22
Possible causes of hypoxia include ________. A) too little oxygen in the atmosphere B) obstruction of the esophagus C) getting very cold D) taking several rapid deep breaths
A
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. A) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. B) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension. C) A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation. D) A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation
A
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. A) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid B) warming the air before it enters C) humidifying the air before it enters D) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations
A
The Bohr effect refers to the unloading of ________ in a RBC due to declining blood pH. A) oxygen B) chloride ions C) carbon dioxide D) BPG
A
The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________. A) ventilation-perfusion coupling B) the Bohr effect C) the Haldane effect D) chloride shifting
A
The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. A) Dalton's law B) Henry's law C) Boyle's law D) Charles' law
A
The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ________. A) helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood B) lowers blood pH levels C) reduces brain perfusion by constricting cerebral blood vessels D) helps retain oxygen in the blood
A
Tidal volume is air ________. A) exchanged during normal breathing B) forcibly expelled after normal expiration C) inhaled after normal inspiration D) remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
A
Which center is located in the pons? A) pontine respirator group (PRG) B) inspiratory center C) pacemaker neuron center D) expiratory center
A
Which of the choices below is NOT a role of the pleurae? A) assist in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs B) help limit the spread of local infections C) help divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers D) allow the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing movements
A
Which of the following does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation? A) nitric oxide B) temperature C) BPG D) partial pressure of carbon dioxide
A
Which of the following is INCORRECT? A) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance. B) Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance. C) Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow. D) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.
A
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? A) alveoli B) alveolar sacs C) respiratory bronchioles D) alveolar ducts
A
Which pressure actually keeps the lungs from collapsing? A) transpulmonary pressure B) intrapulmonary pressure C) atmospheric pressure D) intrapleural pressure
A
Which statement about CO2 is FALSE? A) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs. B) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH. C) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation. D) CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood
A
Terminates in alveoli.
A) Alveolar duct
NO exchange of gases occurs here
A) Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
TV + IRV + ERV + RV.
A) Total lung capacity
According to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, PO2 in the lungs of 100 mm Hg results in Hb being 98% saturated. At high altitude, there is less O2. At a PO2 in the lungs of 80 mm Hg, Hb would be ________ saturated. A) 100% B) 95% C) 98% D) less than 50%
B
Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________. A) stretch receptors in the alveoli B) voluntary cortical control C) temperature of alveolar air D) thalamic control
B
In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________. A) not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules B) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood C) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin D) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
B
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________. A) porous structure of turbinate bones B) ciliated mucous lining in the nose C) abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa D) action of the epiglottis
B
Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood. A) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently. B) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal. C) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity. D) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2
B
The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________. A) vital capacity B) inspiratory reserve volume C) reserve air D) expiratory capacity
B
The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________. A) air pressure B) friction C) surfactant D) surface tension
B
Which bone does NOT contain paranasal sinuses? A) frontal B) temporal C) maxillary D) ethmoid
B
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? A) compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid B) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid C) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures D) compliance and transpulmonary pressures
B
Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? A) temperature B) number of red blood cells C) partial pressure of oxygen D) partial pressure of carbon dioxide
B
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? A) pneumonia B) emphysema C) coryza D) tuberculosis
B
Which of the following anchor(s) the vocal folds? A) corniculate cartilages B) arytenoid cartilages C) cricoid cartilage D) cuneiform cartilages
B
Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane of the lungs? A) alveolar epithelium B) single layer of smooth muscle cells C) basement membrane D) capillary endothelium
B
Which of the following is a conducting zone structure? A) alveolar sac B) terminal bronchiole C) respiratory bronchiole D) alveolar duct
B
Which of the following is an appropriate response to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning? A) immediate application of bicarbonate ions to facilitate removal of CO from Hb B) hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body C) hyperventilation to exhale CO from the body D) slow breathing into a paper bag
B
Which of the following is correct regarding acclimatization? A) Decreases in arterial PO2 cause the peripheral chemoreceptors to become less responsive to increases in PCO2. B) High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less O2 is available to be loaded. C) When blood O2 levels decline, the kidneys produce more erythropoietin, which stimulates breakdown of red blood cells in the spleen. D) At high altitudes, hemoglobin's affinity for O2 is increased because BPG concentrations increase
B
Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs? A) gas exchange B) pulmonary ventilation C) internal respiration D) external respiration
B
TV + IRV
B) Inspiratory capacity
Composed of simple squamous epithelium.
B) Type I alveolar cells
The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and ________.
