern armies. Total deaths thus exceeded 600,000, and the dead and wounded combined totaled about 1.1 million.

The Shenandoah Valley Campaign was directed at ________ rather than military targets.

Civilian. Grant's strategy had changed and civilians were targeted in an effort to demoralize the people of the South. Civilian homes and property were seized and burned all in an attempt to deprive the confederate people of much needed supplies.

The horrifying losses as ___________ earned Grant the moniker "Butcher Grant."

Cold Harbor. For 3 days Lee and Grant faced each other, paralyzed, at Cold Harbor and finally on June 7 they called a truce to pick-up the wounded and bury the dead. Some five acres were heaped with the dead and those unlucky enough to be dying. Lincoln understood that although the casualties at Cold Harbor represented 41% of the Union troops, the Confederates had lost 46%. The South had no hope of restoring their manpower but the Union's forces could be replenished within weeks.

The last ___________ victory of the Civil War occurred at Palmetto Ranch near Brownsville Texas in May 1865.

Confederate. Over a month after Lee surrendered at Appomattox, Union Cavalry violated a cease fire agreement and attacked a Confederate supply post at Palmetto Ranch. Confederate cavalry were able to drive off the attacking Yankees resulting in the last Confederate victory of the war.

Lee was a driving force behind the Confederate's ____________ Act due in large part to his frustration with the apathy he encountered while defending the Coast.

Conscription. Lee considered a national conscription act essential if the Confederacy were to make the most of its limited pool of manpower. Lee dismissed arguments that state rights should come before the central government's war-making needs. The conscription act passed by Congress on April 16 1862, marked a crucial step toward maintaining a protracted resistance against the North.

The heaviest fighting in the Battles of Spotsylvania ___________ took place on May 12, 1864 when the Union smashed through the Mule Shoe almost splitting the confederate army in two.

Court House. Grant ordered a massive attack (20,000 men) against Confederate troops who were entrenched in a "U" shaped formation; with the concentration of troops called the Mule Shoe. The Union was able to punch through the confederate's formation and pour through the lines capturing some 2,000 prisoners and much artillery. Stalwart fighting by several Confederate brigades stabilized the situation in the Mule Shoe and enabled the army to withdraw safely to another position. Mule Shoe was the bloodiest battle at Spotsylvania and by May 21, when the armies marched away from Spotsylvania, another 18,000 Federals and 12,000 Confederates had joined the list of casualties.

The war touched the lives of almost every person in the United States and changed the _______ forever.

Culture. Women assumed greater responsibilities in the workplace because so many men were absent in the armies. In the North, they labored as nurses (previously a male occupation), government clerks, and factory workers and contributed to the war effort in other ways. Southern white women also worked as clerks and nurses and in factories, and thousands took responsibility for running family farms. Several hundred women disguised themselves as men and served in the military, a few of whom were wounded in battle.

By the summer of 1864 Union admiral ______________ had assembled a fleet of seventeen vessels to break through both Forts Gaines and Morgan at the entrance of Mobile Bay.

David Farragut. Mobile Bay and the city of Mobile, Alabama became prominent Union military targets in the summer of 1864. The attack on Mobile Bay was part of a larger plan designed by Grant to deliver a coordinated strike against the Confederacy with General Sherman attacking Atlanta and General Meade applying continuous pressure on Lee's Army of North Virginia. If successful, the attack on Mobile and its large waterways would provide a staging area for further advances into the Deep South and would also alleviate some of the pressure on Sherman's attack on Atlanta. Mobile would also provide the Union with a supply base and a secure destination if Sherman decided to move south after seizing Atlanta.

The civil war caused wide-scale ________ destruction to the South.

Economic. The Confederate states lost two-thirds of their wealth during the war. The loss of slave property through emancipation accounted for much of this, but the economic infrastructure in the South was also severely damaged in other ways. Railroads and industries in the South were in shambles, more than one-half of all farm machinery was destroyed, and 40 percent of all livestock had been killed.

Much of Lee's early work was administrative and ___________ related.

Engineering. Shortly after the close of the campaign in western Virginia, Davis named Lee to head a new department encompassing the coastal regions of South Carolina, Georgia, and eastern Florida. Lee spent the next four months constructing a defensive line along the coast—work that showed his engineering and administrative skills and rendered the area better able to resist northern incursions. In early March 1862, Lee returned to Richmond where, under Davis's direction, he would manage "the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy." It was another desk job, this time as principal military adviser to the president, and although lacking real power, Lee helped mold Southern military policy over the next ten weeks.

The Union entered Richmond on April 3, 1865 and set the town on ____.

