312 Final
When assessing generic employment skills,
C. assessment focuses on the generic employment skills applicable to the specific job.
Age appropriateness refers to the _____ not mental age
Chronological
Attributes and skills that not everyone has and are needed by someone else
Competence
Important consideration when teaching functional skills is whether the skill learned increases _____ and decreases _____
Competence; deviance
Location where the learning objectives are taught bases on preferences
Context (preference assessment)
Info given in response to behavior that has already occurred in an incorrect manner
Correction
Any instructional activity must be judged in terms of how it relates to the:
Criterion of ultimate functioning
Aspects of an individual that cause negative attention
Deviance
Behaviors exhibited are triggered by ________ in the environment and maintained by consequences
Discriminative stimuli
Cues or clues of what to do
Discriminative stimuli
How are learning environments analyzed?
Ecological inventories with task analysis
Cannot substitute one routine for another
Fixed routines
Specific motor act
Form
Starting instruction with first step of task, then adding additional steps until skill is learned
Forward chaining
Outcome of the effect
Function
Type of cue that is movement by teacher to draw attention to natural stimuli
Gestures
Used when target behavior does not yet exist; what is reinforced is some approximation of target behavior
Shaping; Ex. Angelica is learning to feed herself independently. Her teacher starts by using the spoon hand over hand, then moves to touching Angelica's wrist, until Angelica is finally able to pick up her spoon and eat from her bowl independently.
Sampling a variety of community activities may be a way for teachers, parents, and students to find out what activities can be used as reinforcers
True
Which of the following is an example of a functional math skill
Understanding "more than".
Teaching the whole task from start to finish at one time and in one setting
Whole task chaining
Key question when teaching functional skills
Will it be useful in the student's immediate and future environments?
Can a person still partially participate in activities even if they cannot completely participate?
Yes
Is it important for the materials used to be age appropriate for the person?
Yes
The curriculum for students with disabilities in general education classrooms consists of
a mixture of general education and functional curricula.
Functional skills...
are linked to success in different domains.
Starting instruction at the last step and continuing process until back at beginning step
backward chaining
Antecedent stimuli that increase the probability of a correct response is known as a
cue.
Initial info given before behavior occurs
cue/prompt
It is important for learners to develop competence in the domains of:
employment, residential, community living, and recreation/leisure.
Competence is a synonym for doing something well.
false
Prompts are different from cues.
false
Recreation and leisure skills are taught in physical education classes rather than in the community.
false
Teachers should pay attention to correct responses more than to errors.
false
When an event is presented after a response has been preformed that increases the frequency of the behavior it follows, _______________ has occurred.
positive reinforcement
Sheltered work programs focus on
prevocational skills.
Dale wants to work in a restaurant. In order to assess this vocational choice for him, Mr. Green has arranged for Dale to spend a day working at his cousin's restaurant. This experience will give Mr. Green information on Dales skills in the context. This is an example of a
situational assessment.
Aiden is learning to walk to the neighborhood school he attends. His teacher is working with him on what to do when he meets a stranger on his way to or from school. This is an example of
teaching safety skill
Simulated instruction
teaching that is designed to approximate the environment rather than teaching taking place in the actual environment
In vivo instruction
teaching that takes place with real materials in actual environment
Functional academic skills should always be taught in
the criterion environment.
A job analysis is similar to a task analysis.
true
According to the book, inclusive recreation/leisure activities should be considered in addition to Special Olympics.
true
Employment accommodations, modifications, and restructuring are focused on improving the efficiency of all workers at the work site.
true
Instructional programs should focus on skills that reduce deviance and develop competencies
true
Systematic instruction is an evidence-based procedure.
true
The "choose, get, and keep" model is used in supported employment.
true
When thinking about the quality of life for individuals with disabilities, there are six domains that are helpful for understanding and assessment.
true
With young students with disabilities, it should be assumed that they can learn academic skills.
true
Type of cue that specifically states what student should do or ask
verbal
Ms. Flaherty is assessing Regina's vocational skills. She has set up a simulation using materials and tools that are similar to those used in actual jobs. This is an example of a
work sample.
_____________ are triggered by stimuli in the environment and maintained by consequences.
Behaviors
Learning objectives being taught
Scope (ecological inventory)
Order in which learning objectives are taught
Sequence (task analysis)
Purpose of instructional objectives
Serve as measure for students progress and show mastery of skill
Functional reading skills
-Defined as:"reading" visual stimuli that cue the learner what to do in order to complete the task. -If a learner can respond appropriately to visual cues that help with completing a task, then it can be considered functional reading. -When teaching "survival words" or "sight words", it is important that they are taught in context rather than in isolation. (environmental print) -Learners must understand the meaning of words being taught. -Reading for leisure is an important skill for individuals with disabilities.
Advantages of simulated instruction
-Provides repeated practice -More immediate cost effective -Less time consuming -Reduce risk factors -Allow for error correction easily -Reduce embarrassment
Advantages of in vivo instruction
-Realistic setting for skills acquisition -Enhances generalization of skills -More cost effective in long run -Allows for use of naturally occurring cues and corrections
Functional math skills
-The goal of functional math is giving the learner skills to perform math related skills related to money, measurement, and time management. -Most beneficial if it is taught in context. -Money: calculating tips, paying for items, etc. -Measurement: following a recipe, measuring length, etc. -Time: time management (completing work), turning on favorite show at certain time, etc.
