35-37, 39

Plants and animals respond differently to the environment. Which statement most accurately compares the responses of plants and animals to changes in their environment? Animals are better able to detect changes in their environment than plants because animals have sense organs, which plants lack. Animals are more responsive to changes in their environment than plants. Animals tend to respond to changes in their environment by movement; plants tend to respond to changes in their environment by growth.

Animals tend to respond to changes in their environment by movement; plants tend to respond to changes in their environment by growth.

Least Mature Cells

Apical Meristem

Where does the majority of stem growth in a plant occur? Both the apical meristem and lateral branches. Axillary buds. Apical meristem. Lateral branches.

Apical meristem.

How does auxin produce phototropism? Auxin accumulates in cells on the side of the plant opposite the source of light and stimulates their elongation. Auxin accumulates in cells on the side of the plant facing the source of light and causes them to shorten. Auxin accumulates in cells on the side of the plant opposite the source of light and causes them to shorten. Auxin accumulates in cells on the side of the plant facing the source of light and stimulates their elongation.

Auxin accumulates in cells on the side of the plant opposite the source of light and stimulates their elongation.

How does auxin produce gravitropism in a plant that is placed on its side? Auxin accumulates on the side of the leaf opposite the sunlight and stimulates elongation of cells in that region. Auxin accumulates on the side of the leaf opposite the sunlight and inhibits elongation of cells in that region. Auxin accumulates on the lower surface of the root and stimulates elongation of cells in that region. Auxin accumulates on the lower surface of the root and inhibits elongation of cells in that region.

Auxin accumulates on the lower surface of the root and inhibits elongation of cells in that region.

In roots the _____ forces water and solutes to pass through the plasma membranes of _____ cells before entering the _____. Casparian strip ... endodermis ... phloem transpiration ... endodermis ... xylem xylem ... endodermis ... Casparian strip Casparian strip ... endodermis ... xylem Casparian strip ... ectoderm ... xylem

Casparian strip ... endodermis ... xylem

What is the physical basis of the phototropic response? Cell shortening. Cell elongation. Photosynthesis. Cell transport.

Cell elongation.

Most Mature Cells

Differentiated

True or false? Auxin is asymmetrically distributed in shoots because the auxin on the side of the plant facing the source of light is destroyed. True False

False

True or false? Primary growth can occur at both the apical and lateral meristems at the tips of the roots and stems in a plant. True False

False

_____ cells are the cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata, thus playing a role in regulating transpiration. Guard Casparian strip Sieve-tube member Companion Tracheid

Guard

Which of the following statements about hormones is true? Hormones are produced at the sites where they are needed. Hormones are small inorganic molecules. Hormones can function at very low concentrations. Hormones are produced only in plants.

Hormones can function at very low concentrations.

_____ bonds are responsible for the cohesion of water molecules. Nonpolar covalent Peptide Ionic Hydrogen Polar covalent

Hydrogen

Which of the following statements about the vascular cambium is true? It is located between the primary xylem and cortex. It is a type of apical meristem. It is a layer of undifferentiated cells that develops into secondary xylem and phloem. It develops into cork cells on the outside of the cortex.

It is a layer of undifferentiated cells that develops into secondary xylem and phloem.

If a wide-spectrum fungicide that kills all fungal species were used extensively in a forest, what effects would you expect the treatment to have on the forest vegetation? It would benefit plants by killing off fungal pathogens. It would harm the few plants that benefit from mutualistic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi. It would greatly reduce the ability of most plants to take up water and minerals from soil.

It would greatly reduce the ability of most plants to take up water and minerals from soil.

Which term describes the direction of auxin transport in a plant? Multidirectional. Polar. Circular. Bidirectional.

Polar.

____________ is the method by which roots and shoots are elongated in all vascular plants.

Primary Growth

_____________ is accomplished by groups of undifferentiated cells at the tips of the roots and shoots called _________ meristems.

Primary Growth; Apical

Middle Cells

Primary Meristem

Which of the following parts of a plant remains on the plant even after several years of growth? Primary xylem Primary phloem Epidermis Cortex

Primary xylem

Which structure determines the direction of root growth by sensing gravity? Root hairs Root cap Mucigel Pith

Root cap

___________ is the method by which woody plants grow in thickness.

Secondary Growth

____________ is accomplished by two cylinders of dividing cells called ________ meristems.

Secondary Growth; Lateral

Which of the following statements about secondary growth is true? The oldest secondary vascular cells (xylem or phloem) are the farthest from the vascular cambium layer. The lateral meristems add to the thickness of roots and shoots, but the cambium layers do not increase in circumference. Due to the single direction of growth produced by the cork cambium, the oldest cork cells are closest to the cork cambium. The vascular cambium and cork cambium start actively dividing only after primary growth in that area of a root or shoot has stopped.

The oldest secondary vascular cells (xylem or phloem) are the farthest from the vascular cambium layer. The vascular cambium and cork cambium start actively dividing only after primary growth in that area of a root or shoot has stopped.