Fire. Like so many other Southern cities and towns, Richmond was ablaze. The retreating Confederates had blown up ironclads in the docks along the James River. Those explosions set off warehouse fires that spread to large sections of the city. Lincoln set off for Richmond on April 4.

On April 14, 1865, the president and Mrs. Lincoln, always devotees of the stage, went to ____'s Theater where Lincoln was assassinated.

Ford. For months the president's staff had warned him of possible assassination attempts, but he had always brushed them off, saying that he would take care of himself. That night the rabid Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth shot the president in the back of the head. The next day—in the fifth week of his second term—Abraham Lincoln died. His legacy to the nation was an essential one —the preservation of the Union and the liberation of the slaves.

General _______ enjoyed success in many battles and eventually was promoted to major general of the confederate forces in West Tennessee.

Forrest. Forrest was spunky and his trademark tactic was to fix the Union position in place with a small frontal assault while using the speed and mobility of his mounted infantry to attack the flanks simultaneously. Forrest personally led charges, engaging in hand-to-hand combat on many occasions. This type of personal warfare seemed well suited to a man who had matured along the often-violent Southern frontier. Wasting little time, Forrest began roaming through northern Mississippi and western Tennessee attacking the widely dispersed Federal garrisons left to protect the waterways and railroads. He also used the raids to conscript available men to augment his force. His raids were so brilliant and destructive that Sherman called him "that devil Forrest" and maintained that "there will never be peace in Tennessee until Forrest is dead."

The war set the South back at least a __________ in industry and agriculture.

Generation. Factories and farms were devastated by the invading armies. The labor system fell into chaos. Not until the 20th century did the South recover fully from the economic effects of the war. In contrast, the North forged ahead with the building of a modern industrial state.

Grant and Lee appear as the two great antagonists of the civil war but the Confederate soldier who most closely paralleled _____ was Nathan Bedford Forrest.

Grant. Forest and Grant had the same approach to war: "war means fighting and fighting means killing." Nathan Bedford Forrest, the eldest of eleven children, was born in middle Tennessee and moved with his family to northern Mississippi in 1834. Like most frontier children, Forrest lacked a formal education and gained much of his knowledge from experience. By 1851, Forrest had married, started his own family, and moved to Memphis. At Memphis, he concentrated on building a slave trading business and became the region's largest and most reputable slave trader in less than a decade. In 1860, Forrest was one of the South's wealthiest men and served as a Memphis alderman. In June 1861, Tennessee and Forrest cast their lot with the Confederacy. Forrest enlisted as a private in a local cavalry regiment, but was quickly commissioned as an officer; using his own money, Lieutenant Colonel Forrest personally raised and equipped his regiment.

After the devastation at Spotsylvania, _____ pressed on moving farther south with every step.

Grant. Grant reported his losses as "heavy" in a telegram to Washington during the Spotsylvania battles. He concluded, though, that the enemy's losses must be greater than his own and so he proposed to continue fighting for as long as it took. When repulsed Grant did not retreat, he sidestepped and deliberately progressed farther south.

_____'s leadership strategy was simple; he concentrated all the Union forces possible against the Confederate armies in the field.

Grant. Grant saw that taking cities and strategic points and occupying southern territory accomplished nothing so long as the Confederate armies remained in the field. Victory would only come with the destruction of the Confederate armies. Grant understood his place and his mission: the eastern theater with his headquarters as the armies in the field, fighting to the death with General Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia.

_____'s strategy was to maintain pressure on all fronts and to use the Federal advantage in men and material effectively. This included controlling the Shenandoah Valley.

Grant. The Shenandoah Valley had long been the major north-south access route of the Confederate army. The valley provided foodstuffs, finished goods, and other necessities for General Lee's army. The Federals tried in May and again in June to control the valley, but failed.

A new opponent, General _____, took the field against Lee in the spring of 1864.

Grant. Ulysses S. Grant brought to Virginia a dazzling record of success in the West. His presence with the Army of the Potomac raised hopes among Northerners that they finally had a champion who could vanquish Lee. The Confederate people and soldiers in the Army of Northern Virginia held an equally firm belief that Lee would triumph against Grant. Walter H. Taylor of Lee's staff probably reflected the dominant feeling at army headquarters when he prophesied that Grant, who had faced modestly talented Confederate generals in the West, "will find, I trust, that General Lee is a very different man to deal with."

The Battle of Atlanta on July 22, 1864 was __________ but the Union had moved ever closer to its Atlanta target.

