21.9 - Regulation of mean arterial pressure
A drop in blood pressure results in a(n) _______ in the frequency of action potentials arising from the baroreceptors. increase decrease
B
An increased venous return to the heart is a stimulus for the release of ______. antidiuretic hormone atrial natriuretic hormone aldosterone
B
As action potentials from the baroreceptors to the vasomotor center increase in frequency, the output of the vasomotor center to peripheral blood vessels ______. increases decreases
B
As one ages, mean arterial pressure ______. decreases increases
B
Atrial natriuretic hormone is released in response to _______. decreased Na+ blood plasma concentrations increased venous return to the heart increased renal pressure increased K+ blood plasma concentrations
B
Blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions are monitored by ______. mechanoreceptors chemoreceptors baroreceptors
B
Chemoreceptors ______ respond strongly to minor decreases in blood oxygen levels. do do not
B
Chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus and aortic bodies respond to _____ levels in the blood. glucose, amino acid and fatty acid oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH sodium and potassium
B
Identify the population which would have the highest mean arterial pressure. Healthy middle aged persons Healthy older persons Healthy infants Healthy adolescence
B
In addition to its effect on collecting ducts of the kidneys, antidiuretic hormone acts as a ______. vasodilator vasoconstrictor
B
Inadequate blood flow throughout the body due to decreased blood pressure is known as ______ shock. cardiac circulatory
B
Mean arterial pressure can be calculated by ______. heart rate (HR) X stroke volume (SV) cardiac output (CO) X peripheral resistance (PR) cardiac output (CO) X heart rate (HR)
B
Peripheral resistance _____ the flow of blood. enhances impedes doesn't affect
B
Release of renin occurs in response to a(n) ______ in blood pressure. increase decrease
B
The ______ is slightly less than the average of systolic and diastolic pressures. pulse pressure mean arterial pressure central venous pressure
B
The central nervous system (CNS) ischemic response causes a(n) ______ in blood pressure when the medulla oblongata is deprived of oxygen. decrease increase
B
The chemoreceptor reflex response to increased CO2 and increased H+ levels in blood is to cause a(n) ______ in vasomotor tone decrease increase
B
The frequency of action potentials arising from baroreceptors is ______ as the blood vessel walls are stretched. decreased increased
B
The hormone ______ is released by cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. norepinephrine renin aldosterone antidiuretic hormone
B
The time-frame for regulation of blood pressure by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism is ______. over days to months for several hours minute-to-minute
B
The vasomotor center increases its sympathetic output in response to a(n) _______ in the frequency of signals from the baroreceptors. increase decrease
B
What hormone does the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney secrete? Epinephrine Renin ANP ADH
B
What is the central nervous system (CNS) ischemic response? The suppression of blood pressure in response to the lack of blood flow to the medulla oblongata The elevation of blood pressure in response to the lack of blood flow to the medulla oblongata The elevation of blood pressure in response to increased blood flow to the medulla oblongata
B
Select all that apply Antidiuretic hormone increases blood pressure by ______. Select all that apply. increasing heart rate decreasing urine output causing vasoconstriction increasing sympathetic output of vasomotor center
B C
Select all that apply What stimulates the release of aldosterone? Select all that apply. Decreased plasma K+ concentrations Increased plasma K+ concentrations Decreased plasma Na+ concentrations Increased plasma Na+ concentrations
B C
Select all that apply Name a baroreceptor reflex. Select all that apply. Mesenteric reflex Carotid sinus reflex Aortic arch reflex Hepatic portal reflex
B D
Select the conditions under which chemoreceptors would increase vasomotor tone. Select all that apply. Increased oxygen levels Increased carbon dioxide levels Decreased carbon dioxide levels Increased hydrogen ion levels
B D
Angiotensin I is catalyzed to angiotensin II by the activity of ______. renin atrial natriuretic factor angiotensin-converting enzyme aldosterone
C
Angiotensin-converting enzyme converts _______ to ______. angiotensinogen, angiotensin I angiotensinogen, angiotensin II angiotensin I, angiotensin II
C
Baroreceptor reflexes adapt within 1-3 _____ to a new blood pressure. minutes hours days months
C
Baroreceptors respond quickly to changes in pressure however they adapt to altered blood pressure within ______. 1-3 minutes 1-3 seconds 1-3 days 1-3 months
C
Cardiac output (CO) times peripheral resistance (PR) is equal to ______. diastolic pressure pulse pressure mean arterial pressure systolic pressure
C
Describe the duration of the response of the adrenal medullary mechanism of blood pressure control. Hours to days Weeks to months Seconds to hours
C
Renin catalyzes the conversion of _______ to _______. angiotensinogen, angiotensin II angiotensin I, angiotensin II angiotensinogen, angiotensin I
C
The action of atrial natriuretic hormone leads to a(n) ______ in blood pressure and a(n) ______ in the rate of urine production. increase, decrease increase, increase decrease, increase decrease, decrease
C
The chemoreceptors involved in blood pressure regulation respond to blood levels of ______. norepinephrine and epinephrine released by the adrenal medulla glucose, amino acids, and lactic acid oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels
C
The conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I is catalyzed by the enzyme ______. antidiuretic hormone atrial natriuretic factor renin aldosterone
C
Select all that apply Atrial natriuretic hormone influences blood pressure by ______. Select all that apply. causing vasoconstriction increasing cardiac output increasing urine output increasing vasodilation
C D
Angiotensin I is catalyzed to angiotensin II by the activity of ______. aldosterone atrial natriuretic factor renin angiotensin-converting enzyme
D
List the components of blood that are monitored by chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus and aortic bodies. Select all that apply. Hemoglobin Glucose Iron Oxygen Carbon dioxide Hydrogen ion
D E F
True or false: Renin is released in response to a decrease in blood pressure. True False
T Reason: Renin release leads to several changes that will bring blood pressure back up to normal.
