2ND TB (CHPT 7): The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) and Stages of Change

1. One challenge to using the TTM for intervention is: a. It is only effective for drug and alcohol cessation and physical activity interventions b. There are no applied studies, only theoretical studies, demonstrating effectiveness c. It may be difficult to recruit individuals who are in the precontemplation stage d. It is inappropriate with low-literacy populations E. It requires that people in different stages of change receive the same intervention, which may be inappropriate for participants

c. It may be difficult to recruit individuals who are in the precontemplation stage

1. All of the following are characteristics to consider when evaluating tailored interventions EXCEPT: a. Cost-effectiveness b. Frequency of behavior change c. Cost of the intervention d. Impact of different technologies E. Acquisition versus extinction behaviors

E. Acquisition versus extinction behaviors

1. In studies on smoking and weight control, participants in the preparation and action stages were more likely to drop out of the intervention prematurely when compared to participants in precontemplation and contemplation stages.

F

1. One benefit of the Transtheoretical Model is that effective intervention strategies are the same for individuals at different stages of the model.

F

1. People generally move linearly through the six stages of the Transtheoretical Model, progressing from one stage to the next in a forward direction.

F

1. The Transtheoretical Model was originally developed to better understand why childhood immunization rates have dropped in the United States.

F

1. An individual who smoked for twenty years completed a smoking cessation program and reports not smoking for twelve months. She is in the maintenance stage.

T

1. Further testing of the Transtheoretical Model with diverse populations is needed.

T

1. The Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) was originally developed to explain the process by which people adopted precautions to detect radon in their homes.

T

1. According to the Transtheoretical Model, temptation represents the converse of self-efficacy. a. True b. False

T

1. What is the best strategy to increase the impact of Transtheoretical Model programs? a. Proactive versus passive recruitment of participants b. Self-selection of participants c. Revise the definition of efficacy/action so that it is easier to meet d. Do not include any participants in the action or maintenance stage E. Do not offer incentives to participants because they are not likely to complete the intervention steps

a. Proactive versus passive recruitment of participants

The number of individuals in the termination stage is a proxy measure for program success.

F

1. The progress of participants in Transtheoretical Model-based health promotion programs is associated with their stage at baseline.

T

1. Reliance on commitments, conditioning, environmental controls, and support is most likely to happen among people in which stages of the TTM? a. Precontemplation and contemplation b. Action and maintenance c. Consciousness raising and self-reevaluation d. Decisional balance and self-efficacy E. Temptation and termination

b. Action and maintenance

1. Retention is notoriously difficult in behavior change programs. Which strategy helps increase retention? a. Incentives to join the program b. Carefully match tailored intervention to stage of change c. Only enroll participants in the action stage d. Require participants sign a contract to complete the entire program as part of their informed consent Integrate additional Stages of Change models such as the Precaution Adoption Process Model

b. Carefully match tailored intervention to stage of change

1. The following are all assumptions of the Transtheoretical Model EXCEPT? a. Specific processes of change should be emphasized at specific stages b. Intentions always lead to behavior change c. Behavior change is a process that unfolds over time d. Many people are not ready for interventions that are action-oriented e. Once people make a behavior change they are considered in action stage

b. Intentions always lead to behavior change

1. Which of the following is TRUE about the historical development of the Transtheoretical Model? a. It is based on a revised Precaution Adoption Process Model b. It was based on a comparative analysis of over twenty theories of psychotherapy c. It was developed to answer the question of why people change at a time when most theories focused on how people change behavior d. Skinner's Stimulus-Response studies were the foundation of the six stages of change e. It was modeled on the Health Action Process Approach

b. It was based on a comparative analysis of over twenty theories of psychotherapy

1. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) includes six stages of change. A person who does not regularly exercise makes a plan to exercise in the upcoming month. He schedules an appointment to speak with his healthcare provider and joins a fitness center. Which stage of the TTM does this best describe? a. Contemplation b. Preparation c. Action d. Maintenance e. Termination

b. Preparation

1. As people progress from precontemplation to contemplation and action, which of the following is true: a. It is unlikely that an individual who reaches contemplation will return to precontemplation in the future b. The pros associated with taking action increase c. The cons associated with taking action increase d. The pros associated with taking action decrease e. Once action has been maintained for 6 months, the individual moves to the termination stage

b. The pros associated with taking action increase

1. Self-efficacy refers to: a. The weighing of pros and cons of a behavior b. The intensity of urges to engage in a behavior during stressful situations c. Belief that the help of others is not necessary to achieve behavior change d. Confidence about coping with difficult situations without relapse E. Specific overt modifications in lifestyle and resistance of temptation

d. Confidence about coping with difficult situations without relapse