Indecisive. The Union immediately worked on their line, which had been significantly disturbed by the Confederate's fierce advance. The battle raged but the Union's spirit was roused and despite the Confederates' spirited attack the clash ended once again in disappointment for Hood. Again, Hood's offensive plans ended up merely bleeding his already greatly diminished force; but despite even this pointless attack against greatly superior forces, Hood was not satisfied and immediately planned his third sortie. Casualties for the Confederates numbered around 8,500, and Union losses were about 3,650.v

On May 10, 1865 _______________ was captured by Federal Troops near Irwinville, Georgia.

Jefferson Davis. The Confederate nation ceased to exist on April 2, 1865, when Federal troops occupied the capital. Davis and other functionaries fled and attempted to keep the machinery in operation, but on May 10, he and his party were captured by Union cavalrymen near Irwinville, Georgia. Believed by some to have conspired in the Lincoln Assassination plot, Davis was charged with treason and "buried alive" at Fort Monroe, Virginia. Harshly treated at first, even shackled briefly, he was forbidden visitors, mail, and reading material and was watched constantly and deprived of sleep. Added to the isolation and degradation of prison were humiliating stories widely circulated in the Northern press that Davis had been captured in women's clothing. Hundreds of cartoons showed the disgraced ex-president in petticoats, despite many captors' testimony that he had only a shawl (then a garment commonly used by both sexes) over his head and had mistakenly taken his wife's raglan rather than his own in a vain attempt to escape.

John Surratt, Mary Surratt, Lewis Paine, David Herold, and George Atzerodt were all accomplices of _________________.

John Wilkes Booth. All but John Surratt were tried and convicted of conspiracy in Abraham Lincoln's assassination and executed on July 7, 1865.

________ surrendered his army on April 26, 1865.

Johnston. With Lee's surrender at Appomattox, Johnston considered the war at an end. Davis wanted to continue to fight. In a tense meeting in a railroad car in Greensboro, Johnston asked permission from Davis to open negotiations with the enemy to seek an armistice. Davis was skeptical but granted permission. Johnston met with Sherman near Durham Station, North Carolina on April 17, 1865, and they worked out a political settlement. The Sherman-Johnston document was rejected by a U.S. government still reeling from Lincoln's assassination three days earlier. Instead of renewing the war, Johnston surrendered his army on April 26, 1865. After the war, Johnston wrote a self-serving memoir that was particularly critical of Davis and like many other Confederate veterans; he served as an insurance company executive. In February 1891, Johnston contracted a cold while serving as a pallbearer at Sherman's funeral in New York, and he died of complications from pneumonia on March 21.

In July 1864, ___________ got threateningly close to the White House with an army of 15,000.

Jubal Early. He fought Union General Lew Wallace, who had only 5800 troops, at Monocacy. Though he won that battle, it cost him a day's delay, which allowed Washington enough time to gather reinforcements.

On ____ 20, 1864 the savage battle of Peachtree Creek was fought.

July. Hood decided to go on the offensive and the Battle of Peachtree began. The well-positioned Union forces badly mauled the advancing Confederates. Although the numbers engaged were fairly even with 21,450 Federals to 18,450 Confederates, casualties were much more one-sided, 1,780 Union to 4,800 Confederate. Hood's first outing as an army commander was an unqualified disaster.

In ____ of 1864 as the armies of Grant and Lee collided violently in Grant's drive toward Richmond, Grant made the biggest mistake of his military career when he ordered a frontal assault on entrenched Confederates at Cold Harbor, Virginia.

June. On the night of June 1, 1864 Grant and Lee both raced toward the crossroads of Cold Harbor. Lee arrived first and dug in and constructed a defensive line between Totopotomoy Creek and the Chickahominy River. For two days Grant battled the entrenched Confederate positions and then on June 3 he decided to mount a mass assault. More than 50,000 Federals struck the well-engineered Southern positions and the Confederates opened up artillery action that dissolved entire Union regiments. In a battle more lopsided than Fredericksburg, Lee's soldiers inflicted 7,500 casualties while suffering no more than 1,500 of their own. 7,000 of the Union soldiers fell in the first hour of fighting and most are estimated to have fallen within the first eight minutes. In his personal memoirs Grant wrote, "I have always regretted that the last assault on Cold Harbor was ever made."

After the war Forrest was a founder of the original ___ and served as its Grand Wizard.

KKK. Forrest attempted to rebuild his fortune after the war by investing heavily in the Reconstruction railroad boom. This investment and several others eventually failed. He did, however, dabble in postwar politics, seeking to restore conservative Democratic rule to the South. Frustrated by the imposition of Radical Republican rule and unable to see blacks as equals, Forrest assumed the leadership of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), a secret organization committed to white supremacy. His suspected affiliation with the KKK brought him before a congressional investigation in 1871 into the organization and violence against blacks. As expected, Forrest denied any connection. Forrest died on October 28, 1877 in Memphis.

