26,13 SMARTWORK
A young child is diagnosed with strep throat. The signs and symptoms of strep throat are caused by the virulence and invasiveness of the ________.Choose one:A. etiologic agentB. hostC. mode of transmissionD. reservoir
A
An 11-year-old girl undergoing a routine surgery at a local hospital develops a surgical-wound infection. Even with aggressive treatment, the girl dies. The infection she developed is best known asChoose one:A. a nosocomical infection.B. a community-acquired infection.C. a "daisy chain" infection.D. an endemic infection.
A
An endemic disease will exhibitChoose one:A. a low prevalence and incidence.B. a low prevalence and high incidence.C. a high prevalence and incidence.D. a high prevalence and low incidence.
A
An epidemiologist studying diphtheria in Eastern Europe gathers information about the total number of active cases in a given area and the number of new cases in that area over a given time. If an epidemic occurs, which of the following would the epidemiologist notice?Choose one:A. The prevalence and incidence would both increase.B. The prevalence would decrease, but the incidence would increase.C. The prevalence would remain constant, but the incidence would increase.D. The prevalence would increase, but the incidence would remain constant.
A
Bacitracin and penicillin are both antibiotics that affect the cell part labeled __________________ in this figure.Choose one:A. BB. AC. DD. C
A
Drugs that target RNA polymerase are direct inhibitors ofChoose one:A. transcription.B. translation.C. reverse transcription.D. DNA replication.
A
How has the AIDS pandemic influenced the reemergence of tuberculosis?Choose one:A. AIDS patients are immunocompromised and are more susceptible to infection by tuberculosis.B. Tuberculosis has become antibiotic resistant in AIDS patients.C. Tuberculosis is carried around the globe by AIDS patients who do not show symptoms.D. The bacteria that causes tuberculosis has been genetically altered by the virus that causes AIDS.
A
"Daisy chain" nosocomial infectionsChoose one:A. begin as patients with infections are transferred frequently between different hospital and nursing home facilities.B. are waterborne infections that infect patients drinking the same water in a healthcare facility.C. are airborne infections that spread through air ducts within a health care facility.D. occur when a single patient is infected within a hospital and then spreads the infection when returning home.
A
A new species of bacteria is discovered and DNA sequencing reveals the presence of a β-lactamase gene. What can be deduced from the information given?Choose one:A. The new species of bacteria will be resistant to antibiotics with a ß-lactam ring.B. The new species of bacteria will be resistant to all antibiotics.C. The new species of bacteria will be susceptible to antibiotics with a ß-lactam ring.D. The new species of bacteria will be resistant to ß-lactamase.
A
Live poultry markets in Asia serve as breeding grounds for avian influenza viruses, which can jump to humans and can now move across continents. Which technological advance has influenced the spread of infectious disease from one country to another? Choose one:A. Air travelB. Epidemiological surveillanceC. DeforestationD. Genetic fingerprinting
A
The agar plate shown in this figure contains ___________ agar. The letters such as SXT and NOR represent ___________. Courtesy of Dr. John W. Foster Choose one:A. Mueller-Hinton; antibioticsB. MacConkey; bacterial speciesC. MacConkey; antibioticsD. Mueller-Hinton; bacterial species
A
After three minutes of exposure to an antibacterial agent, only 100 cells are living from the 1000 cells at the start. How many cells will still be living after nine minutes of exposure? Choose one:A. 1,000B. 1C. 100D. 10
B
An epidemiologist explaining the pattern of an infectious disease by collecting data relating an outbreak to person, place, and time is using ________.Choose one:A. case-control studiesB. descriptive epidemiologyC. cohort studiesD. analytical epidemiology
B
Choose the statement that is true.Choose one:A. Both penicillin-intermediate and penicillin-resistant isolates decreased between 2001 and 2005.B. Penicillin-intermediate isolates increased between 2000 and 2005.C. Penicillin resistance increased steadily from 1991 through 2005.D. Penicillin-intermediate isolates declined between 1985 and 1995.
B
Google Trends is an online strategy that tracks disease incidence by tracking which of the following?Choose one:A. How many index cases have been identified B. How many searches were made for a certain diseaseC. How many epidemiologists are currently studying the disease D. How many deaths were attributed to the disease
B
If an avian influenza virus evolves and spreads easily from person to person, the concern is that the virus may spread across continents asChoose one:A. an endemic disease.B. a pandemic.C. an epidemic.D. an outbreak.
