323 ORAL
When can you log currency at nighttime?
1 hour after sunset and 1 hour before sunrise
What documents are in the red bag in the back seat of the Archer?
Aspen manual G1000/GPS manual SP&Ps POH for aircraft
When does an ELT need to be replaced?
At 1/2 battery life or after 1 hour of continuous use
How long do you keep maintenance records?
At least 1 year or until superceded
Different way to pressurize aircraft
Bleed air, superchargers, turbochargers
Warm front
A warm front forms when a warm (lower pressure) air mass pushes into a cooler air mass. Warm fronts often bring stormy weather and showery precipitation as the warm air mass at the surface rises above the cool air mass, making clouds and storms. Warm fronts move more slowly (often unstable) than cold fronts because it is more difficult for the warm air to push the cold, dense air across the Earth's surface > a warm front is represented by a solid red line with red, filled-in semicircles
How long can you overfly 100-hr inspection?
10 hours, solely to get to the location of the inspection
Oxygen requirements for non-pressurized aircraft
12,500 - over 30 min crew must be on oxygen 14,000 - all crew members 15,000 - oxygen must be provided to everyone on board whether they choose to use it or not
Cold front
A cold front is the leading edge of a cooler mass of (more dense) air at ground level that replaces a warmer (less dense) mass of air and lies within a pronounced surface trough of low pressure. They move fast, up to twice as fast as a warm front. As the cold front passes, winds become gusty. There is a sudden drop in temperature, and also heavy rain, sometimes with hail, thunder, and lightning > represented by a solid blue line with filled-in triangles
Pressure Demand
A pressure-demand system forces pressurized oxygen into your lungs as you breathe. The high pressure is combined with 100% oxygen. Since the system forces air into your lungs under pressure, you'll need to force it back out as you exhale. > Up to FL450/500
Anti/de-ice types
ANTI - type 4 glycol, heated edge DE - type 1 glycol, TKS fluid, pneumatic boots, heated edge
What is flight following?
ATC will monitor your flight in real time and may provide weather and airspace advisories, , assist with diversions, and traffic avoidance
Additional Commercial License Privileges
Aerial photography Banner towing Crop dusting Ferry flights Firefighting Parachute jumping Pipeline patrol
ADs vs SBs
Airworthiness Directives are produced by the FAA and are mandatory Service Bulletins are produced by the manufacturer and are suggested
What are the required inspections for aircraft?
Annual - 12 mo VOR - 30 days 100 hr Altimeter - 24 mo Transponder - 24 mo ELT - 12 mo
What are some oxygen deliver systems and their effective altitudes
Continuous flow Diluter demand Pressure demand
Type of fog
Convection Advection Upslode Radiation
Night VFR equipment reqs
Fuses Landing light Anti-collision light Position lights Source of electrical power
Surface Analysis Charts
Every 3 hours They depict fronts, pressure centers, troughs and ridges, and station observations
How is lift produced?
High pressure underneath, low pressure on top
Radar Summary Charts
Hourly Displays areas of precipitation, type, intensity, coverage, and cell movement
What are the 4 types of hypoxia?
Hypoxic - Insufficient oxygen available to lungs. Caused by lack of oxygen Hypemic - Lack of bloods ability to transport sufficient oxygen to cells. Caused by Carbon Monoxide Histotoxic - Inability of cells to effectively use oxygen. Caused by alcohol Stagnant - Oxygen-rich blood in the lungs is not moving. Caused by G-forces
Fuel requirements
FAA day - 30 min at cruise night - 45 min at cruise UND day & night - 45 min at criuse
What documents must be visible in aircraft to passengers?
Federal Registration Airworthiness - both on baggage compartment wall
What is differential pressure?
Difference in pressure between the cabin and outside
Precautions when using supplemental oxygen systems
Keep 3 ft. away from heat sources, smoke, alcoholic solutions, hairspray, etc
What documents must be on board for aircraft to be airworthy?
M...MEL A...Airworthiness R...Registration R...Radio Operating License (if international) O...POH W...Weight & Balance G...G1000 manual
Different types of stability?
Neutral - if disturbed, object stays at the level of disturbance Positive - if disturbed, object slowly goes back to where it was Negative - if disturbed, object slowly continues further form original position
Can a 100 hour supersede an annual inspecton?
No
For an MEL, what is an O procedure? What is an M procedure?
