2060 Final

What challenges did modernity pose to Christianity and what were various responses? In your answer, discuss at least two of the following phenomena: Liberal Protestantism, Pentecostalism, Fundamentalism, the Second Vatican Council, and Feminist and Black Theology.

-evolution, adaptability of bible to current times, focus on individual's experience.

What role did the Bible play in the debates over slavery in nineteenth century America? Why was its interpretation so contested?

-interpretations could be made for either side drawing on scripture. abolitionists argued that type of slavery mentioned in bible not applicable because of historical context. pro-slavery arguments included citing biblical slave owners and the fact that Paul returned a slave, bible seems to point to racial hierarchy / value of servants

Election of Gregory VII

1073

Founding of Citeaux

1098

Christian recapture of Jerusalem

1099 (?)

Bernard appointed abbot of Clairvaux

1115

Birth of Francis of Assisi

1181

Fourth Lateran Council

1215

Birth of Thomas Aquinas

1226

Black death reaches Italy

1347

Beginning of Papal Schism

1377

John XXIII (anti-pope)

1410-15 pope during papal schism, acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice. Opposed by Benedict XIII & Gregory XII

Council of Constance

1415

Council of Florence

1431-49, series of councils with ultimate goal of unifying east & west churches, succeeded finally but compromise fell apart within a couple of years. filioque main disagreement.

Formula of Reunion

1439 (?)

Fall of Constantinople

1453

Gasparo Contarini

1483-1542, one of the first proponents of dialogue with Protestants after Reformation

Ulrich Zwingli

1484-1531, leader of Reformation in Switzerland.

Thomas Muntzer

1489-1525, German preacher and theologian of the early Reformation whose opposition to both Luther and the established Catholic church led to his open defiance of late-feudal authority in central Germany. Müntzer was foremost amongst those reformers who took issue with Luther's compromises with feudal authority. He became a leader of the German peasant and plebeian uprising of 1525

Thomas Cranmer

1489-1556, leader of English Reformation & Archbishop of Canterbury under Henry VII, Edward VI, & Mary I. Helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon

Francisco de Vitoria

1492-1546

Martin Luther

15/16th c. protestant reformer, strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517

Excommunication of Martin Luther

1520

Act of Six Articles

1539

Las Casas publishes "A Short Account..."

1542

Opening of the Council of Trent

1545

Founding of Jamestown

1607

John Calvin

16th c. French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, aspects of which include the doctrine of predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God in salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation.

Charles V

16th c. Holy Roman Emperor & ruler of Spanish Emperor, brought together extensive territories in western, central, and southern Europe, and the Spanish colonies in the Americas and Asia. Sanctioned conquistadores.

Bartolome de las Casas

16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar. He became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians". His extensive writings, the most famous being A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies and Historia de Las Indias, chronicle the first decades of colonization of the West Indies and focus particularly on the atrocities committed by the colonizers against the indigenous peoples.

Edwards preaches "Sinners in the Hands..."

1741

Freidrich Schleiermacher

1768-1834, German theologian, philosopher, and biblical scholar known for his attempt to reconcile the criticisms of the Enlightenment with traditional Protestant Christianity. Early leader in liberal protestantism.

Renan publishes "Life of Jesus"

1863

William Seymour

1870-1922, initiator of the Azusa Street Revival

George Whitefield

18th c. English Anglican cleric who helped spread the Great Awakening in Britain and, especially, in the American colonies, vivacious outdoor sermons

Jonathan Edwards

18th c. revivalist preacher, philosopher, and Congregationalist Protestant theologian. Like most of the Puritans, he held to the Reformed theology.

Beginning of Azusa Street Revival

1906

Trial of John Scopes

1925

Opening of Second Vatican Council

1962

Second Vatican Council

1962-65; renewal of consecrated life with a revised charism, ecumenical efforts towards dialogue with other religions, and the call to holiness for everyone including the laity.

Frederick Douglass

19th c. escaped slave, gave numerous speeches and wrote biographies, argued for the christian opposition to slavery

Founding of Cluny

910

Established Church

A state religion (also called an established religion, state church, established church, or official religion) is a religious body or creed officially endorsed by the state.

"The power of God now has this city agitated as never before. Pentecost has surely come and with it the Bible evidences are following, many being converted and sanctified and filled with the Holy Ghost, speaking in tongues as they did on the day of Pentecost. The scenes that are daily enacted in the building on Azusa street and at Missions and churches in other parts of the city are beyond description, and the real revival has only started, as God has been working with His children mostly, getting them through to Pentecost, and laying the foundation for a mighty wave of salvation among the unconverted."

