1865-1900 Test
23. The People's (Populist) Party emerged most directly in response to which of the following late-nineteenth-century trends? (A) The efforts of businesses to gain control over markets and resources abroad (B) The influx of migrants from Asia and southern and eastern Europe (C) The growth of corporate power in agriculture and the economy (D) The development of political machines
C
"Article 2: IT]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons ... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in. . this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select . .. a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . .. but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. ... They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 7. Which of the following contributed to reducing the conflict that article 11 and similar provisions of other treaties were designed to address? (A) The rerouting of several major railroads to avoid tribal lands (B) A decrease in the number of White settlers traveling near reservations (C) The implementation of government conservation policies that protected large areas of public land (D) The destruction of nearly the entire population of buffalo
D
"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions.. .. [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . .. "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . .. that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 45. Schurz's analysis most directly illustrated the debates about which of the following issues in the South? (A) The industrialization of the South (B) The issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation (C) The process of readmitting Confederate States (D) The extent of federal legislative power
C
"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do. Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. *I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, Go West! ... *On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and Go West!" Horace Greeley. editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 31. Which of the following most accurately describes a group who acted on ideas such as those in the excerpt? (A) Business leaders planning to promote philanthropy (B) Activists calling for preservation of the western wilderness (C) Southern European immigrants seeking opportunity in urban areas (D) Northern European immigrants pursuing mining, farming, and ranching
D
"There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunes; but in this we have the true antidote for the temporary unequal distribution of wealth, the reconciliation of the rich and the poor a reign of harmony.. Under its sway we shall have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many, because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts." Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," 1889 33. Which of the following policies would Carnegie most likely have supported? (A) The use of federal power to redistribute wealth (B) Government creation of jobs for unemployed people (C) Increased regulation of corporations (D) Laissez-faire economics
D
25. The image most strongly supports the argument that Reconstruction (A) led to the unfair punishment of White Southerners by the North (B) encouraged large-scale rebellions by former slaves (C) involved unconstitutional abuses of government power (D) temporarily altered race relations in the South
D
26. Advocates for individuals such as those shown in the image would have most likely agreed with which of the following perspectives? (A) The Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson was justified. (B) Capitalism, free of government regulation, would improve social conditions. (C) Both wealth and poverty are the products of natural selection. (D Government should act to eliminate the worst abuses of industrial society.
D
27. During Reconstruction, which of following was a change that took place in the South? (A) Many African Americans found manufacturing employment. (B) Many White Southerners supported African Americans' rights. (C) African Americans favored the Democratic Party. (D) African Americans were able to exercise political rights.
D
"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas--healing and justice. . .. [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition. . . . But theories of inevitability . .. are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001 40. One key change immediately following the Civil War aimed at achieving the "racial justice" that Blight describes was the (A) establishment of a constitutional basis for citizenship and voting rights (B) creation of new agencies to ensure racial integration in employment (C) campaign by the federal government to eliminate poverty (D) desegregation of the United States armed forces
A
"Few wives in antebellum America enjoyed a life free from labor. Family life depended on the smooth performance of an extensive array of unpaid occupations in the household, and on the presence ... of someone to provide that work to supervise the children through the vicissitudes of a changing social and economic order; to make and mend clothes, quilts, pillows, and other household furnishings; to shop for items the household could afford . .., and scavenge . .. for those it could not; to clean, cook, and bake; and, whenever necessary, to move from unpaid to paid labor to bolster the household income. The growth ... of the cash [economy] of the Northeast had not rendered this labor superfluous. Nor had it reduced housework to unskilled labor." Jeanne Boydston, historian, Home and Work, 1990 16. During the first half of the nineteenth century, some women increasingly "bolstered] the household income." as described in the excerpt, by (A) obtaining positions in textile mills (B) signing contracts for indentured servitude (C) performing clerical and secretarial labor for large corporations (D) participating in secular and religious reform associations
A
