241 Exam 1
What is Efficient and Effective?
Efficient is using resources wisely and in a cost effective way Effective is making the right decisions and successfully implementing them
EASM
European Association for Sport Management
Leisure as an End: The Humanistic Model (Kaplan's Conceptions of Leisure)
an end; leisure as contemplation; a celebration of life; the basis of culture; and the arts EX: work hard during the day and then you can relax at night
Sport Management as an Academic Endeavor
"I ask the question, where would one go to find a person who by virtue of education has been trained to administer a marina, race track, ski resort, stadium, a theater... or a person to fill an executive position at a team or league level... a course that would enable a graduate to read architectural and engineering plans; or having to do with plant operations, concessions, etc..."
List the Segments of Recreation Industry
1) Community-Based Recreation 2) Public Park Recreation 3) Military Recreation 4) Outdoor Recreation 5) Campus Recreation 6) Therapeutic Recreation
Types of Recreation Participation
1) Direct Participation • Active performance in activity 2) Indirect Participation • Recreation spectators contributing to economic base
Four Foundation Points for a Successful Recreation Business
1) The Product (Rewards and Risks) 2) Management (Considerations and Competition) 3) Location (Demographics and Site) 4) Finance (Feasibility (=> to see if you can get any returns in your investments))
List Kaplan's Conceptions of Leisure
1. Leisure as an End: The Humanistic Model 2. The Therapeutic Model of Leisure 3. The Quantitative Model of Leisure 4. The Institutional Conception of Leisure 5. The Epistemological Conception of Leisure 6. The Sociological Conception of Leisure
List Management Functions
1. Planning 2. Organizing 3. Leading 4. Controlling
What Makes Sport Management Unique?
1. Sport is a consumer good/service as well as a commercial good/service 2. The principal sport product is perpetually intangible, subjective, and variable 3. Sport has an appeal that is extensive and permeates all aspects of life 4. Sport is typically publicly consumed and consumer satisfaction is directly affected by the external environment 5. Sport consumer believes that they are the experts
Four Reasons Why We Conduct a Feasibility Study
1. To establish feasibility: deciding whether or not a business will realize a return on the investment 2. To formulate the optimum concept: finding the best facilities, location, and market 3. To assist in establishing management and marketing guidelines 4. To assist in obtaining funding
Why Study Management?
1. We all have a vested interest in improving the way organizations are managed • Better organizations are, in part, the result of good management 2. You will eventually either manage or be managed • Gaining an understanding of the management process provides the foundation for developing management skills and insight into the behavior of individuals and the organizations
What is a Manager?
A person responsible for controlling or administering all or part of an organization
ASMA
African Sport Management Association
Definition of Leisure
Leisure is a time away from the necessities of life where you can relax, do something you love, and grow as a person.
Dumazedier's Three Functions of Leisure: Relaxation
Leisure is relaxation which provides recovery from fatigue; leisure repairs the physical and nervous damages brought by the tensions of daily pressure, and particularly pressures of the job
What is Sport?
Loy's (1968) classic definition claimed that sport must: • play like in nature • involve competition • be based on physical prowess • involve elements of skill, strategy, and chance; • has an uncertain outcome
What is Management?
Management is the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources.
NASPE
North American Society for Sport Management
NASSM
North American Society of Sport Management It is an academic society comprised of individual researchers, students, and professionals working in the field of sport management. Their membership is made up sport management representatives from over 20 countries worldwide.
List Dumazedier's Three Functions of Leisure
R.E.D. 1) Relaxation 2) Entertainment 3) Development of Personality • The functions are interdependent, closely linked, or even completely opposite • They may coexist or follow one another • They may be expressed in turns or simultaneously
SMAANZ
Sport Management Australia New Zealand
Definition of Leisure Management
The field that deals with the development and management of leisure services, facilities, or activities.
What is the difference between recreation and sport?
The main difference is the reason we do it.
Who are Walter O'Malley and James G. Mason?
They got together to make first sports management (master's) program in Ohio University Walter O'Malley: Florida? James G. Mason: an executive for LA Dodgers
What is the goal of sport managers?