Apostolic Faith Newsletter. Addresses distinctive pentecostal practices at Azusa St., describing practices at a place of worship that we have essentially traced Pentecostalism back to.

Liberal Protestantism

Bible is not considered a collection of factual statements, but instead an anthology that documents the human authors' beliefs and feelings about God at the time of its writing—within a historical or cultural context. Thus, liberal Christian theologians do not claim to discover truth propositions but rather create religious models and concepts that reflect the class, gender, social, and political contexts from which they emerge

Filioque

Filioque is a Latin term added to the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed (NCC) which is not in the original version. It has been the subject of great controversy between Eastern and Western Christianity. The Latin term Filioque describes the double procession of the Holy Spirit and is translated into the English clause "and the Son." Included in West, not in East.

Justification

God's act of removing the guilt and penalty of sin while at the same time declaring a sinner righteous through Christ's atoning sacrifice. In Protestantism, righteousness from God is viewed as being credited to the sinner's account through faith alone, without works.

"Heaven was opened and a fiery light of exceeding brilliance came and permeated my whole brain, and inflamed my whole heart and my whole breast, not like a burning light but like a warming flame, as the sun warms anything its rays touch. And immediately I knew the meaning of the exposition of the Scriptures, namely the Psalter, the Gospel and the other catholic volumes of both the Old and New Testaments, though I did not have the interpretation of the words of their texts or the division of the syllables or the knowledge of cases or tenses."

Hildegard of Bingen, describing her supernatural visions, way of women gaining prominence within Church.

Act of Six Articles definition

In 1539 Henry passed the Act of Six Articles which stated that his Church would be unmistakably catholic in its beliefs. Transubstantiation, priests can't marry, chastity, private masses, confession.

"It is the light of the cross and the resurrection of Jesus in relation to his Jewishness that Black Theology asserts that "Jesus is black." If we assume that the Risen Lord is truly present with us as defined by his past history and witnessed by Scripture and tradition, what then does his presence mean in the social context of white racism? If Jesus' presence is real and not docetic, is it not true that Christ must be black in order to remain faithful to the divine promise to bear the suffering of the poor?"

James Cone, A Black Theology of Liberation. Experience focused, social context.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

John Calvin's seminal work of Protestant systematic theology. Highly influential in the Western world and still widely read by theological students today, it was published in Latin in 1536

"As Scripture, then, clearly shows, we say that God once established by his eternal and unchangeable plan those whom he long before determined once for all to receive into salvation, and those whom, on the other hand, he would devote to destruction."

John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion. Predestination, undercuts traditional authority of Church, subsequent developments in Protestantism, faith alone vs works.

Lumen Gentium

Lumen gentium, the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, is one of the principal documents of the Second Vatican Council. This dogmatic constitution was promulgated by Pope Paul VI on 21 November 1964, following approval by the assembled bishops by a vote of 2,151 to 5.

Pentecostalism

Pentecostalism or Classical Pentecostalism is a renewal movement within Protestant Christianity that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience of God through the baptism with the Holy Spirit. Speaking in tongues. Began with Charles Parham. Against Enlightenment/Liberal Protestantism.

Predestination

Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the "paradox of free will", whereby God's omniscience seems incompatible with human free will.

"The church, therefore, spares no effort in trying to ensure that, when present at this mystery of faith, Christian believers should not be there as strangers or silent spectators. On the contrary, having a good grasp of it through the rites and prayers, they should take part in the sacred action, actively, fully aware, and devoutly."

Second Vatican Council. Laity should have more active role in Church, early attempt by Church to push for egalitarianism, counter-reformation response.

"Today the text we are to study is the book of our own experience. You must therefore turn your attention inwards, each one must take note of his own particular awareness of the things I am about to discuss, I am attempting to discover if any of you has been privileged to say from his heart, "Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth."

Sermon on the Song of Songs, Bernard of Clairvaux

"There is no want of power in God to cast wicked men into hell at any moment. Men's hands cannot be strong when God rises up. The strongest have no power to resist him, nor can any deliver out of his hands. He is not only able to cast wicked men into hell, but he can most easily do it."

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, Jonathan Edwards

Azusa Street

The Azusa Street Revival was an historic Pentecostal revival meeting that took place in Los Angeles, California and is the origin of the Pentecostal movement.[1] It was led by William J. Seymour, an African American preacher. It began with a meeting on April 9, 1906, and continued until roughly 1915. The revival was characterized by ecstatic spiritual experiences accompanied by miracles, dramatic worship services, speaking in tongues, and inter-racial mingling.