11. The majority of immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1821 and 1880 settled in the (A) West and Midwest (B) South and Midwest (C) South and Northeast (D) Midwest and Northeast
D
25. The cartoonist most likely supported (A) reform of local government (B) women's political equality (C) redistribution of wealth (D) government policies favoring corporations
D
"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas--healing and justice. . .. [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition. . . . But theories of inevitability . .. are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001 41. Which of the following most directly supports Blight's argument in the excerpt? (A) The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (B) The election of seventeen African Americans to Congress between 1869 and 1877 (C) The industrialization of some segments of the southern economy in the late nineteenth century (D) The emergence of the first national civil rights organizations, such as the Afro-American League and the NAACP
A
"We demand a graduated income tax. . . . Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads. ... The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited. . .. [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . .. to every legal voter. ... [WIe favor a constitutional provision limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people." People's (Populist) Party platform, 1892 16. Activists formed the Populist Party most directly in response to the (A) growth of corporate power in agriculture and economic instability in farming (B) emergence of concerns about abuses of the environment (C) development of reform movements inspired by the Second Great Awakening (D) rise of monopolies and reduction of wages for industrial workers Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. -10-
A
10. The pattern depicted in the graph in the first half of the nineteenth century most directly resulted in (A) the formation of a political party that promoted nativism (B) federal provision of financial assistance to immigrants (C) the establishment of settlement houses (D) a more unified national culture that embraced immigrants
A
24. Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the Populist Party? (A) Sharecroppers (B) Industrialists (C) Immigrants (D) Bankers
A
25. The conditions shown in the image came about most directly as a result of (A) low wages earned by workers in the late nineteenth century (B) the rise of the settlement house and Populist movements (C) increased corruption in urban politics (D the migration of African Americans to the North in the late nineteenth century
A
26. The situation depicted in the image best serves as evidence of the (A) expansion of federal power (B) decline of an agrarian economy (C) increase in sectional divisions (D) institutionalization of racial segregation
A
40. The situation depicted in the image contributed most immediately to (A) the organization of new labor unions to confront managerial power (B) businesses seeking control over markets and resources outside the United States (C) efforts by southern leaders to achieve industrial development similar to that of the North (D) the creation of a federal agency to regulate the money supply
A
"All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free. . .. The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access-and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches. ... When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell. . .. This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people. . . . A hundred thousand people lived in . . . tenements in New York last year." Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 20. The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments? (A) The first Red Scare (B) Industrialization (C) The Great Depression (D) Reconstruction
B
"We demand a graduated income tax. . . . Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads. ... The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited. . .. [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . .. to every legal voter. ... [WIe favor a constitutional provision limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people." People's (Populist) Party platform, 1892 15. Which of the following best describes the overarching goals of the Populist Party in the late nineteenth century? (A) Establishment of a transcontinental network of trains and the improvement of roads in the western United States (B) Expansion of United States influence in Central America and access to new international markets (C Social and political reform guided by the idea of the survival of the fittest (D) Cooperative democracy and a stronger governmental role in the economic system
D
39. The image was created most directly in response to the (A) provision of government subsidies for transportation (B) rampant consumerism of the middle class (C) increased migration of people from southern and eastern Europe (D) consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies
D
42. Which of the following most directly affected the lives of the late-nineteenth-century workers? (A) Widespread movement to suburban neighborhoods (B) Groups that advocated for women's voting rights (C) Alternative visions of a good society offered through utopianism (D) Political machines that provided social services in exchange for votes
D
"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas--healing and justice. . .. [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition. . . . But theories of inevitability . .. are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001 43. Which of the following best characterizes the "sectional reunion" Blight describes? (A) Gilded Age financial policies encouraged economic growth in the North and the South. (B) The federal government removed troops from the South and eliminated aid for former slaves. (C) New political alliances united northern and southern members of the Democratic Party to win control of both houses in Congress. (D) White laborers in the North and African American farmers in the South joined together in the Populist movement.