B) Type I alveolar cells
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________. A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere B) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure C) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere D) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
C
For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first? A) thoracic cavity volume decreases B) intrapulmonary pressure drops C) diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises D) air (gases) flows into lungs
C
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood? A) as carbonic acid in the plasma B) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells C) as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells D) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin
C
Inspiration occurs when the ________ is less than the ________. A) intrapleural pressure; transpulmonary pressure B) thoracic cavity volume; lung volume C) intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure D) tidal volume; vital capacity
C
Inspiratory capacity is ________. A) the total amount of exchangeable air B) functional residual capacity C) the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration D) air inspired after a tidal inhalation
C
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. A) negative pressure in the intrapleural space B) pressure within the pleural cavity C) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs D) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
C
Spirometry results reveal a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted value of five liters. This suggests which disorder? A) asthma B) obstructive pulmonary disease C) restrictive disease D) emphysema
C
The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. A) basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes B) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes C) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes D) temperature is lower at higher altitudes
C
The larynx contains ________. A) a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple B) lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds C) the thyroid cartilage D) an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds
C
The left lung differs from the right in that the left lung has ________. A) an oblique fissure B) a wider and more vertical primary bronchus C) a cardiac notch D) three lobes
C
The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________. A) length of the vocal folds B) strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles C) force with which air rushes across the vocal folds D) thickness of vestibular folds
C
The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. A) Henry's law B) Charles' law C) Boyle's law D) Dalton's law
C
Using spirometry, a patient discovers their forced expiratory volume (FEV) after the first second is 40%. What does this suggest? A) healthy lungs B) exposure to asbestos C) restrictive disease D) obstructive pulmonary disease
C
Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas? A) Henry's law B) Charles' law C) Boyle's law D) Dalton's law
C
Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC? A) release of hydrogen ion B) the Haldane effect C) chloride shifting D) the Bohr effect
C
Which of the following determines lung compliance? A) muscles of inspiration B) flexibility of the thoracic cage C) alveolar surface tension D) airway opening
C
Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? A) 7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma B) as bicarbonate ions in plasma C) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin D) just over 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
C
Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing? A) arterial PO2 below 60 mm Hg B) rising carbon dioxide levels C) rising blood pressure D) acidosis resulting from CO2 retention
C
Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall? A) the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs B) the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone C) surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity D) the smooth muscles of the lung
C
Which of the following is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in North America? A) esophageal B) colorectal C) lung D) skin
C
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon? A) diaphragm would contract, internal intercostals would relax B) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax C) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract D) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax
C
ERV + RV
C) Functional residual capacity
Composed of cuboidal cells
C) Type II alveolar cells
Secrete a fluid containing surfactant.
C) Type II alveolar cells
As the tension of vocal folds in the larynx increase, the voice becomes ________. A) lower in pitch B) louder C) more distinct D) higher in pitch
D
Hemoglobin has a much greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen. Which principle explains why a hyperbaric chamber (containing high levels of oxygen) can treat carbon monoxide poisoning? A) Boyle's law B) Dalton's law C) Charles' law D) Henry's law
D
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. A) midbrain and medulla B) upper spinal cord and medulla C) pons and midbrain D) medulla and pons
D
The Bohr effect describes the tendency for hemoglobin to more readily unload oxygen under which conditions? A) increased pH and decreased PCO2 B) increased pH and PCO2 C) decreased pH and PCO2 D) decreased pH and increased PCO2
D
The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________. A) tidal volume B) inspiratory capacity C) expiratory reserve volume D) vital capacity
D
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________. A) alkalosis B) acidosis C) loss of oxygen in tissues D) increase of carbon dioxide
D
The nose serves all of the following functions EXCEPT ________. A) cleansing the air B) warming and humidifying the air C) as a passageway for air movement D) as the direct initiator of the cough reflex
D
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________. A) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion B) replace mucus in the alveoli C) trap dust and other debris D) secrete surfactant
D
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? A) solubility in water B) the temperature C) molecular weight and size of the gas molecule D) partial pressure gradient
D
Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air? A) It is driven by increased blood CO2 levels. B) It requires contraction of abdominal wall muscles. C) It depends on the complete lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall. D) It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration
D
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? A) surface tension of water B) pseudostratified ciliated epithelium C) surfactant production D) C-shaped cartilage rings
D
Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium? A) oropharynx B) nasopharynx C) trachea D) alveolus
D
Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins.
D) Respiratory bronchioles
TV + IRV + ERV
D) Vital capacity
A drop in blood pH is likely to cause a slower breathing rate
F
As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr effect).
F
During normal quiet breathing, males breathe 25% more than females
F
In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.
F
Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin
F
Labored breathing is termed hypercapnia
F
Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.
F
The Heimlich maneuver is a procedure in which air in the lungs is used to expel a piece of food lodged in the esophagus
F
The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs
F
The inflation (Hering-Breuer) reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.
F
The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase
F
The paired lungs occupy the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.
F
Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation
T
Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
T
Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.
T
Nasal conchae heat and moisten inhaled air, and reclaim heat and moisture during exhalation.
T
Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.
T
Strong emotions and pain, acting through the limbic system and hypothalamus, send signals to the respiratory centers that modulate respiratory rate and depth.
T
The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation
T
The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to air for greater efficiency.
T
The lingual tonsil is found on the posterior surface of the root of the tongue.
T
The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue)
T
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
T
Tracheal obstruction is life threatening
T
Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.
T
Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli
T