Other than the transport of materials, what is another function that vascular tissue performs in a leaf? See Concept 35.1 (Page 760) The tissue contains the cells that perform photosynthesis. The tissue stores sugars produced by photosynthesis. The tissue contains a labyrinth of air spaces that allows for gas exchange. The tissue regulates the opening and closing of pores in stomata complexes. The tissue functions as a skeleton that reinforces the shape of the leaf.

The tissue functions as a skeleton that reinforces the shape of the leaf.

Why do plants need secondary growth? To produce new leaves To produce a more extensive root system To grow taller To provide structural support for the plant

To provide structural support for the plant

_____ provide(s) the major force for the movement of water and solutes from roots to leaves. Bulk flow Translocation Root pressure Transpiration Transfer cells

Transpiration

True or false? Plant growth involves both the production of new cells by mitosis and the expansion of cell volume. True False

True

The majority of growth in width is due to increases in the number of cells added by the _______ cambium.

Vascular

Which of the following is not a type of primary meristematic cell found in apical meristems? Procambium Ground meristem Protoderm Vascular cambium

Vascular cambium

Mycorrhizae enhance plant nutrition mainly by stimulating the development of root hairs. providing sugar to root cells, which have no chloroplasts. enabling the roots to parasitize neighboring plants. converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. absorbing water and minerals through the fungal hyphae.

absorbing water and minerals through the fungal hyphae.

trans

across

inter

among, between

peri

around

fer

bear, carry

cyte

cell

The mature region in which the apical meristem cells were grafted will

form a new shoot

plasm

formed substance

chloro

green

scler

hard

The primary growth of a plant adds _____ and secondary growth adds _____. See Concept 35.2 (Page 764) height ... branching branching ... flowers height ... girth branching ... girth girth ... height

height ... girth

Root hairs are important to a plant because they _____. See Concept 35.1 (Page 757) help the root slide between soil particles develop into lateral roots increase the surface area for absorption protect the plant from soil microbes protect the plant from freezing

increase the surface area for absorption

endo

inside

The sundew plant has to digest insects because _____. See Concept 37.3 (Page 816) it has lost the ability to perform photosynthesis its flowers are fertilized by pollen in its digestive tract it's a method of self-cleaning to rid the plants of insects that get stuck in the plant it lives in a dry environment and uses moisture from the insects' bodies it obtains nitrogen from their bodies that it cannot get from the soil

it obtains nitrogen from their bodies that it cannot get from the soil

mega

large

phyll

leaf

bio

life

photo

light

meso

middle

stoma

mouth

The relationship between legumes and Rhizobium is _____. See Concept 37.3 (Page 812) predatory mutualistic commensalistic competitive parasitic

mutualistic

Mutualistic associations between roots and soil fungi are called _____. See Concept 37.3 (Page 815) View Available Hint(s) cation exchange mycorrhizae Casparian strips nitrogen fixation phytoremediators

mycorrhizae

Which of the following is an adaptation that enhances the uptake of water and minerals by roots? cavitation rhythmic contractions by cortical cells active uptake by vessel elements pumping through plasmodesmata mycorrhizae

mycorrhizae

Which of these are symbiotic associations? apoplasts mycorrhizae root hairs Casparian strips symplast

mycorrhizae

neutr

neutral

The inorganic nutrient most often lacking in crops is __________. nitrogen carbon phosphorus potassium

nitrogen

The shoot region in which the apical meristem cells were removed will

no longer be capable of growing in length

mono

one, single

cortex

outer layer

epi

outside

phyte

plant

Epiphytes are fungi that form mutualistic associations with roots. plants that grow on other plants. nonphotosynthetic parasitic plants. fungi that attack plants. plants that capture insects.

plants that grow on other plants

Heartwood and sapwood consist of secondary xylem. bark. secondary phloem. periderm. cork.

secondary xylem.

derm

skin

micro

small

Photosynthesis ceases when leaves wilt, mainly because stomata close, preventing CO2 from entering the leaf. photolysis, the water-splitting step of photosynthesis, cannot occur when there is a water deficiency. flaccid mesophyll cells are incapable of photosynthesis. accumulation of CO2 in the leaf inhibits enzymes. the chlorophyll in wilting leaves is degraded.

stomata close, preventing CO2 from entering the leaf.

gen

that which produces

Two groups of tomatoes were grown under laboratory conditions, one with humus added to the soil and one a control without humus. The leaves of the plants grown without humus were yellowish (less green) compared with those of the plants grown in humus-enriched soil. The best explanation for this difference is that the heat released by the decomposing leaves of the humus caused more rapid growth and chlorophyll synthesis. the healthy plants absorbed chlorophyll from the humus. the humus contained minerals such as magnesium and iron, needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll. the healthy plants used the food in the decomposing leaves of the humus for energy to make chlorophyll. the humus made the soil more loosely packed, so water penetrated more easily to the roots.

the humus contained minerals such as magnesium and iron, needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll.

co

together

apic

top, highest

Thigmotropism is a movement in response to _____. See Concept 39.4 (Page 859) temperature chemicals touch light gravity

touch

trop

turn

di

two

hypo

under, below