O = operator can fix issue M = maintenance pro/mechanic must fix it
Commercial Privileges & Limitations 61.133
PRIVILEGES - may act as PIC carrying persons/property for compensation or hire LIMITATIONS: - may not fly passengers/property for comp/hire more than 50 NM OR at night without instrument rating - cannot offer Pt 121/135 services or hold out - must have more than 3rd class med to fly for hire
What flight control controls movement about each axis?
Pitch - lateral Bank - Longitudinal Yaw - Vertical
How does a basic pressurization system work?
Pressure relief valve
What work can you as the pilot perform on the aircraft?
Preventive maintenance (i.e. changing oil, airing up a tire, changing a tire or seat belt, etc)
What is the minimum medical required to act as a commercial pilot?
Second class
Left turning tendencies
Torque P-factor Spiraling slipstream Gyroscopic precessionWh
How long is a Special Flight Permit valid?
Up to the FSDO, normally 1-2 days
On preflight you find something inoperative, what do you do?
Verify 91.213 1. VFR day equipment reqs / ATOMATOFLAMES 2. Airworthiness Directives (FAA website) 3. (Day) type certificate data sheet (FAA website) 4. Kinds of Operations List (POH - section 2)
Why would you need a Special Flight Permit?
When an aircraft does not currently meet airworthiness requirements but is capable of safe flight
When can you legally log PIC time? 61.51
Sole manipulator Final Authority
Common vs. Private carriage
Someone wants to hire you to fly an aircraft that they are renting? LEGAL, dry lease You place an ad at your FBO offering transport for hire in your aircraft... NOT LEGAL, wet lease
Occluded front
Sometimes a cold front follows right behind a warm front. A warm air mass pushes into a colder air mass (the warm front), and then another cold air mass pushes into the warm air mass (the cold front). Because cold fronts move faster, the cold front is likely to overtake the warm front. This is known as an occluded front. Occluded fronts usually form around areas of low atmospheric pressure. There is often precipitation along an occluded front from cumulonimbus or nimbostratus clouds. Wind changes direction as the front passes and the temperature either warms or cools. After the front passes, the sky is usually clearer, and the air is drier. > purple alternating semi-circles and triangles
Upslope
moist air forced up terrain and cooled
What are the 3 basic ingredients required for a thunderstorm to form?
moisture unstable air lifting action
SIGMETs
non convective weather potentially hazardous for all aircraft, 4 hours valid - Severe icing - Severe/extreme turbulence - Dust storms - Volcanic Ash
P-factor
downward (left side) moving prop takes bigger "bite" of air causing it to turn left
If you had an MEL, how would the process be different?
You would solely use the MEL
TAFs
every 4 hours valid 24 hour within 5 miles
3 ways to store oxygen in airplanes?
gas liquid chemical reaction
What are some symptoms of hypoxia?
headache, shortness of breath, fast heartbeat, coughing, confusion
How do higher temps affect aircraft performance?
higher temps mean less dense air and less lift
Define Common Carriage
holding out of a willingness to transport persons or property from place to place for compensation or hire
What type of drag increases with airspeed?
parasite
How do we de-frost at UND? *not de-ice
de-frost fluid, 30 min holdover... Archer has pitot heat and defroster
What type of drag decreases with airspeed?
induced
What is hypoxia?
lack of oxygen in the body
Glaze
large supercooled water droplets, clear, difficult to remove, slowly freeze, MORE DANGEROUS
AIRMETs
potentially hazardous to smaller aircraft, valid 6 hours T - turbulence Z - icing S - IFR conditions
What inspections does UND use?
progressive / 4 phases (every 60 flight hours)
In pressurized aircraft what does 'cabin altitude' mean?
the altitude or pressure of the air that the passengers are breathing; controlled by outflow valve
Torque
the engine spinning the prop right puts pressure on the left side of the aircraft and left wheel causing the plane to want to turn left
What is a pressure relief valve?
the valve that controls the outflow to maintain cabin pressure
Medical Certificates
under 40 v over 40 1st....12, 6 2nd....12, 12 3rd....60, 24
SPECI
unscheduled report
Convective SIGMETs
valid 2 hours - severe thunderstorms due to: winds 50+ knots hail greater than 3/4 in - tornados - embedded thunderstormed + always implies severe/greater turbulence, severe icing, low level wind shear
Advection
warm moist air over cold surface
Difference between a wet and dry lease
wet lease = aircraft and crew come together (part 121 & 135) dry lease = aircraft and crew are separate (part 91)
What must be documented when you do preventive maintenance?
work done, date, signature, rating/cert #
How to obtain a Special Flight Permit?