To get workers to do what the manager wants in an efficient and cost effective manner
The Sociological Conception of Leisure (Kaplan's Conceptions of Leisure)
We look at all major human activities as constructs; an element that is exchanged from one to another EX: people as a group coming together to decide together a time to meet and get to know each other; i.e. our class going to the gym and chilling
The Therapeutic Model of Leisure (Kaplan's Conceptions of Leisure)
as a means; an instrument; and control (people who participate in sport are not idle) EX: a means of getting better
The Institutional Conception of Leisure (Kaplan's Conceptions of Leisure)
institutional determinants EX: when a body says this is a time that we need leisure/time off; JMU chooses second week of March for Spring Break
Dumazedier's "what leisure isn't"
the job or work, supplementary work or occasional odd jobs, domestic tasks (housework and the strictly utilitarian aspects of animal care, miscellaneous chores, gardening), care of a person (meals, bathing, dressing, sleep), family rituals and ceremonies, social or religious, obligations (visits, anniversaries, political meetings, church duties), and necessary study (for study circles, for school or professional exams)
The Quantitative Model of Leisure (Kaplan's Conceptions of Leisure)
time apart from work ; thus, not all free time is considered leisure time EX: time apart from the necessities of life
Controlling (Management Function)
• "Controlling means monitoring employees' activities, determining whether the organization is on target toward its goals, and making correction as necessary" • Controlling ensures that, through effective leading, what has been planned and organized to take place has in fact taken place • Three basic components constitute the control function: 1. elements of a control system 2. evaluating and rewarding employee performance 3. controlling financial, informational, and physical resources • Controlling is ongoing process. An effective control function determines whether the organization is on target toward its goals and makes corrections as necessary
Leading (Management Function)
• "Leading is the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals" • Three components make up the leading function 1. forming effective groups 2. motivating employees 3. influencing employees
History behind recreation and leisure activity...
• 1800's: leisure time emerged as a result of urbanization and industrialization • Increase in perception of recreation as: - important to growth and health of individual - a means to improve community well-being • The "Parks Movement" resulted in the establishment of public lands, such as Central Park in NYC • Technological advances such as the bicycle and golf ball - Moderate prices of sporting goods made recreation accessible to more people • Rise of recreation is because of baby boomers
Recreation is...
• A creation of structured activities that provide personal and social benefits to individuals during leisure time • Refreshes or restores • Holds the potential for being pleasant, rewarding, and creative • Represents a fusion between play and leisure
What is Sport Management?
• Combination of functions: Planning, Organizing, Directing, Controlling, Budgeting, Leading, and Evaluating • Within the context of an organization or department • Primary product, idea, or services is related to sport and/or physical activity
Dumazedier's Three Functions of Leisure: Entertainment
• Entertainment spells deliverance from boredom • People use entertainment to escape or for diversion from life
Outdoor Recreation
• For those who enjoy natural environments in different seasons • Highly diverse industry: mix of for-profit and not-for-profit • Outdoor Recreation economy is $646 billion business, 140 million people in the United States participating annually • Spending on Outdoor Recreation falls primarily in two categories: Outdoor Recreation Product Sales (e.g. gear, apparel, footwear) AND Trips and Travel-related spending • Segments include skiing, snowboarding, boating, golf, summer camps, backpacking, camping, national resources management, and tourist travel
Trends in Recreation Participation
• Growth in terms of participants and days of activities • Family centered outdoor activities - Water Parks - Themed Parks - Biking • Extreme Recreation - Snowboarding - Skateboarding - Wakeboarding - Rock Climbing • Baby Boomers involvement => 68% expect to have a hobby • Women's participation increased because women have more jobs, rights, and for health • Anticipate increase in racial and ethnic diversity in urban areas - Along with people with disabilities (17% of people have disabilities) • The recreation industry will need to respond to these trends and diverse population
Campus Recreation
• Includes any recreational activity provided by colleges or universities, ranging from exercise facilities and fitness programming to club and intramural sports and coordinated outdoor recreation activities • 3 out of 4 college students participate in campus recreation • Excellent opportunities for students to participate in a variety of outdoor activities and develop instructional and leadership skills through instructor training programs • NIRSA and the Association for Experiential Education provide educational trainings and host activities to develop prospective leaders in Campus Recreation
Dumazedier's Three Functions of Leisure: Development of Personality