B
In this figure, "P" represents pteridine, "G" represents glutamic acid, and "SFA" represents sulfanilamide. Sulfanilamide works by directly blocking folic acid synthesis. Sulfanilamide is an antibiotic that is similar in structure toChoose one:A. DNA.B. PABA.C. vitamin D.D. pteridine.
B
Quinolones are a class of antibiotics that inhibit DNA replication. What is the molecular target of quinolones?Choose one:A. cell wall synthesisB. nucleic acid functionC. protein synthesisD. cell membrane
B
The killing or removal of disease-causing organisms from inanimate surfaces is known asChoose one:A. antisepsis.B. disinfection.C. sterilization.D. sanitization.
B
What is clavulanic acid?Choose one:A. a beta-lactamase degraderB. a beta-lactam compound that competitively binds beta-lactamasesC. a drug efflux pump inhibitorD. an antibiotic
B
When a new emerging disease is reported to the CDC or the WHO, epidemiologists rush to determine the index case. Why is identification of the index case important?Choose one:A. The index case is the only patient capable of spreading the disease.B. Knowing the index case is useful in containing the spread of an epidemic.C. The index case must be the reservoir of the etiologic agent.D. Knowing the index case is required for molecular surveillance of the disease.
B
Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to the bactoprenol lipid carrier molecule?Choose one:A. vancomycinB. bacitracinC. penicillinD. cephalosporin
B
Which type of epidemiology identifies geographical areas or groups of people that have a high incidence of a disease?Choose one:A. Cross-sectionalB. DescriptiveC. AnalyticalD. Cohort
B
Which of the following are reasons why certain diseases must be reported to central health organizations, as well as to the CDC in the United States, or the WHO in Geneva, Switzerland? Choose one or more:A.For vaccine preparationsB.Disease severityC.For tracking capabilitiesD.Disease transmissibility
B, C, D
Which of the following factors have simultaneously converged over recent decades to create the perfect incubator for new emerging and ancient reemerging infectious diseases? Choose one or more:A.Increased vaccination effortsB.Climate changeC.Increased global travel and transportationD.Genetic adaptability of microbes
B, C, D
Which of the following is/are considered to be notifiable infectious diseases? Choose one or more:A.CandidiasisB.E. coli O157:H7C.MalariaD.Measles
B,C,D
Antibiotics with a high degree of ___________ are less likely to harm the host.Choose one:A. minimal inhibitory concentrationB. spectrum of toxicityC. selective toxicityD. zone of inhibition
C
During a cholera outbreak in London in 1854, John Snow created this map. The thick black lines represent cholera deaths. The circle near the middle represents the location of a well that Snow suspected was involved in the outbreak. This map would be considered The John Snow Archive and Research Companion Choose one:A. a cohort.B. a part of an experimental study.C. part of an observational study.D. a placebo.
C
How does the type of behavior this photograph shows typically influence pathogen transmission? AP Photo/Na Son Nguyen Choose one:A. Birds and humans are not infected by similar pathogens, so close contact will not affect human health.B. Human disease typically infects birds, the disease-causing agent mutates, and then it reinfects humans.C. Humans who live in close contact with birds risk more opportunities for bird pathogens to infect humans.D. Humans who live in close contact with birds develop natural immunity against bird pathogens.
C
An effective bioweapon would be one that capitalizes on which type of transmission?Choose one:A. ArthropodB. WaterC. Mosquito D. Person-to-person
D
How can drugs that are sensitive to heat and chemical sterilization be sterilized so they can be safely administered to sick individuals?Choose one:A. lyophilizationB. refrigerationC. UV exposureD. filtration through micropore filters
D
These three graphs show the incidence of three vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. Which of the following statements is true?Choose one:A. The incidence of measles and mumps was the same in 2007.B. Measles, mumps, and pertussis were no longer causing disease in the United States in 2012.C. The incidence of measles, mumps, and pertussis has shown a general decline since 2000.D. Measles and mumps have shown a general decline over time, while pertussis has recently increased.