Functional writing skills
-This definition has changed as technology has improved. -Pen to paper skills are not as needed. Cell phones can be used for texting and typing using voice recognition systems. -When deciding what skills to teach, the teacher must look at the environmental demands rather than traditional writing skills. -Writing skills are important, but the use of updated technology has contributed to more "writing" success for individuals with disabilities.
Guidlines for simulation
-Use community performance data to monitor and make changes related to errors student makes. -Make sure there are concentrated and repeated practice of errors that are made. -Allow for simulated instruction/practice before in vivo instruction occurs.
Steps for teaching functional academics
-Using person-centered planning to determine strengths and weaknesses. -Identify current and future environments. -Conduct ecological inventory. -List functional academics needed for independence. -Label objects in environment to connect words to objects. -Systematically teach words that require action along with specific behaviors. -Identify and provide assistive technology. -Promote and assess generalization and maintenance.
Methods of recording instructional data
-frequency -duration -latency -interval
6 quality of life domains
1. Physical well-being 2. Material well-being 3. Social well-being 4. Productive well-being 5. Emotional well-being 6. Civic well-being
5 steps of ecological inventory
1. dentify curriculum domains 2. Identify current and future environments 3. Breakdown into sub-environments 4. Identify relevant activities 5. Identify skills required, complete a task analysis
3 types of errors
1. initiation 2. discrimination 3. response
5 components of inclusion
1. physical: proximity to other without disabilities 2. social: personal interactions 3. relationships: ongoing social interactions 4. Social networks: repeated social contact with same group 5. academic: access to normalized education and social activities within school
Learning to use an ATM is an important community financial skill to learn. Why is using an ATM a great instructional objective?
A. Accounts can be accessed in many settings. B. ATMs are available in multiple locations. C. Many ATMs allow the user to make deposits and withdrawals.
Ms. Clark has been teaching Steven to recognize letters since kindergarten. He is now in the third grade and cannot recognize more than 4 letters. How should Ms. Clark proceed with Steven?
A. Continue to include literacy goals in his IEP. B. Spend more time teaching functional academics. C. Continue teaching letter recognition.
Mr. Umberto has been working on sight words with David. When David sees the words "Home Address" he can say them aloud. Based on this what should Mr. Umberto do next?
A. See if David understands the words and knows how to respond. B. Provide many opportunities to practice reading the words, until David reaches automaticity. C. Check for maintenance of the reading skills.
Modifications in employment settings include
A. changing what people do at the job site. B. changing expectations. C. creating different standards for employees with and without disabilities.
Generic employment skills include
A. communication skills. B. self-care and appearance skills. C. socialization skills.
When choosing academic goals for individuals with disabilities, the IEP team should consider
A. how quickly the learner has mastered other skills. B. student and parent preferences. Incorrect C. current and future academic needs.
The authors of the textbook suggest that preacademic skills not be taught to older students and adults with severe disabilities because
A. it may take too long to teach the skills. B. the skills may not be useful in adulthood. C. the skills may not be age appropriate
Benefits of small group instruction include
A. observational learning. B. learning of social skills. C. efficiency in instructional delivery.
For many learners competence is
A. the result of systematic instruction.
Vocational assessments focus on
A. work habits and attitudes. B. support needs. C. effective instructional and support strategies.
When a student makes a response error, what should the teacher do?
A.Increase intensity and frequency of reinforcer. B. identify cues to ensure correct responding. C. present examples in cumulative sequence.
Partial participation should be:
Active
Data are useless unless they are ______
Analyzed
The goal of functional academics is to
B. improve independent functioning.
When using community-based instruction
B. simulated instruction should replicate stimuli and response demands of the actual situation.
Partial participation can be attained through
B. using personal assistance. C. using or developing materials and devices. D. altering skill sequences.
Number one reason for teaching functional skills
Increase interaction with peers without disabilities in school and community settings
Valued outcomes for individuals with disabilities
Independence, productivity, and integration
Functional skills should be ________and ____________
Meaningful and valuable
Type of cue that shows student what to do
Modeling
Functional skills being taught in inclusive educational settings will require______________
Modifications and accommodations
Lucy has a tendency to have tantrums when she does not get her way. Her teacher, Ms. Martin has decided that when Lucy tantrums she will take go into the hall with Ms. Martin and they will discuss the tantrum and more appropriate strategies for Lucy to use. After a week of implementing this procedure, Lucy is having more tantrums than ever. What is the BEST explanation for this?
Ms. Martin's tantrum intervention was a reinforcer for Lucy's tantrum
Consider what is important in a normal environment and allow opportunities for individuals with disabilities to learn these skills
Normalization
Type of cue that could be full physical conditioning
Physical guidance
Always consider ______ when doing an ecological inventory
Preferences and interests
2 most common errors occur because:
Previously learned something incorrectly or incomplete instruction
How well a person's life is going and if they are satisfied with life
Quality of life
functional skills should be taught in ____ environments
Real
Any activities a person engages in throughout the day
Routine
Functional skills use ______ instruction
Systematic
the amount of response time between the cue and the prompt allows students to process information and provide correct response.
Time delay strategy
Purpose of ecological inventories
To analyze demands and structure of environment in order to plan and implement instruction
General goal of functional skills
To enhance a person's capacity to function successfully in the community
Ultimate goal of instruction
To teach functional skills that improve quality of life of individual