B
"Article 2: IT]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons ... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in. . this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select . .. a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . .. but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. ... They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 4. The conflict between the Sioux nation and the United States was primarily driven by differing (A) styles of farming (B) claims to land (C) forms of government (D) family structures
B
"Article 2: IT]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons ... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in. . this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select . .. a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . .. but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. ... They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 6. Article 6 of the treaty most likely reflected which of the following sentiments? (A) A desire by many American Indians to change their way of life (B) A hope held by some in government that American Indians would adopt lifestyles similar to the lifestyles of White settlers (C) A need felt by many American Indians to more clearly legitimize their claims to the land (D) A wish by some in government to protect American Indian landholdings from encroachments by railroads
B
"In 1789 the flag of the Republic waved over 4,000,000 souls in thirteen states, and their savage territory which stretched to the Mississippi, to Canada, to the Floridas. The timid minds of that day said that no new territory was needed; and, for the hour, they were right. But [Thomas] Jefferson, through whose intellect the centuries marched; Jefferson, who dreamed of Cuba as an American state; Jefferson, the first Imperialist of the Republic-Jefferson acquired that imperial territory which swept from the Mississippi to the mountains, from Texas to the British possessions, and the march of the flag began! . .. Jefferson, strict constructionist of constitutional power though he was, obeyed the Anglo-Saxon impulse within him. ... And now obeying the same voice that Jefferson heard and obeyed, that [Andrew] Jackson heard and obeyed, that [James] Monroe heard and obeyed, that [William] Seward heard and obeyed, that [Ulysses] Grant heard and obeyed, that [Beniamin] Harrison heard and obeyed, our President today plants the flag over the islands of the seas, outposts of commerce, citadels of national security, and the march of the flag goes on!" Albert J. Beveridge, candidate for United States Senate, "The March of the Flag" speech, 1898 31. Based on the excerpt, Beveridge would have most likely opposed which of the following? (A) Senator Henry Dawes's program to reform American Indian policy through forced assimilation (B) Antiexpansionist groups that advocated Filipino independence (C) The Chinese Exclusion Act and limits on immigration (D) The doctrine of survival of the fittest as applied to society
B
22. The cartoon suggests that the disparate groups that favored the People's (Populist) Party typically shared which of the following? (A) The idea that wealthy people had some obligation to help people living in poverty (B) Belief in a stronger federal government role in the United States economic system (C) Support for United States expansionism (D) Advocacy of individual rights
B
24. Conditions like those shown in the image contributed most directly to which of the following? (A) The passage of laws restricting immigration to the United States (B) An increase in Progressive reform activity (C) A decline in efforts to Americanize immigrants (D) The weakening of labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor
B
8. Which of the following most directly contributed to the overall trend depicted in the graph? (A) Global fluctuations in credit and stock markets (B) The transformation of the United States into an industrial society (C) Progressive Era reforms of social conditions in the United States (D) The outbreak of global war
B
"In 1789 the flag of the Republic waved over 4,000,000 souls in thirteen states, and their savage territory which stretched to the Mississippi, to Canada, to the Floridas. The timid minds of that day said that no new territory was needed; and, for the hour, they were right. But [Thomas] Jefferson, through whose intellect the centuries marched; Jefferson, who dreamed of Cuba as an American state; Jefferson, the first Imperialist of the Republic-Jefferson acquired that imperial territory which swept from the Mississippi to the mountains, from Texas to the British possessions, and the march of the flag began! . .. Jefferson, strict constructionist of constitutional power though he was, obeyed the Anglo-Saxon impulse within him. ... And now obeying the same voice that Jefferson heard and obeyed, that [Andrew] Jackson heard and obeyed, that [James] Monroe heard and obeyed, that [William] Seward heard and obeyed, that [Ulysses] Grant heard and obeyed, that [Beniamin] Harrison heard and obeyed, our President today plants the flag over the islands of the seas, outposts of commerce, citadels of national security, and the march of the flag goes on!" Albert J. Beveridge, candidate for United States Senate, "The March of the Flag" speech, 1898 32. Beveridge's ideas in the excerpt best support which of the following positions commonly expressed at the time? (A) Mexico and Canada have no right to question or check United States expansion. (B) The right of the United States to assert power over foreign lands is God given. (C) The United States foreign policy has always been isolationist and reluctant to intervene abroad. (D) A smaller federal government was necessary to face the foreign policy challenges of the twentieth century.