Council of Trent

The Council of Trent (Latin: Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento (Trent) and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most important ecumenical councils. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.

Establishment Clause

The Establishment Clause is the first of several pronouncements in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, stating, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof..."

Great Awakening

The Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America, and especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism.

Jefferson Bible

The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth, commonly referred to as the Jefferson Bible, was a book constructed by Thomas Jefferson in the later years of his life by cutting and pasting with a razor and glue numerous sections from the New Testament as extractions of the doctrine of Jesus. Jefferson's condensed composition is especially notable for its exclusion of all miracles by Jesus and most mentions of the supernatural, including sections of the four gospels which contain the Resurrection and most other miracles, and passages indicating Jesus was divine

"He wondered exceedingly at the sight of so unfathomable a vision, realizing that the weakness of Christ's passion was in no way compatible with the immortality of the Seraph's spiritual nature. Eventually he understood by a revelation from the Lord that divine providence had shown him this vision so that, as Christ's lover, he might learn in advance that he was to be totally transformed into the likeness of Christ crucified, not by the martyrdom of his flesh, but by the fire of his love consuming his soul."

The Life of St. Francis, Bonaventure

"The hypostatic light, seen spiritually by the saints, they know by experience to exist, as they tell us, and to exist not symbolically only, as do manifestations produced by fortuitous events; but is an illumination immaterial and divine, a grace invisibly seen and ignorantly known."

The Triads, Gregory Palamas

Abolition (& the Bible)

arguments for: bible mentions slaves, Paul returns slave to owner, bible seems to imply hierarchy amongst his people arguments against: equality amongst all, bible's version of slavery different from modern concept

Bessarion

attempted to help reunion at Council of Florence (1431-49), really wanted to find common ground - at odds with Eugenitus

Lives of Jesus

by Ernest Renan in 1863, promoted racial ideas and infused race into theology and the person of Jesus, he depicted Jesus as a Galilean who was transformed from a Jew into a Christian, and that Christianity emerged purified of any Jewish influences. The book was based largely on the Gospel of John, and was a scholarly work. It depicted Jesus as a man but not God, and rejected the miracles of the Gospel. Renan believed by humanizing Jesus he was restoring to him a greater dignity. The book's controversial assertions that the life of Jesus should be written like the life of any historic person, and that the Bible could and should be subject to the same critical scrutiny as other historical documents caused some controversy

Fundamentalism

demand for a strict adherence to certain theological doctrines, in reaction against Modernist theology, early 20th c. Literal truth of bible. Belief in resurrection & second coming, substitutionary atonement on cross

Society of Jesus

male religious congregation of the Catholic Church. The members are called Jesuits. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry

Indulgences

money for penance

Sancrosanctum Concilium

one of the constitutions of the Second Vatican Council. The main aim was to achieve greater lay participation in the Catholic Church's liturgy. 1963

Ethiopic Orthodox Church

one of the oldest Christian Churches (4th c.), largest Oriental Orthodox Christian Church, Ethiopia officially has Christianity as established state religion. One of the few pre-colonial churches in sub-saharan Africa.

Pietro Carafa

pope 1555-59, Pope Paul IV, convinced Pope Paul III to begin Roman Inquisition

John XXIII

pope 1958-63, called second vatican council. first pope to take the name of john in 500 years since antipope John XXIII.

Book of Common Prayer

related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion, as well as by the Continuing Anglican, "Anglican realignment" and other Anglican churches. The original book, published in 1549 (Church of England 1957), in the reign of Edward VI, was a product of the English Reformation following the break with Rome. Prayer books, unlike books of prayers, contain the words of structured (or liturgical) services of worship.

Papal Schism

split within the Roman Catholic Church which lasted from 1378 to 1417. Three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414-1418). Gregory XI, Urban VI, Clement VII.

Mark Eugenicus

very hostile about Council of Florence, Greek/Eastern, disagreed with Bessarion at Council of Florence, saw no compromise possible. 15th c.

Henry VIII

wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon beginning conflict with Pope leading to separation of Church of England from Catholic but remained a believer in Catholic practices

Ernest Renan

wrote Life of Jesus in 1863, best known for his influential historical works on early Christianity, and his political theories, especially concerning nationalism and national identity. very historical / factual opinions on how to view the bible.

Black Death

~1346-53 killing 75-200 million across Europe, sparked penitential religious movements and anti-judaism