D
This figure illustrates the synthesis of a bacterial cell wall. Vancomycin is an antibiotic that inhibits step __________________. Choose one:A. BB. CC. AD. D
D
This map shows emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases throughout the world. A disease that is considered to be emerging in North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa isChoose one:A. cryptosporidiosis.B. SARS.C. H7N7 bird flu.D. multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
D
Water is the most common source of nosocomial infections. Which of the following is a question to consider in regard to this source of infection?Choose one:A. Did all patients breathe in the same infectious agent through the air vents?B. Were the affected patients in contact with each other at any time, enabling person-to-person transmission?C. Has any member of the hospital staff made contact with all the patients?D. Have hospital staff, sinks, surfaces, and carts been tested for presence of the organism?
D
When humans live in close contact with wild and domestic animals, which of the following is likely to occur?Choose one:A. Bacteria and viruses in the animals become less virulent and less invasive over time.B. Humans' immune systems prevent the evolution of bacteria and viruses in the animals.C. Antibiotic resistance will develop in bacteria that infect the animals.D. New diseases may erupt as bacteria and viruses in the animals evolve the ability to infect humans.
D
When individuals in the United States become ill with a certain disease, they will often search for information online. How could this information be used by individuals interested in epidemiology?Choose one:A. Online searches can be used to replace physician reporting of notifiable diseases.B. Vaccination programs can be built around current online searches.C. Media outlets can use this information to decide which diseases should be covered in news reports.D. Tracking the number of searches for similar symptoms is a crude way to follow current outbreaks. 1st attempt
D
Which family of viruses does severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) belong to? Choose one:A. RetroviridaeB. FlaviviridaeC. FiloviridaeD. Coronaviridae
D
Which of the following compounds is present in fungi but not humans?Choose one:A. actinB. lipid membraneC. DNAD. ergosterol
D
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the efficacy of a disinfectant? Choose one:A. corrosivenessB. surface tensionC. the kinds of organisms presentD. the presence of inorganic matter
D
Which of the following is NOT a way that antibiotic resistance genes can first originate?Choose one:A. spontaneous mutationB. gene in the chromosome of the antibiotic-producing organismC. gene duplication followed by random mutationD. conjugation
D
Which of the following is one of the three steps in the disease surveillance process, as outlined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)? Choose one:A. Track the specific disease strain to its reservoir of infection B. Determine whether a patient's disease is considered to be life threatening C. Determine if the patient's disease is caused by a pathogen in the BSL 4 risk category D. Identify the case's geographic location and the patient's demographic profile (such as age, sex, and race)
D
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of echinocandins?Choose one:A. disrupt membrane integrityB. disrupt metabolic processesC. block cell divisionD. inhibit ergosterol synthesis
D
Which of the following is used to treat SARS?Choose one:A. CorticosteroidsB. OxycodoneC. InterferonD. No treatment exists except supportive care.
D
Which of the following organism was identified through PCR due to its inability to be cultured in the laboratory? Choose one:A. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (E. coli O157:H7)B. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)C. Mycobacterium tuberculosisD. Tropheryma whipplei
D
Which of the following would NOT be useful for sterilization of freshly slaughtered chickens?Choose one:A. electron beam radiationB. gamma ray radiationC. X-ray radiationD. UV radiation
D
Which type of detergents are useful as disinfectants?Choose one:A. low molecular weightB. disposableC. anionicD. cationic
D
___________ resistance to disinfectants can be achieved through drug efflux pumps. Choose one:A. There is no resistance to disinfectants.B. Intermediate-levelC. High-levelD. Low-level
D
Which of the following questions is considered important in identifying the source of a nosocomial infection?Choose one:A. Do all of the patients have the same types of pets?B. What are the patients' normal diets at home?C. Did all of the patients shop at the same grocery store?D. Is each patient infected with an identical isolate of the pathogenic organism?
D`
In the eighteenth century, a British officer, Colonel Henry Bouquet, appears to have distributed two __________ -infested blankets and a similarly infested handkerchief to Native Americans.
SMALLPOX
The goal of the One Health Initiative is to control human health through animal health and vice versa. Which of the following is an example of how the One Health Initiative might decrease Lyme disease in humans? Choose one:A. Using a vaccine-loaded bait to vaccinate wild rodentsB. Allow more hunting of animals that carry ticksC. Limit hiking and activities in areas with high tick populationsD. Decrease the tick population by using stronger pesticides
A
The lines on this image show human mobility routes. What is the significance of these routes in terms of human diseases?Choose one:A. Mobility has increased the incidence of pandemics.B. Mobility routes have reduced vaccine-preventable diseases as vaccines are transported using these routes.C. Humans have developed natural immunity to more diseases due to increased exposure.D. There is no significance.