B
"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do. Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. *I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, Go West! ... *On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and Go West!" Horace Greeley. editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 29. Which of the following late-nineteenth-century federal actions most directly supported the ideas expressed in the excerpt? (A) The passage of antitrust legislation (B) The sale of land to settlers at low cost (C) The exclusion of immigrants from Asia (D) The purchase of silver by the United States Treasury
B
"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do. Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. *I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, Go West! ... *On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and Go West!" Horace Greeley. editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 30. The fulfillment of advice such as that in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following in the late nineteenth century? (A) The economic decline and depopulation of eastern cities (B) Competition for resources among White settlers and American Indians (C) The outbreak of war with Mexico over control of territory (D) Restrictions on immigration from eastern and southern Europe
B
"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions.. .. [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . .. "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . .. that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 46. The attitudes of White Southerners described by Schurz contributed to which of the following developments in the last quarter of the nineteenth century? (A) The sale of most plantations to African Americans to keep them in the South (B) The establishment of sharecropping throughout the South (C) The Nullification Crisis caused by Southern resistance to federal policy (D) The rise of the Whig Party in the South
B
"There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunes; but in this we have the true antidote for the temporary unequal distribution of wealth, the reconciliation of the rich and the poor a reign of harmony.. Under its sway we shall have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many, because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts." Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," 1889 32. The "temporary unequal distribution of wealth" that Carnegie refers to in the excerpt resulted most directly from the (A) growth of cities in both size and number (B) consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies (C) efforts by workers to organize local and national unions (D) government policy of reducing tariffs to promote free trade
B
"We demand a graduated income tax. . . . Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads. ... The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited. . .. [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . .. to every legal voter. ... [WIe favor a constitutional provision limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people." People's (Populist) Party platform, 1892 17. The ideas of the Populist Party, as expressed in the excerpt, had the most in common with the ideas of the (A) Federalists in the 1790s (B) Progressive movement (C) Whigs in the 1830s (D) Civil Rights movement
B
"All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free. . .. The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access-and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches. ... When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell. . .. This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people. . . . A hundred thousand people lived in . . . tenements in New York last year." Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 21. By the 1910s, the conditions described in the excerpt were most addressed by (A) government unemployment programs (B) acceptance of immigrants by native-born Americans (C) efforts of middle-class reformers (D) consolidation of large corporations
C
"All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free. . .. The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access-and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches. ... When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell. . .. This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people. . . . A hundred thousand people lived in . . . tenements in New York last year." Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 22. Studies similar to Ris' were most effective in prompting action by the federal government during the (A) 1920s (B) 1950s (C) 1960s (D) 1980s
C
"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas--healing and justice. . .. [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition. . . . But theories of inevitability . .. are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001 42. Which of the following best explains the reason for the reconciliation described by Blight? (A) Mass immigration from abroad and internal migration of African Americans reduced racial tensions in the North and South. (B) The federal government established a limited social welfare state that reduced regional differences between the North and South. (C) Efforts to change southern racial attitudes and culture ultimately failed because of the South's determined resistance and the North's waning resolve. (D) The theory of Social Darwinism encouraged political and business leaders to reduce efforts to create racial equality in the South.
C
"Article 2: IT]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons ... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in. . this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select . .. a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . .. but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. ... They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 5. Which of the following was typical of agreements such as the Fort Laramie Treaty between the United States government and American Indians in the post-Civil War West? (A) They frequently led to the formation of a common interest between the United States government and American Indians in controlling the activities of White settlers. (B) They generally led to the formation of strong, independent American Indian nations. (C) They usually lasted a short time before being broken by settlers' incursions onto American Indian reservations. (D) They led to the abandonment of most reservations as American Indian families sought economic opportunities in urban areas.