Call the local FSDO, the closest is in Fargo
Inflight weather?
1800wxbrief ATIS/ASOS/AWOS Flight Service
Acceptable weather sources for preflight planning
1800wxbrief Aviation Weather
How to activate and close a VFR flight plan?
1800wxbrief.com Flight Service
How do you maintain currency?
3 takeoffs and landings in last 90 days BFR bi-annual flight review
When would you be required to hold a type rating as a commercial pilot?
Flying aircraft over 12,500 lb
What limitations do you have on your Commercial ASEL cert after this check?
NO high performance high altitude complex tailwheel multi-engine
Preflight actions
NOTAMs Weather Known ATC delays Runaway lengths Alternates Fuel Requirements Takeoff/landing distances
Be familiar with Weather data
National Weather Service Flight Service Aviation Weather
What is the definition of PIC? 91.3
PIC is DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE and the FINAL AUTHORITY as to the operation of the flight
Weather observations
PIREPs NOTAMs AIRMETs SIGMETs
What happens to your first class medical after 14 months?
Reverts to 3rd class
Types of icing
Rime Glaze Mix
Can you fly with inoperative equipment if not on the list?
Yes, but you must placard it or remove/disable it
Do we have radar in the Archer?
Yes, the G1000 has radar but it has a 5-15 min delay
Rime
small supercoolect water droplets, opaque, rough, quickly freeze, lower temps
Basic Med Pt. 68
- No more than 6 passengers - MTOW no more than 6,000 lbs - Less than 250 knots - Not for compensation or hire - Less than 18,000' MSL
Stationary front
A stationary front forms when a cold front or warm front stops moving. This happens when two masses of air are pushing against each other, but neither is powerful enough to move the other. Winds blowing parallel to the front instead of perpendicular can help it stay in place.
VFR Day Equipment Reqs
Anti-collision lights Tachometer Oil pressure gauge Manifold pressure gauge Altimeter Temperature Oil temperature Fuel level Landing gear Airspeed Magnetic heading ELT Seat belts
What flight time are you required to log in your logbook as a commercial pilot?
Currency and training for another cert/rating
How to read PIREPs
Find on AWC Arrow is TURB; Pitchfork (?) is ICING Green is light Orange is Light-Moderate Red is Moderate-Severe UA is routine; UAA is urgent OV is navaid or airport followed by heading and distance from TM is time in Zulu FL flight level TP type of aircraft TA temperature SK/WX/TB/IC sky coverage, weather, turbulence, icing
How to read Winds Aloft charts
First two numbers are the wind direction Second two numbers are the wind speed Third set of two numbers is temperature (everything above 24000 is negative) If wind is above 99 knots, 50 will be added to the wind direction and 100 will be subtracted from the wind speed 9900 = winds are light and variable
Diluter demand
Gives the user oxygen on-demand (during inhalation) and stops the flow when the demand ceases (during exhalation). Less wasteful. Additionally, the incoming oxygen is diluted with cabin air and provides the proper percentage of oxygen, depending on the altitude. > Up to 40,000
if you are operating an aircraft as a commercial operation, what documents must you carry on your person?
Gov issued ID Medical Pilot's License
3 axis of aircraft
Lateral Longitudinal Vertical
Types of weather briefings
Standard - most flights Outlook - 6+ hours away Abbreviated - added info, updates TIBS - telephone information briefing service
How many registrations does the Archer have?
State - in binder (valid 1 year) Federal - wall of baggage compartment (valid 3 years)
Continuous flow
This system delivers a continuous flow of oxygen from the storage container whether you're inhaling, exhaling, or pausing in between breaths. It's rather wasteful. This system is typically used at 25,000 feet and lower > Up to 18,000 with a cannula > Up to 25,000 with re-breather mask (typically turboprops)
Radiation
calm, clear nights with no wind; the ground cools and surrounding air reaches the dew point
Benefits of pressurized aircraft
can fly higher (out of weather, better fuel per hour) prevents hypoxia removes stale air