A
The low level of disease noted in this figure by an asterisk illustrates a(n)Choose one:A. endemic disease.B. disease outbreak.C. pandemic.D. epidemic.
A
The term "quarantine" means which of the following?Choose one:A. Separating a patient from the general populationB. Removing patient zero from the disease reservoirC. Diagnosing a patient with a new emerging pathogenD. Identifying a pathogen's serotype
A
What is the desired ratio between the therapeutic dose and the toxic dose for an antibiotic?Choose one:A. The therapeutic dose should be much lower than the toxic dose.B. The relationship between those doeses does not matter.C. The therapeutic and toxic doses should be equal.D. The therapeutic dose should be higher than the toxic dose.
A
Which of the following allows for long-term storage of microbial cells?Choose one:A. lyophilizationB. refrigerationC. pasteurizationD. freezing
A
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of antibiotic resistance?Choose one:A. addition of modifying groups to activate the antibioticB. destruction of the antibiotic before it gets into the cellC. pumping of the antibiotic out of the cell using nonspecific transport proteinsD. modification of a target so that it no longer binds the antibiotic
A
Which of the following is a common antiviral target for HIV?Choose one:A. inhibiting reverse transcriptaseB. preventing viral releaseC. preventing viral uncoatingD. inhibiting DNA polymerase
A
Which of the following requires heating to the highest temperature?Choose one:A. sterilizationB. lyophilizationC. refrigerationD. pasteurization
A
Why are pandemics more likely now than they were 100 years ago?Choose one:A. Technology has made it possible for people to travel around the globe more rapidly.B. The introduction of antibiotics has increased the occurrence of pandemics.C. More people now keep poultry as pets.D. Microbes have begun evolving at a more rapid rate.
A
In the case of an outbreak of a disease such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), why is it so important to identify the index patient instead of just treating the patients who have already become infected? (left): Dr. Fred Murphy/CDC; (right): Anat Givon/AP Photo Choose one or more:A.to isolate and treat other patients who might be carriersB.to track the spread of the diseaseC.to determine the exact location where the infection occurredD.to begin vaccinating against the pathogen
A, B, C
Which of the following are methods used by clinicians to prevent nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections?Choose one or more:A.Aseptic technique for IV lines and urinary cathetersB.Frequent hand washingC.Sterile glovesD.Face shields
A, B, C
Which of the following are questions that may help identify the source of a hospital-acquired infection? Choose one or more:A.Has any member of the hospital staff made contact with all the patients?B.Is each patient infected with a mutated strain of a previously isolated pathogenic organism?C.Were the affected patients in contact with each other at any time, enabling person-to-person transmission?D.Did all patients come in contact with the same medical instrument, the same lot of medical supplies (such as IV fluid, indwelling catheters, intubation tubes), or the same food or water?
A,C,D
In some cases of bacterial disease it is difficult to culture the etiologic agent. Which of the following techniques would be most useful in identifying whether the agent is a bacterium?Choose one:A. using case-control studies to determine whether a particular food contains the bacteriaB. grinding up tissue from a biopsy and attempting to culture any bacteriaC. molecular techniques, such as PCR amplification and DNA sequence analysisD. using cohort studies in which participants are exposed to different bacteria
C
Microbial cells are larger than 0.2µm. Viruses are smaller than 0.2µm. Assuming the collection flask is sterile, the filtration method shown is working, and the filter pore size is 0.2µm, the solution collected in the flask shown couldChoose one:A. contain bacteria, but not viruses.B. contain bacterial endospores.C. contain viruses, but not bacteria.D. not contain any viruses or bacteria.
C
Penicillin primarily kills Gram-positive bacteria. When compared to a drug like ampicillin, it can be classified asChoose one:A. broad spectrum.B. amphipathic.C. narrow spectrum.D. low molecular weight.