The hormone Blank 1 of 1 increases sodium (and chloride) reabsorption in the kidney.
aldosterone
The hormone Blank 1 of 1 is released in response to an increased plasma K+ concentration and/or a decreased plasma Na+ concentration. It is also released in response to angiotensin II.
aldosterone
The volume of blood ejected by the ventricles per minute is the Blank 1 of 2 Blank 2 of 2.
cardiac output
An increase in peripheral resistance will Blank 1 of 1 blood pressure.
increase
As blood flows through vessels, it encounters forces, caused by several factors, that impede its movement. This opposition to blood flow is called peripheral Blank 1 of 1.
resistance
As action potentials from the baroreceptors to the vasomotor center increase in frequency, the output of the vasomotor center to peripheral blood vessels ______. decreases increases
A
Baroreceptors respond quickly to changes in pressure however they adapt to altered blood pressure within ______. 1-3 days 1-3 months 1-3 seconds 1-3 minutes
A
By definition, mean arterial pressure is ______. less than the average of systolic and diastolic pressures greater than the average of systolic and diastolic pressures the average of systolic and diastolic pressures
A
Cardiac output is equal to stroke volume ______ heart rate. times divided by plus minus
A
Cardiac output is equal to which of the following? SV x HR SV + BP SV/HR BP x HR
A
Large decreases in blood pressure, stressful conditions and increases in physical activity all can trigger the ______. adrenal medullary mechanism smooth muscle relaxation baroreceptors in the thorax chemoreceptors
A
Name the hormone which causes vasoconstriction and decreases the rate of urine production. Antidiuretic hormone Renin Angiotensinogen ANP
A
Name the mechanism that is important in maintaining blood pressure on a daily basis, but requires hours to maximally respond? Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Central nervous system ischemic response Baroreceptor reflex Chemoreceptor reflex
A
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, ADH, and the atrial natriuretic mechanism all play a role in ______. long-term maintenance of blood pressure regulating blood distribution through portal veins short-term maintenance of blood pressure
A
The carotid sinus reflex and aortic arch reflex are both ______ reflexes. baroreceptor chemoreceptor ischemic
A
What does aldosterone do? Increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys Decreases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys
A
What is circulatory shock? Inadequate blood flow throughout the body due to decreased blood pressure Increased blood pressure due to the vasoconstriction of blood vessels Inadequate blood flow due to agglutination reactions in the appendages Cyclic movement of blood through capillary networks
A
When will the adrenal medullary mechanism of short-term blood pressure control be activated? Large blood pressure changes, stressful conditions Slowly decreasing blood pressure and/or heart rate
A
Select the choices that describe the actions of the adrenal medullary mechanism. Select all that apply. Is rapid-acting Responds in the short-term Is usually active for months Responds within seconds
A B D
Select the mechanisms that play a role in long-term maintenance of blood pressure. Select all that apply. Stress-relaxation response Baroreceptor reflex Chemoreceptor reflex Fluid shift mechanism
A D
A decrease in peripheral resistance will _____ blood pressure. decrease increase not effect
A MAP = PR * CO = PR * BP * HR
The hormone Blank 1 of 1 hormone acts directly on blood vessels to cause vasoconstriction.
ADH, antidiuretic, or norepinephrine
True or false: Any slight change in arterial oxygen levels leads to vasomotor changes via the chemoreceptor reflexes. True False
F
True or false: Baroreceptors are effective at regulating blood pressure within minutes and can continue to maintain correct blood pressure for months. True False
F Reason: Baroreceptors adapt to pathological changes in blood pressure within 1-3 months.