• It will lead to personal growth •How does leisure develop a person? • Leisure liberates the individual from the daily automatism of thought and action • Leisure opens fresh possibilities for joining willingly with other people in recreational, cultural, and social group activities • Leisure gives time for the pursuit of voluntary development of skills acquired at school • Leisure encourages a positive attitude toward the use of new and old sources of information • Leisure leads to discovering new forms of voluntary learning for the rest of one's life and induce an entirely new kind of creative attitude • Leisure is release from work-day obligations, where the individual has time to sustain new disciplines freely chosen with a view to the unfolding of a new personal and social life-style
Community-Based Recreation
• Local parks and recreation departments and community agencies such as the YMCA, YWCA, Jewish Community Centers, Girls and Boys Clubs, and scout organizations • Participants are united by a common interest in recreation at the local level • CBR Centers are supported through a mix of local property tax money and user fees from participants
Military Recreation
• Maintained by U.S. Department of Defense • Overriding mission is fitness and military readiness of personnel • Armed Services also provide an array of recreational opportunities for families on bases as a means of improving overall morale and sense of community • Also support the training of athletes for Olympics and other major international competitors • Challenge: Recent decreases in appropriated funds are affecting program quality
Issues Facing Recreation Industry
• Making facilities safe from vandalism, crime, gangs, and substance abusers to enhance image and facility usage • Need to develop cultural awareness; understand local customs, laws, and environment • People with physical disabilities are growing more interested in enhancing their lives with physical recreation activity; programmers need to adapt programs to meet a variety of abilities
Career Opportunities
• Opportunity to work indoors, or outdoors, for a public or private group, or for a for-profit or non-profit company • Expect a high degree of professionalism service in instructive and overall service delivery • People-oriented employees who know how to communicate well with public, who work well with variety of customers and staff, responsible individuals, and bring business skills
Organizing (Management Function)
• Organizing is the managerial function of making sure there are available resources to carry out a plan • "Organizing involves the assignment of tasks, the grouping of tasks into departments, and the allocation of resources to departments" • Four elements are essential to organizing: 1. developing the structure of the organization 2. acquiring and training human resources 3. develop organization chart, position description and qualification, and staffing 4. establishing communication patterns and networks
Location
• Overall demographics: population, growth or decline of population, income, age, education, occupation, culture • Community Environment: employee availability, competition, transportation insurance rates, climate, local ordinances • Business Environments: tax rates, real estate, trends Site Selection Check List: traffic flow, accessibility, proximity, compatibility, safety, utility costs, fire/police, labor, views, handicap accessibility, visibility, signage design, community attractions, parking, attractiveness, storage, zoning, risks, and delivery access
Employee Recreation (Another Segment of Recreation Industry)
• Overall wellbeing of employees EX: Google in the Internship movie
Planning (Management Function)
• Planning is considered to be the central function of management because it sets the pattern for the other activities to follow • "Planning means defining goals for future organizational performance and deciding on the tasks and use of resources needed to attain them" • Planning encompasses four elements: 1. evaluating environmental factors and organizational resources 2. establishing a set of organizational goals (must be achievable) 3. developing strategies and plans to achieve the stated goals 4. formulating a decision making process
Professional Preparation
• Recreation Skills Approach - Shorter, more intensive preparation in particular area, often resulting in certification - Certified Park and Recreation Professional (CPRP) - Certified Park and Recreation Executive (CPRE) - National Outdoor Leadership School • Other Approach - Academic program of one, two, or four years' duration at college or university, which provides broader knowledge base
Public Park Recreation
• Recreational opportunities on public lands managed by state forest and parks departments, the National Park Service, and the National Forest Service • Negatively impacted by federal funding reductions • Policy issues regarding vehicle congestion, recreational vehicle access, deteriorating infrastructure, and control of visitor volume and duration • The National Forest Service employs 30,000 passionate permanent employees to manage the nations 191 million acres of forest lands
The Product
• Rewards of starting a commercial recreation enterprise: personal satisfaction, independence, profits, power and influence, use of accumulated capital, security, applying skills and background, getting out of a rut • Risk in starting a commercial recreation enterprise: financial losses, loss of friends/family, anguish over uncertainty, time and effort, demands above expertise, growth dilemmas * around 90% of enterprise don't make it
Current Issues: Risk Management
• Risk management plans needed - to establish guidelines for equipment and facility use - for program development and operation - for management of changing environmental changes - for emergency preparedness • Elements of risk management plan - health screening process - preprogram information - system for conducting and recording equipment checks - facility safety checks - criteria for qualified staff hiring and informed participant consent
