19th Century

Socialism

Economic policy (not a government) Government controls the means of production - Redistribute wealth - Goal: reduce the gap between the rich and poor

Socialism

Economic system - the means of production are owned by public enterprises or cooperatives. and individuals are compensated based on the principle of individual contribution. Production may variously be coordinated through either economic planning or markets. Philosophy - from each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution. Emphasis on profit being distributed among the society or workforce to complement individual wages/salaries. Ideas - all individuals should have access to basic articles of consumption and public goods to allow for self-actualization. Large-scale industries are collective efforts and thus the returns from these industries must benefit society as a whole Religion - freedom in religion, but usually promotes secularism Economic coordination - planned-socialism relies principally on planning to determine investment and production decisions. Planning may be centralized or decentralized. Market-socialism relies on markets for allocating capital to different socially-owned enterprises. Political system - can coexist with different political systems. Most socialist advocate participatory democracy, some(social democrats) advocate parliamentary democracy, and Marxist-Leninists advocate "democratic centralism" Key elements - productions adjusted to meet human needs and economic demands. "Production for use": useful goods and services are produced specifically for their usefulness. Social Structure. - diminished Private Property - Two kinds, personal property, such as houses, clothing owned by an individual. Public property includes factories, and means of production owned by the state but with worker control. Way of Change - workers are the agent of change rather than the consumers. can be swift or slow, depending on change in ideology or even whim. Definition - a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of most property in common, with actual ownership ascribed to the workers, Ownership structure - The means of production are socially-owned with the surplus-value produced accruing to either all of society (in Public-ownership models) or to all the employee-members of the enterprise (in Cooperative-ownership models). Free Choice - All choice is free up to the individuals. All health care and education are provided free to everybody. Discrimination - considered equal, laws are made when necessary to protect people from discrimination. Examples - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR): Although the actual categorization of the USSR's economic system is in dispute, it is often considered to be a form of centrally-planned socialism.

1842

End of Age of Metternich

The New Old Map of Europe

France - throwback to 1792 - bourbons restored Russia - gained polish territory in Poland - Instrument in Napoleon's defeat - Needed to be rewarded to defeat of Napoleon German - confederation 1. association of German states 2. Replaced default Holy Roman Empire a. 39 states (use to have over 300 states) 3. Who will dominate? a. Austria or Prussia? b. War -> Pursssia becomes the german power

Based on both maps, which areas are most likely to be pulled together by nationalism? Why?

German Confederation because most of the German peninsula spoke German. Italian peninsula because the majority people spoke the same language. Spain because they also the majority spoke the same language

Which states controlled land where people spoke German the most?

German confederation, Austrian Empire, Switzerland

Which states are most likely to be pulled apart by nationalism? Why?

Ottoman Empire, Russia, Austrian Empire, Great Britain

In 1815, what two empires existed in Europe?

Ottoman and Austrian Empire

Describe what life was like for workers during the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and explain how industrialization influenced their lives.

Pretty bad, child labor, injury, relationships between factory owners were bad to win the competition, debts, long working hours

What were the tactics of this reform movement?

The movement wanted expand this idea throughout the country.

Why would a wealthy business owner oppose socialism?

They would not want high taxes taken away from their profit

Greece Revolution

Year: 1832 Rebel Groups: - Philiki Etaireia, a patriotic conspiracy led by Alexandros Ypsilantis founded in Odessa(Ukraine) in 1844 Nationalism - Greece wanted independence from Ottomans(Hellenism) - Hellenic(Greek nationalistic movement) Outcomes: - Greek rebellions were close to being defeated by the Turks(with Egyptians), but European powers supported Greece's cause. - Declared an independent state with constitutional monarchy

Austrian Empire Revolution

Year: 1848 Rebel Groups: - Nationalist vs Liberals vs Hungarians vs radicals Nationalism - Hungarians revolution Liberalism - Hungarians parliament Rebellions started a revolution to the congress of Vienna and failed Outcomes: - unsuccessful revolution - did not gain independence - Russia invaded

Italy Revolution

Year: 1848 Rebel Groups: - citizens of Italy - group of people fought for unification - Giuseppe Mazzini(created a short republic) and Giuseppe Garibaldi( commander of Italian legion) Hugely Nationalistic Outcomes: - initially unsuccessful in Italian Unification and the Popes were threatened because it could take away its power, - Later successful because Italy later unified - Italy became a country under Vector Emmanuel II (1870) would attempt to institute a roman republic - Revolution of 1848 - unsuccessful