The Confederacy was suffering enormous losses and no one from Lee to Johnston to Hood could prevent _______'s reelection, yet on his inauguration March 4, 1865 Lincoln made it clear he did not mean to wreak vengeance on the South.

Lincoln. His brief inaugural address concluded: " with malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. " As eloquent as the words were they were likely hollow to the countless southerners whose property was burned or stolen and whose lives were shattered. The war went on.

President _______ was assassinated on April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln. On the morning of April 14, 1865 Booth learned that Lincoln planned to attend the evening performance of Our American Cousin at Ford's Theater. He quickly sought out his accomplices and prepared to strike that very night. Shortly after 10 p.m. Booth slipped into the presidential box and fired one fatal bullet into the back of Lincoln's head.

Over the four years of the Civil War, the Confederacy's ever-multiplying logistical problems seriously impaired its ________ effectiveness at every level.

Military. Too few Southern military or civilian leaders grasped the magnitude and complexity of logistical requirements of the Confederate war effort. No single government agency ever supervised all logistical aspects of the war effort, whether in the military or civilian sectors. The South's agrarian culture doubtlessly contributed to this basic misapprehension. Railroads represent the most glaring example of the South's failure to centralize its wartime administration. The failure to maintain, let alone expand, the railway system is another indication of the Confederacy's inability to mobilize and prolong industrial production levels.

On April 10, 1865 Robert E. Lee met with Grant in the ______ house and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia.

McLean. The terms Grant wrote were generous - he would take no prisoners but secure the paroles of officers and men to not take up arms until properly exchanged. The army, but not a Nation, had surrendered; the war was not yet over.

Following the Civil War, Confederate General Jubal Early fled to ______ and Canada, where he remained in self-imposed exile until 1868.

Mexico. Early returned to the US in 1869, after receiving word that he had been pardoned by President Andrew Johnson. At the end of the war there was a mass exodus of southern whites fleeing the postwar conditions in the South, most settled in the northern United States.

By the end of August 1864 the Confederates had surrendered their strongholds in __________.

Mobile Bay. Farragut's relatively easy victory can be explained primarily by weaknesses in the Confederacy's coastal defenses around Mobile. The Confederacy lacked an adequate fleet to defend the forts and to counter Union vessels. Mobile Bay's forts were too far from each other for adequate support, and their small garrisons were unable to prevent Federal forces from gaining footholds and laying siege lines against their defensive positions. The Union victory in Mobile Bay ended blockade running in and out of Mobile. Though it is difficult to measure the extent to which the flow of supplies was reduced, the lower South surely suffered as a result.

The victory in __________ nonetheless gave the Union a psychological victory, which aided President Abraham Lincoln in his bid for reelection in November.

Mobile Bay. In August of 1864 the Democrats had elected McClellan as their presidential candidate. After the victory at Mobile, Lincoln campaigned on the platform that the democrats would throw away the great sacrifices that had already been made but he would honor those sacrifices and keep fighting until total victory had been achieved.

Shortly after the Confederate Congress transferred the republic's capital from __________ to Richmond, Lee's career as a Confederate Officer began.

Montgomery. Lee made the painful decision to take up arms with his native Virginians and resigned from the US War Department. By the end of May 1861 more than 40,000 Virginians were under arms. He watched from a distance as Confederates under Beauregard and Johnston won the battle of First Bull Run on July 21 and on July 28, President Davis directed Lee to coordinate the defense of western Virginia.

The men in Lee's army looked to him with unqualified trust and despite their hardships ______ was high.

Morale. Chronic shortages of food, fodder, medicine, and clothing plagued the Confederates. As late as April 12, 1864, Lee grimly informed Jefferson Davis: "I cannot see how we can operate with our present supplies. . . . There is nothing to be had in this section for man or animals." Despite this the morale remained high one brigadier wrote in late January 1864. "General Robert E. Lee is regarded by his army as nearest approaching the character of the great & good Washington than any man living. He is the only man living in whom they would unreservedly trust all power for the preservation of their independence."

The group ____ affected by the outcome of the civil war was the almost 4 million black people who were slaves in 1861.

Most. These Americans emerged from the conflict with their freedom, which was confirmed by the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in December 1865. However, the Civil War did not raise blacks to a position of equality with whites; blacks did not have equal rights until long after the war. Nor did the war bring about that emotional reunion that Lincoln hoped for when he spoke in his first inaugural address of "the bonds of affection" that had formerly held the two sections together.