Decisional (Mintzberg's Managerial Roles)
• The Entrepreneur Role managers search for improvement in his or her unit to adopt it to changing conditions in the environment •The Disturbance Handler Role this role must respond to high-pressure disturbances. for example, managers must resolve conflicts among subordinates or between one managers department and other departments • The Resource Allocator Role managers make decisions about how to allocate people, budget, equipment, time and other resources to attain desired outcomes • The Negotiator Role the negotiations are duties of the manager's job. these activities involve formal negotiations and bargaining to attain outcomes for the manager's unit responsibility
Finance
• The Feasibility Study - A study conducted to get results in that provides a comprehensive analysis in order to determine whether or not a specific project has potential for reaching its financial goals - A project may be: 1. a new product/service at an existing location 2. a move to a new location 3. the creation of a new business
Interpersonal (Mintzberg's Managerial Roles)
• The Figure Head Role every manager must perform some duties of a ceremonial nature (e.g. the president greets the touring dignitaries, the sales manager takes an important customer to lunch) • The Leader Role this role involves leadership directly (e.g. the manager is responsible for hiring and training his own staff). The leader role encompasses relationships with subordinates, including motivation, communication, and influence • The Liaison Role in which the manager makes contracts inside and outside the organization with a wide range of people: subordinates, clients, business associates, government, trade organization officials, and so on
Informational (Mintzberg's Managerial Roles)
• The Monitor Role this role involves seeking current information from many sources. for example, the manager perpetually scans his environment for information, interrogates liaison contacts and subordinates, and receives unsolicited information • The Disseminator Role managers pass information to other employees both inside and outside the organization • The Spokesperson Role managers send some of their information to people outside the organization about company policies, needs, actions, or plans
What is recreation?
• The activity performance is less important than the reason for performing the activity • Recreation is an activity that people engage in during their free time, that people enjoy, and that people recognize as having socially redeeming values (there is also health and physiological benefits
Management
• The most common reason for business failure is lack of management expertise • The second most common reason is lack of management experience or unbalanced management Competition and Consideration • New business must find a way to differentiate its product/service from that of its competitors • It is important that any difference upon which the business hopes to establish market appeal is perceived and valued by the customers • Consider the following conditions that will influence the customer: price-lower, higher, kids rates, etc, quality, consistency, features-more, new, different, etc., clientele-youth, adults, seniors, etc., location-access, convenience, time-hours of operation, credit-credit cards, lay-a-way, etc., service-personal, attentiveness, packaging/atmosphere *every enterprise is competing with each other for disposable income
Therapeutic Recreation
• The use of recreational activities improves a participant's physical, emotional, and mental health • Offered through park and recreation departments, independent living centers, schools, community mental health agencies, specialty recreation organizations, and social service agencies • Diverse programs offered to assist with the modification of behaviors to improve holistic health
Mintzberg's Managerial Roles
• What are some roles managers perform? • Mintzberg's observations and research indicate that diverse manager activities can be organized into ten roles • The ten roles are divided into three categories: Interpersonal, Informational, and Decisional
Managerial Skills
• What are some skills needed to be an effective and efficient manager? (these can be learned) 1. Conceptual: cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole and the relationship among its parts 2. Human: the ability to communicate with, understand, and motivate both individuals and groups 3. Technical: necessary to accomplish specialized activities (e.g. engineering, computer programming, and accounting) 4. Diagnostic: the ability to determine, by analysis and examination, the nature of a particular condition 5. Political: the ability to acquire the power necessary to reach objectives and to prevent others from taking power
The Epistemological Conception of Leisure (Kaplan's Conceptions of Leisure)
• activities and meanings to repeat and confirm the world (i.e. selfie) • there are individuals who examine the world like a political book; whereas, others may examine the world like painting a picture or marching in a protest • it is like a habit, something that's been going on for years like calling a chair a "chair" EX: we determine how to define leisure
What are the Qualities of a Good Sport Manager?
• love of sport • ability to see the real issues as it relates to the organization • tremendous work ethic (tenacity) • thick skin • ability to listen to appropriate input/work with others • innovative/motivated • "fluid" thinking => just because something isn't going your way, you can change it up/have a plan B • leadership and decision - make capabilities • make "sound" decisions - benefit not only you but everyone else as well (i.e. organization and community)