France Revolution

Year : 1848 Rebel Groups: - Monarch vs Liberalism(Republic Banquet) - Monarch: Louis Philippe, Francois Guizot(prime minister) Liberalism Outcomes: - unsuccessful

Poland Revolution

Year: 1830 Rebels Groups: - Young officers, cadets, students from Warsaw and Vilna - want to go to Russia Attracted to both Nationalism and Liberalism Outcomes: - They were taken Warsaw and under military rule. - Army and universities were abolished. - Forced to use Russia - Poland was deserted because Great Britain and France was on the west side(opposite)

1815 Napoleon's Surrender, Landmark in Europe

ends the chaos

German States Revolution

Year: 1848 Rebel Groups: - Nationalist, Liberalist, Radicals Liberalism - academic legion Hungarian Revolution - hungarians try to form their own government based on liberal nationalism Nationalism 1848 Outcomes: - Russian Tzar(Nicolas I) crushes the revolution because he decides to intervene because he didn't want his people to get any ideas. - Unsuccessful

The Holy Alliance 1815-1825

agreement between rulers of Russia, Prussia, and Austria to rule in a spirit of Christian charity and to assist each other in time of trouble - anytime there is a revolution, everyone will come together with the crush that country Does not last long because Britain says no - does not want to get that close

Capitalism

allows competition - keep wages high - keep prices low Monopoly

Radicals

Democrats - universal Male Suffrage Socialists - worker ownership of the means of production

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Stability between states

- "concert of Europe" - concert system

Factory Act of 1833

- An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.

Definition of the Industrial Revolution

- Began in GB during the 1700s - Start spreading in the early 1800s - Became widespread by the mid 180s - Enormous increase in production - New technologies and the development of the factory system - Production from home to factory

Government doesn't interfere in the economy(people could do what ever) Why?

- Benefits all people - Opportunity - Cure poverty - Hard work - Population control - Malthus says the weak die and the strong one lives.

Describe how industrial industrialization affected the middle class in Great Britain.

- Engineers earned more money, but did not like to be considered a middle class. - Free time were made to spend time

Objective

- European leaders met in Vienna to restore Europe from war - not to punish France - French Revolution never happen again - Balance of Power(Key Themes in European History)

concert system

- European powers should act together to ensure stability and to maintain existing national boundaries and prevent revolution - collective security - not formal

How are the social conditions of the 19th century different to pre-revolutionary France?

- France had more conflict in the political contents rather than economic content. The working classes were still important existence in society because they were the majority of people that were working and running the companies. On the other hand, the King did not care much about the third estate in pre-revolutionary France. - Wealth shifted from old regime -> bourgeoisie - Old regime declining - Bourgeoisie replaces old Regime = Gap - Types of job changes - wealth gained through production - Government has a lot less power over the economy - Social mobility becomes possible

French Revolution of 1848

- In France, they would not want to go back to the old Regime under King Louis - those not want to be classified as the second class people of the country

The Revolutions of 1848

- Several European nations were swept by a series of simultaneous revolutions - These revolutions generally failed and conservatives regained power; short lived - Britain and Russia did not experience the revolutions that otherwise swept over the continent

How did the Middle Class (aka Bourgeoisie) experience the Industrial Revolution?

- The Middle Class experienced a relatively easy life during the Industrial Revolution because they earned more money and they did not work in factories but they owned them, so they were not required hard labor work like the working class did. - Leisure/free time - New found wealth - Factory owners - Lives comfortable in comparison to the working class - Employed working class = power over them - Jobs are less difficult - Hours are shorter - gap/social distinction is reduced (upper/middle)

Why did it begin in Britain?

- The country had large deposits of coal and iron - Geographic location - Good trade route - Colonies - Take raw materials of colonies - Colonies provided markets for manufactured products - Cheap labor with the people in the colonies

How are the social conditions of the 19th century similar to pre-revolutionary France?

- The working class during the Industrial Revolution are like the third estate of pre-revolutionary France. The middle class will be earning the benefits of the work. - Large gap between rich and poor - clear/distinct class divisions - Majority are lower class - Working class= 3rd estate - Both carry the economy - Working class has no power over the upper class - Overpopulation in cities

How did the working class experience the Industrial Revolution?

- The working class experienced the Industrial Revolution as a harsh period. They had poor working condition and still got little money to spend on their living. Treated badly and had to move to the urban area for work. They had to leave their homes in the rural area. - Got poorer - poor working conditions -deaths due to working conditions -Sickness - Overpopulation - Crowded cities - Poor sanitation - Long hours - Poor living conditions - slums - Child labor - Majority of the population had a difficult time with social mobility - Little to no political power - jobs moved from agriculture to factories - Move competition

Laissez-faire economics

- Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property. - capitalism

Which group will the moderates support?