General Hood waged a desperate attempt to draw Sherman away from Georgia and South Carolina by attacking the Union's army in _________.

Nashville. The Union, under General Thomas, was prepared for an attack by Hood and his Confederates. On November 30, 1864 Hood ordered a frontal assault on the union's well-defended positions and it was a reckless and futile attempt. During December 15-16 at the Battle of Nashville the Union attacked and beat Hood decisively. Although the Army of the Tennessee had not been destroyed, it was effectively finished as a fighting force.

After a ____ month siege at Petersburg, Grant broke through Lee's lines on April 2, 1865.

Nine. After nine months of fighting Grant had extended his lines west forcing Lee to stretch his lines thinner and thinner until they broke. Lee fell back and evacuated Petersburg and retreating west toward Amelia Court House. CSA President Jefferson Davis received the news while at church in Richmond that Sunday morning as a messenger handed him a telegram from Lee advising the evacuation of Richmond by nightfall. Lee shipped the Confederate's remaining funds - a mere $528,000 - to Danville and sent his family to Charlotte, North Carolina.

The ________ economy thrived during the war.

Northern. Two numbers convey a sense of the economic cost to the respective sections: between 1860 and 1870, Northern wealth increased by 50 percent; during that same decade, Southern wealth decreased by 60 percent.

Four days after the indecisive battle of Atlanta, on July 26 Union Major General ________________ took over the Army of the Tennessee.

Oliver O. Howard. Howard's corps reached the crossroads at Ezra church just west of Atlanta and began entrenching before the confederates arrived. On July 28 Hood (and Lee) decided to move his men straight ahead and assault without additional support. They were unable to defeat the Union forces and the Confederates withdrew back into the Atlanta defenses, carrying as many wounded as the exhausted men were able to drag behind them. For the third time in less than ten days, Hood had wrecked part of his once hardened and capable army by sending them against superior forces who were well entrenched. Total casualty figures for the brief attack are difficult to assess accurately, as few Confederate records exist, but somewhere between 2,500 and 5,000 were killed, wounded, or missing. The Union lost about 600.

On March 10, 1864, Grant was promoted to general-in-chief of all federal armies with the rank of __________ general, the first American officer holding that grade since George Washington in 1798-1799.

On March 10, 1864, Grant was promoted to general-in-chief of all federal armies with the rank of __________ general, the first American officer holding that grade since George Washington in 1798-1799.

The ________ campaign ended on June 18, 1864 as the two armies settled into their lines around Petersburg.

Overland. Since crossing the Rapidan River on May 4, the Federals had lost more than 60,000 men and their Confederate opponents more than 30,000—a roughly equal ratio of casualties to strength on each side. The two armies scarcely resembled the forces that had opened the campaign. The June 18 debacle ended the frontal assaults that theretofore marked Grant's Virginia campaign. Ever learning from experience, Grant expressly prohibited frontal attacks; relying instead on grand tactical and strategic flanking movements. For the rest of the conflict the armies would engage in a more static form of warfare, constructing a maze of works along the Richmond-Petersburg front while Grant steadily extended his lines westward and worked to cut Lee's supply lines. The siege of Petersburg lasted more than nine months.

In the election of 1864, the Democratic Party nominated George McClellan on a _____ platform.

Peace. General McClellan was nominated on a peace platform by the Democratic Party, a platform that he personally rejected. This is considered one of the main reasons the Democrats lost to Lincoln--they chose a military general (who didn't want peace with the South), but then based their campaign on a peace platform. He ended up losing having only gained 21 electoral votes to Lincoln's 212, and having claimed only three states: Kentucky, New Jersey, and Delaware.

After slipping from Cold Harbor, Grant's objective was to reach __________.

Petersburg. Although Lee expected Grant to go straight for Richmond, Grant chose to move on Petersburg a rail junction vital to the supply of Richmond. Petersburg was the second largest city in Virginia and the seventh largest Confederate city in 1861. Railroads made it strategically significant as they linked Richmond with the rest of the Confederacy. Losing Petersburg would imperil Richmond itself and by starving Richmond and cutting them off from the rest of the Confederacy Grant felt it would fall just as Vicksburg had. When Grant arrived in Petersburg only 3,000 Confederates were there to greet him.

Of all the garrisons that Forrest raided, the one that he will be remembered for is the battle of Fort ______ on April 12, 1864.