C
Tetracycline is an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis without killing the bacterial cell. This antibiotic can be classified as ________. Choose one:A. fungicidalB. virustaticC. bacteriostaticD. bacteriocidal
C
The man in the case history had contracted severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). On which continent did SARS first develop? Choose one:A. AfricaB. Western EuropeC. AsiaD. North America
C
The smallpox virus could be used as a bioweapon because itChoose one:A. is no longer found outside of secure facilities.B. is not transmitted easily between people.C. has a low infectious dose.D. is prevented by vaccination.
C
This diagram shows the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) through a population. The circles represent SARS patients within the population. Which of the following statements correctly matches a patient with his or her role in this outbreak?Choose one:A. Patient 6 is considered "patient zero."B. Patient 3 is a "superspreader."C. Patient 35 is a "superspreader."D. Patient 6 is the index case
C
This figure shows the serum concentration of an antibiotic called ampicillin over time. Which of the following statements explains the decrease in ampicillin levels over time?Choose one:A. Bacteria incorporate ampicillin into their cell walls.B. Ampicillin spontaneously decomposes over an eight-hour period.C. The liver and kidneys break down and excrete ampicillin.D. Ampicillin is stored within the liver and kidneys.
C
What is the function of the CDC and the WHO?Choose one:A. Both of these agencies keep track of vaccination histories of individuals.B. The WHO gathers health information within the United States, and the CDC processes this information.C. Both of these agencies are capable of tracking incidences of diseases within large populations.D. Both of these agencies are useful in maintaining centralized patient records to track individuals.
C
What is the link between animal health infrastructures and human health?Choose one:A. Microbes are more adaptable when animals are healthier.B. Animal health infrastructures closely reflect human health infrastructures in an area.C. Humans in close contact with animal reservoirs can contract zoonotic diseases.D. There is no link between human diseases and animal health.
C
Which of the following characteristics does NOT describe a select agent?Choose one:A. high mortality rateB. highly contagiousC. treatable with antimicrobialsD. lacks a protective vaccine
C
Which of the following describes the first stage of surveillance?Choose one:A. The CDC reports information to the WHO.B. The patient's age, sex, race, and geographic location are identified.C. An infection control practitioner reviews a patient's chart to check the signs and symptoms.D. Information about the patient and the infection is used to identify trends.
C
Which of the following is NOT considered a standard (routine) infection control measure?Choose one:A. using aseptic technique when inserting cathetersB. disinfecting tables, doorknobs, and other inanimate objectsC. using gowns and masks to interact with all patientsD. washing hands after removing gloves
C
Which of the following is a more accurate method for determining the ability of a disinfectant to kill microorganisms on a particular surface?Choose one:A. phenol coefficient testB. antimicrobial touch testC. use-dilution testD. gas sterilization test
C
Which of the following is measured by the minimal inhibitory concentration of an antibiotic? Choose one:A. how little of an antibiotic is needed to kill an organismB. how many different organisms the antibiotic inhibitsC. how little of an antibiotic is needed to stop growth of an organismD. maximum dose the patient tolerates
C
Which of the following is the causative agent of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS)?Choose one:A. Fungus, spread by droplet transmissionB. Protozoan, spread by contaminated water C. Virus, spread by tick vectorsD. Bacteria, spread by person-to-person contact
C
Why is acyclovir selectively toxic to viral replication?Choose one:A. because the analog is only incorporated into the host cellB. because viral DNA polymerases more readily incorporate the analogsC. because the host DNA polymerase has effective proofreading activity not found in the viral polymeraseD. Acyclovir is not selectively toxic.
C
Which of the following describe(s) a "select agent"?Choose one or more:A.Has a protective vaccine availableB.Is easily treated with antimicrobials or other pharmaceuticalsC.Is highly contagiousD.Has a high virulence or mortality rate
C, D
describes the total number of active cases of a disease in a given location, regardless of when the case first developed.
PREVALENCE
Blood work for the woman in the case history revealed thrombocytopenia, which is a (A)__________ platelet count and leukopenia, which is a (B)________ white cell count.
LOW/ LOW
virulence factors, invasiveness animal, human, environment person to person, inantimate obj., air, vector borne, portal of entry, immunocompetence
ORGANISM RESERVOIR TRANSMISSION SUSCEPTIBLE
In an experimental study, for instance, you might compare a new vaccine against a in two groups of patients.
PLACEBO