- conservatives or radical - depends on which side the government lean towards

Utilitarianism

- idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people - Role of government is to help as many as possible - Government needs to get involved to give all the people the benefits - But those not tell HOW

Age of Metternich 1815-1848

- influential figure - "Coachman of Europe", Coach of a team - Conservatism - The Holy Alliance 1815-1825

The revolutionaries

- liberals - nationalists - radicals

Liberals

- limit church influence ans State power - republican Government - economic freedom and civil liberties

What led Metternich to create the decree?

- murderer or rebellion against some aristocrats. - to not allow the people to rebel or cause further problems.

Nationalists

- national unity based on common language, culture, religion and shared history

Conservatism: create order

- stability within states - stability between states

What is the objective of the Carlsbad decree?

- to control education or press - take away the freedom of speech

Stability within states

- tradition institutions - aristocracy - NO liberal reform, popular government, nationalism(threatens existing borders)

Legislation

-Regulate different aspects of the economy Ex: factory act child labor regulation

Poor Laws

17th century laws in England that bound out vagrants and abandoned children as indentured servants to masters

Employers' Liability Act

1880 The first Employers' Liability Act granted compensation to workers for on-the job injuries not their own fault.

How many different states/kingdoms control sections of the Italian peninsula?

7

Social Effects

A net working class is formed - Many people had to move from rural to urban areas for work Widening of the gap between the working class and the bourgeoisie(social and economic consequences Child Labor - Unsafe - no shoes Unsanitary environment - Pollution Living Condition - 6:20 - Factory owners or the money makers are not concerned about the situation

Which Russian Tsar's claim to fame is the defeat of Napoleon?

Alexander I

How might many respond to the above laws and their enforcement?

people will be more likely to rebel.

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe.

Where is Europe were there no revolutions in 1848?

Britain and Russia did not have any revolution

Congress of Vienna was

Great Success

Explain the values/ goals of socialists?

Higher taxes for more opportunity to materials

What were the goals of this reform movement?

Improve economic conditions. Stop people from unizing and refuse working due to working conditions

Based on both maps, which language(s) were spoken in France? Spain? Why do you think this was?

In France people spoke French. Spain spoke Spanish, Basque, and Catalan.

Why was France special?

It is usually rare for a defeated power be able to sit in the metting

What is a moderate? What important role do moderates play in politics when dealing with liberals and conservatives?

Moderates are the people how do not follow neither of the ideas. Moderates will balance out the power of the conservatives and radicals by leaning towards the weaker side.

Describe how industrialization and urbanization affected cities.

No sanitary, pollution

What opposition did this reform movement face?

One of the labor leaders, Thomas Mann, argued that the movement have to be more open and inclusive.

Which states controlled land where people spoke Italian the most?

Papal State, Tu, Lucca, Modena, Parma, Sanmaron

Capitalism

Philosophy - owned, operated, and traded for the purpose of generating profits for private owners or shareholders. Emphasis on individual profit rather than on workers or society as a whole. Economic System - Market-based economy combined with private or corporate ownership of the means of production. Goods and services are produced to make a profit, and this profit is reinvested into the economy to fuel economic growth. Ideas - Laissez-faire, opposed to government intervention in economics because capitalists believe it introduces inefficiencies. Free market produces the best economic outcome for society. Govt. should not pick winners and losers. Economic Coordination - markets to determine investment, production and distribution decisions. Markets may be free-markets, regulated-markets, or may be combined with a degree of state-directed economic planning or planning within private companies. Religion - permitted freedom of religion Key elements - the need to continuously produce profits and reinvest this profit into the economy. "Production for profit": useful goods and services are a byproduct of pursuing profit. Way of Change - Fast change. In theory, the relationship between buyer and seller (the market) is what fuels what is produced. Government can change rules of conduct/business practices through regulation or ease of regulations. Ownership structure - means of production are privately-owned and operated for a private profit. This drives incentives for producers to engage in economic activity. Political system - Can coexist with a variety of political systems, including dictatorship, democratic republic, anarchism, and direct democracy Social structure - Classes exist based on their relationship to the means of production. "capitalists", own shares of the means of production and derive their income in that way. In contrast, the working class is dependent on wages or salaries. Private Property - Private property in capital goods is the dominant form of property. Public property and state property play a secondary role, and there might also be a limited number of collective property in the economy. Examples - modern world economy operates largely according to capitalism. Hong Kong is often considered to be the best example of free-market capitalism, while Singapore would be an example of state capitalism,