Pillow. The battle of Fort Pillow remains the most controversial of Forrest's career. The Federal garrison had a combined force of Tennessee Unionists and US Colored Troops and Forrest surprised the disorganized and poorly fortified garrison on April 12, 1864. Forrest ordered a final charge to take the fort late in the afternoon and, infuriated by the presence of white Tennesseans serving with former slaves; the attacking Confederates poured into the fort, killing more than half the garrison. The survivors charged that Forrest personally ordered the murder of black soldiers, even after they had surrendered. Although clearly some Confederate soldiers did commit murders, the question of whether Forrest gave specific orders to execute these men has been questioned. Nevertheless, most modern biographers have assigned blame for the massacre to Forrest for failing to control his men. These accusations have remained a permanent scar upon Forrest's otherwise extraordinary record. Despite this black mark, after the war, both Sherman and Johnston named Forrest the most remarkable soldier of the entire conflict.

Unable to _________ or get to the Richmond Railroad Lee's forces were finally surrounded at Appomattox Station.

Re-supply. Lee tried to keep ahead of the Union but lost 1/3 of his army at Rice Station at Farmville Grant sent Lee a message to surrender. Lee continued to inspire his emaciated battered men and on April 8, 1865 the remnants of the Army of North Virginia concentrated on the rail line between Appomattox Station and Appomattox Courthouse.

On the second day of the Wilderness Battle the Confederates received ______________ and by nightfall Grant and Meade began to withdraw the Army of the Potomac.

Reinforcements. The Wilderness was almost as heavy a setback as the one Hooker had suffered a year earlier but Grant did not give up. Casualty figures were high. In two days of fighting, Lee had lost some 10,000 to Grant's 18,000 killed, wounded, and captured. That evening, Grant sent word to President Lincoln "that whatever happens, there will be no turning back." He also dispatched a corps ten miles to the southeast to guard the critical junction at Spotsylvania Court House. On the Confederate side, spirits remained high, with the troops convinced that two days of hard fighting would send the Army of the Potomac back to Washington. Lee knew better, and he ordered I Corps, commanded by Major General Richard H. Anderson, to Spotsylvania.

Accomplishing the logistical feats of the Civil War meant that both sides struggled to harness industrial, technological, human, and natural _________.

Resources. In the American Civil War, the United States of America and the Confederate States of America enlisted, trained, and supported almost three million soldiers over four years For the most part, Northerners understood and applied logistics to war making more effectively than Southerners. Understanding the significance of logistics in the Civil War requires an inclusive definition. The process of logistics includes: (1) supply, which entails determining military requirements and then procuring, maintaining, storing, and distributing those requirements; (2) transportation, which entails the moving of troops and equipment; (3) evacuation and hospitalization, which entails moving and treating sick and wounded troops; and (4) service, which entails administration and communications. The Civil War reveals the degree to which logistics increasingly became a major feature of modern war. It can be argued that the conflict's outcome was decided as much in railroad yards or by commissary officers as it was on the battlefields or by generals.

The Union enjoyed seemingly overwhelming advantages in human and industrial _________, and the Union grand strategy called for a complete victory in the conflict.

Resources. The North's strategy entailed defeating the South's military forces on the battlefield, crippling the region's ability to support those forces, and destroying the Confederate soldiers' will to fight. Carrying out such an offensive strategy required manpower to fight battles and, just as significantly, to operate supply lines and consolidate conquered Southern territory. Unlike the Confederacy's fiercely independent state and local authorities, the Union possessed a centralized logistics system governing the military and civilian spheres. The Union's efficient logistics system positively affected both strategy and tactics. Even when the Union forces failed to achieve decisive strategic or tactical objectives, little blame can be placed on the Union's logistical system. On a human level, Northern soldiers benefited from the Union's efficient logistics system, which helped ensure a relatively high quality of life in the field. Union soldiers rarely suffered in the long term from shortages of food, clothing, shelter, or ammunition. Improvements were also made in medical logistics. During the four years of the American Civil War, the Union's logistical system grew increasingly more efficient, even as the task of supporting its military also grew more challenging. Not only did many Union commanders understand the importance of keeping their own soldiers supplied, they also grasped the strategic and tactical importance of disrupting Confederate logistics. As a result, the North's centralized logistics infrastructure successfully maintained a total of 1.9 million men in the Union military and ultimately helped the Union win the war.

Lee knew the inexorable progression of Grant's campaign had taken the armies ever closer to ________ and a possible siege.

Richmond. Just after Cold Harbor, Lee spoke with Jubal Early about his deepest fear. "We must destroy this army of Grant's before he gets to [the] James River," said Lee, "if he gets there, it will become a siege, and then it will be a mere question of time." Grant did just that and he slipped his Army out of Cold Harbor under the cover of darkness.