C
"Few wives in antebellum America enjoyed a life free from labor. Family life depended on the smooth performance of an extensive array of unpaid occupations in the household, and on the presence ... of someone to provide that work to supervise the children through the vicissitudes of a changing social and economic order; to make and mend clothes, quilts, pillows, and other household furnishings; to shop for items the household could afford . .., and scavenge . .. for those it could not; to clean, cook, and bake; and, whenever necessary, to move from unpaid to paid labor to bolster the household income. The growth ... of the cash [economy] of the Northeast had not rendered this labor superfluous. Nor had it reduced housework to unskilled labor." Jeanne Boydston, historian, Home and Work, 1990 15. Which of the following most directly contributed to the situation described in the excerpt? (A) The abolitionist movement (B) Increased immigration (C) The market revolution (D) The emergence of mass political parties
C
"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. ... The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned .. where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 30. The settlement pattern described in the excerpt was most similar to earlier settlement patterns in that it was (A) discouraged by the federal government through legislation (B) motivated largely by the desire to expand Protestant Christianity (C) accompanied by conflict with American Indians over landownership (D) the source of political divisions over the expansion of slavery
C
"In 1789 the flag of the Republic waved over 4,000,000 souls in thirteen states, and their savage territory which stretched to the Mississippi, to Canada, to the Floridas. The timid minds of that day said that no new territory was needed; and, for the hour, they were right. But [Thomas] Jefferson, through whose intellect the centuries marched; Jefferson, who dreamed of Cuba as an American state; Jefferson, the first Imperialist of the Republic-Jefferson acquired that imperial territory which swept from the Mississippi to the mountains, from Texas to the British possessions, and the march of the flag began! . .. Jefferson, strict constructionist of constitutional power though he was, obeyed the Anglo-Saxon impulse within him. ... And now obeying the same voice that Jefferson heard and obeyed, that [Andrew] Jackson heard and obeyed, that [James] Monroe heard and obeyed, that [William] Seward heard and obeyed, that [Ulysses] Grant heard and obeyed, that [Beniamin] Harrison heard and obeyed, our President today plants the flag over the islands of the seas, outposts of commerce, citadels of national security, and the march of the flag goes on!" Albert J. Beveridge, candidate for United States Senate, "The March of the Flag" speech, 1898 33. Beveridge's speech was written in the context of (A) war with Great Britain during the James Madison administration (B) efforts to gain concessions from Mexico through conflict (C) debates in the aftermath of war with Spain (D) the decision to avoid war with France during the John Adams administration
C
"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do. Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. *I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, Go West! ... *On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and Go West!" Horace Greeley. editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 28. The advice in the excerpt most directly reflects the influence of which of the following prevailing American ideas? (A) Nationalism (B) Popular sovereignty (C) Manifest Destiny (D) Isolationism
C
"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions.. .. [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . .. "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . .. that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 47. Efforts by Republicans such as Schurz to establish a base for their party in the South after the Civil War ultimately failed because (A) Republicans feared the South would secede again if the party became too successful (B) Republican opposition to African American rights alienated many White Southerners (C) Republicans grew weary of pressing their Reconstruction agenda in a hostile environment (D) Republicans believed it better to withdraw from the South than to become corrupted by Southern politics
C
41. Which of the following arguments did some late-nineteenth-century leaders use to justify the situation depicted in the image? (A) The federal government provided social welfare services for people living in poverty. (B) Immigrant workers contributed to economic growth in the United States. (C) Evolutionary principles determined that people succeeded based on their merits. (D) The reliance on male laborers protected women from the dangers of factory work.
C
9. The trend depicted in the graph most directly contributed to which of the following developments after 1920 ? (A) A decline in internal migration (B) Federal efforts to return Mexican immigrants to their homeland (C) Restrictions on immigration from eastern and southern Europe (D) Total exclusion of immigration from China
C
"Few wives in antebellum America enjoyed a life free from labor. Family life depended on the smooth performance of an extensive array of unpaid occupations in the household, and on the presence ... of someone to provide that work to supervise the children through the vicissitudes of a changing social and economic order; to make and mend clothes, quilts, pillows, and other household furnishings; to shop for items the household could afford . .., and scavenge . .. for those it could not; to clean, cook, and bake; and, whenever necessary, to move from unpaid to paid labor to bolster the household income. The growth ... of the cash [economy] of the Northeast had not rendered this labor superfluous. Nor had it reduced housework to unskilled labor." Jeanne Boydston, historian, Home and Work, 1990 17. The growing number of women in the workforce in the second half of the twentieth century most directly contributed to (A) the widespread belief that women's roles in the home should be abandoned entirely (B) the ratification of a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women's equality (C) legislation that restricted women's paid work to certain occupations (D increased social anxieties about the decline of the traditional nuclear family
D
"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. ... The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned .. where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 28. Which of the following contributed most to the process described in the excerpt? (A) The industrialization of urban areas in the Northeast (B) The building of new roads and canals (C) Increased immigration from eastern Europe (D) Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land
D
"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. ... The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned .. where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 29. Which of the following was a long-term result of the developments described in the excerpt? (A) The growth of political tensions between the United States and Mexico (B) A conflict with Great Britain over the northern border of the United States (C) A large-scale African American migration to the region (D) The creation of farmers' groups to resist corporate control of agricultural markets
D