Democracy

Political System - elected leaders/officials Philosophy - all eligible citizens get equal say in decisions Economic System - usually capitalist Social Sturcture - class distinctions are clear due to the capitalist societ and varies from state to state. Definition - ruled by the omnipotent majority. An individual or group of individuals composing any Minority, have no protection against the unlimited power of the majority. Majority rules Religion - allowed Private Property - allowed in democracy Free choice - permitted Discrimination - all citizens have an equal say and treated equally, But often allows for the tyranny of majority over minority(majority rules)

Communism

Political system - does not have one. It was directed by the people and was used as an one-party system Philosophy - more restricted according to their ability, and needs. Free-access to the articles of consumption is made possible by advances in technology that allow for super-abundance. Economic system - means of production are held in common, denying the concept of ownership in capital goods. Production is organized to provide for human needs directly without any use for money. Communism is based upon a condition of material abundance. Social Structure - no classes Definition - a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership of all property is ascribed to the community or state. Religion - all religion is abolished Private Property - abolished Free Choice - has no leader and everything is chosen freely. Things practiced, all choices including education, religion, employment and marriage are controlled by the state. Discrimination - everyone is equal in theory Ideas - human societies have are divided into conflicting classes. Existing class structures becomes unsustainable as the technology progresses, resulting in contradictions which can only be resolved by having the subordinate class overthrow the ruling class. Economic Coordination - all decisions regarding investment, production and resource allocation. Planning is done in terms of physical units instead of money. Key elements - an enhanced form of the principle of "production for use" Way of change - government in a communist-state is the agent of change rather than any market or desire on the part of consumers. Change by government can be swift or slow, depending on change in ideology or even whim Ownership structure - no entity or individual owns productive property. Importance is ascribed to "user ship" over "ownership"

Textile Industry

Power driven machinery - think printing press New technologies - steam power!! - Coal : steam - Iron : bridges and ships Leads to the Agricultural Revolution - To meet the increase demand for textiles and other products, landowners began raising raw material rather than food on their land - The size of farms increased - New methods of farming

Who was in the Congress of Vienna

Quadruple Alliance (Austria, Prussia, Russia Britain) and France

1847 Ten Hours Act

Restricted the working hours of women and young people in textile mills to 10 hours a day

Which languages were spoken in the Austrian Empire?

Romanian, Magyur, Solvak, Czech, Croatian, Slovenian, German

Which languages were spoken in the Ottoman Empire?

Serbian, Romanian, Bulgarian, Albanian, Greek, Macedoeian, Turkish.

Justifications

Social Darwinism - Conditions of the working classes - Bourgeoisie are making huge money Laissez Faire (economic consequence) - Capitalism - The government could not interfere

The German Confederation was an association of 39 German states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Congress of Vienna coordinated the economies of separate German-speaking countries and replaced the former Holy Roman Empire. According to the map, how would the establishment of the German Confederation impact existing empires and states?

The Congress of Vienna made the 30 German states in Central Europe to unite as German and few other nations.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

What did he suggest to address these population concerns?

The government should not take action, but the people should marry later or emigrate.

Transportation Revolution

The growth of the IR depended on industry's ability to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances - Waterways - Roads - Railroads

What is the purpose of this map?

The purpose of this map was to show the new borders of Europe after the Congress of Vienna and how the nations have united.

Why did this reform movement begin?

The reform movement began to stop the problems and illegal movements of the workers.

Responses to Working Conditions

Trade Unions - Request changes Strikes - Broken up violently - Law regulating child labor, working conditions, hours New political and Economic Theories - Communism - Classless society - The working class will eventually have to overthrow the Bourgeoisie - Socialism - The government is going to regulate - The Government will take the products and fairly distribute to the people.

What concerns did Malthus have about the population?

When the population keeps growing, their would not be enough supply for everyone to live. Poverty will increase

Belgium Revolution

Year:1830 Rebel Groups: - Brussels started revolution because the people hated the oppression from Dutch. - Dutch-ruled social, economic and political things of Belgium. - Many countries waited for others to intervene Nationalism Outcome: - Belgium separated from the Netherlands. - King Leopold I of Saxe-Coburg became King in 1839 - Belgium gained independence and neutrality(no alliance with any other country) by the Great Power. - Successful! - republic - constitutional monarchy (symbolic) - main body is Parliament - Liberal result

The major supports of post-Napoleonic conservatism were?:

legitimate monarchs, landed aristocrats, and the leaders of the established religions

Were these revolutions successful?

no

Proponents of nationalism in the mid-19c espoused?:

the idea that different peoples had distinct historical missions.

Conflicting Philosophies

these "isms" don't all play well together