3.3-3.4 Ap Euro

David Ricardo

"Iron Law of Wages"-wealthy English stockbroker and leading economist-coldly spelled out the pessimistic implications of Malthus's thought-his iron law of wages stated that because of the pressure of pop. growth, wages would always sin to subsistence level. With more food came more children, neverending cycle.

Nationalism

"the bonding of a people by a common language, history, traditions, beliefs, and goals" love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

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Karl lueger

-The popular mayor of Vienna -Combined severe Anti-Semitic rhetoric with municipal ownership of basic services, and he appealed especially to the German-speaking lower middle class

public housing

-many families rented homes -apartment living was commonplace -the upper middle class purchased country places or built beach houses for weekend and summer use

Female suffrage

1. Although women's suffrage commanded wide attention, it achieved few successes. In 1900, no country in Europe allowed women the right to vote. 2. Led by Emmeline Pankhust, British women waged an aggressive campaign for women's suffrage. 3. During WWI, millions of women replaced men in factories, offices, and shops. 4. In 1918, Parliament granted the suffrage to women over the age of 30.

Dreyfus Affair

1894 Controversy surrounding the trial of Captain Alfred Dreyfus He was an Alsatian Jewish army officer accused of selling military secrets to Germany He was tried and convicted of treason This sparked xenophobia—the hatred of foreigners, especially Germans at this time—and anti-semitism

liberals

19th century tend to focus on being secular and they tend to focus on the idea of progress and that progress is the goal of a society

georges sorel

A French socialist who thought there socialism would come from a general strike of all workers that would cripple the capitalist system. Thought that socialism was an improbable religion rather than accepted truth. Thought that the new socialist governments would not be democratic, rather controlled by a small revolutionary elite. He did not like democracy.

Anarchism

A political movement based on rejection of extant political systems Most prominent in less industrialized western nations

john stewart mill

Argued that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain

Theodor Herzl

Austrian Jew Founder of Zionism—political solution to anti-semitism Wrote The Jewish State in 1896 in which he concluded that Jews must have a state of their own in Palestine

Meternich

Austrian ruler and leader of the Congress of Vienna , Influenced European politics so strongly, this time period is known as the Age of Metternich

Anti corn law league

British tariffs on imported grain that protected the price of grain grown within the British Isles.

Fredrich engles

Cowrote the communist manifesto and the Condition of the Working Class in England after being sent there to run a factory (in Manchester). Sympathized with proletariat and is one of the most important communist philosophers

Modern police force

Created by Tory rime minister Robert peel who restructured penal codes in England

Laissez Faire

Definition: Laissez-faire is an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from government restrictions, tariffs, and subsidies, with only enough regulations to protect property rights. Significance: Laissez-faire is significant because it promoted free trade which in the modern day is a common thing.

Josephine Butler

English reformer who challenged the Contagious Diseases Acts in order to protect the livelihood and rights of women.

german social democrats

For a short time in charge of affairs in Germany. Considered revisionist Marxists because in 1918 they were cautious and conservative, anxious to preserve what they had already and didn't want to launch new social experiments. Before 1917 well to the left, but with Communism became considered more and more right

henry de saint simon

French social theorist who was a chief founder of Christian socialism. In his major work Nouveau Christianisme he proclaimed a brotherhood of man that must accompany the scientific organization of industry and society.

Thomas Malthus

In his Essay on the Principles of Population, he claimed that the population grows faster than resources can manage to keep up with, which causes overpopulation and starvation if not controlled. Misery and poverty were results of nature, and the government should not try to prevent these as they were simply ways of life.

Christain socialists

Insisted that churches tackle modern social issues, socialism the natural outcome of Christianity

mikhail bakunin

Member of the Russian nobility Avid spokesman for anarchism Thought violence would achieve individual liberation Broke away from Karl Marx whom he considered a scientific Bourgeois Socialist

Rosa luxembourg

Polish socialist living in Germany. Went to prison for her efforts to turn more members of the party against the war. Became bolder near the end of the war.

british women's social and political union

Social reform Biggest in Germany Wanted unions to have separate spheres for men and women Family wage to support a home Some believed in militarism to break social reform

Zionism

Solution to what Jewish intellectuals called "The Jewish Problem" Theodor Herzl, 1860-1904, under his direction Jews moved to Palestine. Freud predicted conflict Israel was recognized as a nation in 1948

emmeline pankhurst

Succeeded in keeping womens' suffrage before the British public and brought plight of British women to international attention Advocated violence against personal property

british labour arty

Supported trade unions Had 29 seats in Parliament by 1906 launched by the Trades Unions Congress in Parliament that had goals as trade unionists that did not yet include socialism. The Conservative Party feared losing seats in Parliament to the party, and they restored former protection of the unions in the stead of the party.

Jeremy Bentham

Taught that public problems ought to be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis and according to the "greatest good for the greatest number" -Believed that disease and death actually caused poverty because a sick worker was an unemployed worker and orphaned children were poor children

popular sovereignty

The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government

Conservatism

a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes

conservatives

This was the political idea in which the people regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution which rested on a judicious blend on monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners

August bebel

Under the direction of its two Marxist leaders, Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel, the German Social Democratic Party, espoused revolutionary Marxist rhetoric while organizing itself as a mass political party competing in elections for the Reichstag, German parliament.

British abolisionist movement

What: Abolition movement in Britain; women important because highlight immorality of human bondage and cruel treatment of female slaves and families; bent to mass public opinion Where: England When: Late 1780s-early1800s

Robert Owen

a leader of the unions movement. Believed in creating associations to show benefits of cooperative living over competitive living. Directed plans for the formation of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union that protested a strike for the eight-hour working day. (1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

Socialism

a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.

Liberalism

an economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard. supported the Enlightenment ideas of increased personal liberty and free trade in economics.

flora tristan

combined socialism and feminism and advocated complete equality of men and women in the Women's union (1845) in order to achieve true economic equality (soc'ism). She was ignored and socialist men remained trad'l in their views on women.

Charles Fourier

extreme socialist that wanted to create communes called 'Phalansteries' with work for the benefit of all. Believed in male dominance was oppressive, marriage was like prostitution, and homosexuality was ok. Had crazier ideas too—sea→lemonade? North pole-→tropical? (1772-1844)

edmund burke

father of modern conservatism. noted for his emphasis on tradition supported absolutism against revolutionary ideas

giuseppe mazzini

founded Giovine Italia (Young Italy) a movement dedicated to securing "for Italy Unity, Independence, and Liberty."

anti Semitism

hatred of jews throughout Europe

economic liberalism

idea that economies should be completely free, based on Adam Smith's THe Wealth of Nation

Mass politics

male suffrage was the rule, welfare state emerged (Ger first), gov often led by conservatives

socialists

people advocating state ownership of industry

chartists

reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrag; the secret ballot; and payment for membes of Parliament, so that even workingmen could afford to enter politics. this group supported a document called the people's charter.

Individual rights

rights awarded to an individual rather than a community or group

Marxism

the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded

joseph de maistre

the most influential spokesman for a counterrevolutionary and authoritarian conservatism; espoused the restoration of hereditary monarchy, which he regarded as divinely sanctioned; only absolute monarchy could guarantee 'order in society'

temperance movement

• Middle Class Women who wanted to ban alcohol • Corruption and violence • Catholics and Protestants alike participated in the temperance movement; fight the "pestilence of hard liquor;" temperance advocates saw drunkness as a sign of moral weakness and a threat to social order; industrialists pointed to the loss of worker productivity, and efforts to promote temperance often reflected middle and upper class fears of the lower classes' lack of discipline