The siege of ________, Georgia, marked the culmination of Major General Sherman's March to the Sea and by December 21, 1864 the Union troops held the city.

Savannah. Sherman left Atlanta on November 15, 1864 and arrived in the vicinity of Savannah on December 10. As the Union army approached the main defensive line on December 10, Sherman ordered his commanders to besiege the city while he personally attempted to establish communications with the Union fleet. He was able to coordinate the taking-down of the Confederate's Fort McAllister. After the fall of the Fort, with limited supplies, no hope of reinforcements, and only one line of communication, the Confederate situation turned grim. On December 21, 1864 the Union seized Savannah. The March to the Sea had ended, but Sherman next would direct his attention toward South Carolina.

After taking Atlanta, Sherman's strategy changed and he decided to march his troops southeast to Savannah in a "March to the ___."

Sea. In the March toward Savannah the Union soldiers lived off the land and wrecked or burned whatever they did not need. This compounded the Confederate's economic ruin and further demoralized it's citizens. Rather than target the beleaguered armies, Sherman's plan was to demonstrate to the people that the South was powerless to defend the lives, homes, and property of the so-called Confederacy. This approach was total war; it was harsh but after some soul-searching Grant approved of the strategy. Chimneys left standing after Sherman's army burned homes in the South were called Sherman's sentinels or Sherman's tombstones.

On August 6, Grant gave General ________ orders for the Shenandoah Valley Campaign.

Sheridan. The objective was to remove Early's army as a factor in the war and to strip the valley of everything that could contribute to the armies of the Confederacy. Early and Sheridan faced off many times from August to October. On the October 19, Early struck before dawn, catching the Union army in bed. Within two hours the Confederates had sent many Federals scurrying back north but Early's troops lost momentum when they stopped for plunder. This gave Sheridan time to bring the retreating elements of his forces back to the front. Around 4 p.m. he attacked Early, and for a while it was a death lock. Then General Custer's cavalry turned Early's left so that by 5:30 p.m. the battle was over, except for the pursuit. Union losses were about 5,700 and Confederate almost 3,000. From September 19 to October 19 Sheridan had won three major battles, had earned the permanent rank of major general, and had gained national fame.

Ready to oppose _______ in the West in 1864 was Confederate General Johnston and his force of just under 50,000 men.

Sherman. One of five full generals in the Confederate army, Joseph Eggleston Johnston was also one of the more controversial commanders of the war. His experience and temperament made him an effective organizer and logistician, and he was well liked—even loved—by the troops he commanded. But his poor relationship with Confederate president Jefferson Davis and his track record of repeatedly declining combat led to his dismissal at a critical moment in July 1864. His defenders argue that his strategy of trading space for time was appropriate to the realities of Confederate circumstances in the Civil War, whereas his critics argue that he simply lacked the will or strength of character to commit his troops to battle.

On September 2, 1864 the Union marched into Atlanta and _______ ordered the city to be evacuated.

Sherman. Sherman decided to target civilian objectives in hopes of defeating the South's will to fight. He ignored the pleas of Atlanta's mayor to not evacuate the city but Sherman only replied that, "war is cruel." On September 3, 1864, Sherman telegraphed Washington: "So Atlanta is ours, and fairly won." Hood managed to slip away with what remained of his forces. Nearly 30,000 starving and ill-equipped troops were left to carry out Hood's desperate plan to strike at the Union rear. Well over 81,000 troops were still available to Sherman, who decided not to follow and finish off the badly mauled Confederate force. Instead he would simply rest and re-supply within the fortifications of Atlanta.

During the civil war, thousands of black and white ___________ became refugees, losing many of their possessions and facing an uncertain future in strange surroundings.

Southerners. Human suffering extended beyond the military sphere and continued long after fighting ceased. Far fewer Northern civilians experienced the war so directly, although the citizens of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, saw their town burned by Confederate cavalry in 1864. An unknown number of civilians perished at the hands of guerrillas, deserters, and, less frequently, regular soldiers in both armies. After the war, many thousands of veterans struggled to cope with lost limbs and other wounds. Thousands of families faced difficult financial circumstances due to the death of husbands and fathers. Small pensions were made available but they were insufficient to provide for all the needs of a family.

The American economy suffered greatly as a result of the enormous ________ during the Civil War.

Spending. The war generated spending on a scale dwarfing that of any earlier period in American history. In 1860, the federal budget was $63 million; in 1865, federal government expenditures totaled nearly $1.3 billion—a 200-fold increase that did not include the money spent by the Confederate government. An estimate in 1879 placed war-related costs to that date for the United States at $6.1 billion, including pension payments that would continue for many years. Figures for the Confederacy are very unreliable, but one estimate places expenditures through 1863 at $2 billion. After 1863, records for Confederate expenditures are not available. Whatever the total figure, there is no doubt that expenditures and indebtedness grew to a size that were not imaginable before the war.

At the end of the fighting in the Wilderness, the two armies made their way toward ____________ Court House, a new battlefield.

Spotsylvania. Grant knew he could afford to lose men and he did not retreat; rather, he advanced further south to Spotsylvania Court House a crossroads on the way to Richmond. Lee masterfully foresaw Grant's strategy to move to the crossroads and he beat him to the crossroads. A skirmish on May 8 developed into full blown battle that lasted 11 days from May 8 to the 21.

Cold Harbor changed the Army of the Potomac, making it wary of future assaults on entrenched troops, infecting it with what amounted to "Cold Harbor ________."

Syndrome. At Petersburg few such attacks were made. Instead, each army settled into the trenches it would occupy for nine months. The Civil War had become a very different type of war. The ghost of Cold Harbor became the siege of Petersburg.

Hood had no intention of pursuing the slow retreat tactics that Johnston used and on July 22, 1864 he attacked McPherson's Army of the _________ again.

Tennessee. After his loss at Peachtree, instead of retreating and regrouping Hood thought he saw an opportunity for offensive action against McPherson. Unknown to the Confederates, McPherson was worried that they would attempt this exact movement and had ordered his lines extended and turned to the south. It was a hard fought battle and McPherson died in the struggle but the Union rallied and they were able to push Hood back into defensive mode.

Just before Christmas 1863, Davis (with great reluctance) appointed Johnston to command the Army of _________, the last major Confederate field army west of the Appalachians.

Tennessee. Almost at once Johnston began to receive suggestions from Richmond to initiate an offensive to regain Chattanooga. He argued that the army was not ready, that there was no forage for the animals in the winter, and that it was best to wait until spring. In the spring, however, it was Union general Sherman who took the offensive. Sherman was not only losing more men by assuming the tactical offensive, he was compelled to leave men behind to guard his supply lines. Johnston calculated that, if he could inflict three casualties on the enemy for every Southern soldier lost, eventually Sherman would become vulnerable to a counterattack. In Richmond, Davis was losing patience; after Johnston retreated south of the Chattahoochee River just north of Atlanta, Davis relieved him of command and replaced him with John Hood on July 17, 1864. Johnston went into effective retirement.

Although the surrender at Appomattox did in all practical purposes end the civil war, the last confederate fighting unit did not surrender until May 26, 1865 in _____.

Texas. Edmund Smith continued to fight in Texas despite the capture of Jefferson Davis on May 10, 1865. Smith engaged Union troops near Brownsville Texas and actually repulsed them, a confederate victory, but he surrendered on May 26.

Grant's command reinvigorated the Union Army and he placed General Sherman in command of the _______ theater.

Western. As Grant's second in command, William Tecumseh Sherman emerged as one of the great generals of the civil war. His mission was to take the Military Division of Mississippi down the Atlantic Railroad, moving toward Atlanta to "take out" Johnston's Confederate Army of Tennessee.

On May 4, 1864 Grant led the 120,000 man Army of the Potomac across the Rapidan River into a dense, desolate scrub forest called the __________.

Wilderness. Grant entered the tangled Wilderness hoping to hurry through and battle Lee in more open country farther south. Now as always, however, Lee fought back. The great Virginian and his army of no more than 66,000 struck the Yankees in the Wilderness, where terrain offset manpower and artillery use. After massive attacks and counterattacks, May 5-6, proved bloody but inconclusive. Clearly, the opening battle did not bring Grant the expected victory. After such a mauling, all his predecessors against Lee withdrew and rested for months. Grant, however, paused only one day. Then he moved—not rearward but forward more deeply into Virginia.

The General that _____ had his sights set on was confederate leader Robert E. Lee.

rant. Lee was born on January 19, 1807 at Stratford Hall, Virginia, the third son and fifth child of Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee and Ann Hill Carter Lee. His father had been a hero of the Revolutionary War and governor of Virginia and uncles and other relatives had signed the Declaration of Independence, served in Congress, and otherwise achieved notable reputations. Lee's time at West Point and during his early years in the army revealed patterns that would be evident during the remainder of his professional life. He worked hard, held himself to the most rigorous standards of performance and behavior, and won the admiration of peers and superiors. He ranked second in his class at graduation in 1829 and along with five classmates completed four years at the academy with no demerits.