40 Hour Haz Waste

Exposures to Multiple Chemicals

Workers are often exposed to more than one chemical at a time. The chemicals may or may not cause damage to the same target organ. If they do, the combination of effects may be either additive or synergistic. In an additive effect, each chemical produces some effect and the total damage from all chemicals would be roughly equal to the sum of the effects. It may be represented by the equation: 2 + 2 = 4 However, in some cases, the mixed chemicals produce a much greater response then would be expected from simply adding the effects of all of the chemicals. Such a response is called a synergistic response and might be represented by the equation: 2 + 2 = 8

Containment

- involves approaching a leaking container and plugging, patching, or somehow stopping the leak.

Type A Soil

3/4

OPA

Oil Pollution Act 1990 Purpose: • Strengthen and update regulations to prevent oil spills after the Exxon Valdez disaster. Method: • Regulations to prevent oil from reaching navigable waters and adjoining shorelines, and to contain discharges of oil. The regulation requires these facilities to develop and implement Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plans and establishes procedures, methods, and equipment requirements.

Gloves:

The hands are vulnerable to many different hazards. The OSHA Hand Protection Standard (29 CFR 1910.138) requires that the employer select and enforce the use of appropriate hand protection when they might be exposed to any of these hazards: •Chemical exposure •Severe cuts or lacerations •Severe abrasions •Punctures •Thermal burns •Cold exposure

Toxin:

This word means the chemical can cause health effects. It is often used as part of a longer word with a prefix describing the part of the body the chemical harms.

TLV

Threshold Limit Value 8 hours recommendation not enforce

1910.120 (p)

Treatment, Storage, Disposal Facility Operations

Mask color: white

acid gas

red

acid gas

Mask color yellow

acid gases & organic vapors

red

acid gases ammonia gas

EMPLOYER'S COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM

• HAZWOPER requires the employer to write a comprehensive safety and health program covering all employees involved in cleanup operations. [1910.120(b)] This program must be designed to: 1. Identify, evaluate and control site hazards, and 2. Provide for emergency response during site operations, at any site on which the employees work

•Facepiece type

• Half mask • Full facepiece

Role of OSHA

• Promulgating (Creating) Standards • Enforcing Standards • Education and information dissemination • Compliance assistance

Photoionization Detector - PID

• Readout - PPM • UV light ionizes (charges) contaminant molecules and creates electrical current • Not selective - responds to small concentrations of a variety of chemicals • UV lamp strength (usually 10.6 eV) must be greater than the ionization potential (IP) of contaminant

Colorimetric Detector Tubes

• Readout - PPM (sometimes %) • Color change when chemical reagent in tube reacts with a chemical or group of chemicals in air. • Volume of air sample controlled by pump strokes, so concentration can be measured • "Semi-quantitative" with ± 25% error allowed • Other (cross-sensitive) chemicals can cause false positive

Multigas Meters - Specific Toxic Sensors

• Readout - parts per million (PPM) • Sensors are selective and similar to oxygen sensor • Instrument has alarms set at OEL for the chemical • Usually measures 8-hour and short term (15-minute) time-weighted averages

CONTROLLING RELEASES OF SOLUBLE MATERIALS

• Recover entire flow • Pump and treat • Chemical treatment in place

Explosives

• Self Reactives • Organic Peroxides

Lighter Than Water

• Underflow dam • Sorbent boom • Filter fence

Key Personnel

•Entry Supervisor •Attendant •Entrant

Class 2 Gases

•Gas at normal temperature and pressure •Shipped and stored under pressure

Hazards of Noise:

•Hearing Loss •Startling or annoyance •Interference with communication

Class 4 Flammable Solid

•Ignite without ignition source •Ignite when wet •Burn at very high temperatures

Step 5 - Implement Completed JSAs

•New employee orientation •Refresher training for seasoned employees •Regulatory training •Training for infrequent jobs •Periodic safety meeting topics

Advantages of Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA):

•No airline-related restrictions •Provides the highest level of respiratory protection

Step 1-Determining Jobs to be Analyzed

•Possible criteria to be considered: •Injury frequency associated with a particular job •Potential injury severity •Regularity of a particular job (or infrequency) •Changes in equipment or operations •Environment

Class 3 Flammable Liquid

•Primary hazard: fire •Liquid gives off enough vapors to ignite at 100º or less

Establishing the HOT ZONE

•Properties of contamination •Solid, Liquid, Gas •Vapor Pressure, Flash Point, etc. •Location of contamination and pathways of movement •Topography •Air Monitoring Results

Class 5 Oxidizer

•React with other chemicals -- give off oxygen •Cause other materials to burn faster

Class 8 Corrosive

•pH 2.0 or lower •pH 12.5 or higher •Damages steel and human tissues

Emergency Response -

•response effort by employees from outside the immediate release area or by other designated responders (i.e., mutual-aid groups, local fire departments, etc.) to an occurrence which results, or is likely to result, in an uncontrolled release of a hazardous substance

Competent Person

"One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them."

permeation

(liquid chemical) Breakthrough time is the time elapsing between the introduction of a chemical to the outer surface of a protective material and the initial detection of that chemical on the inner surface of the material. Breakthrough time is typically reported in minutes

penetration

(pinhole) Permeation rate is the rate at which a permeating chemical moves through a given material after breakthrough. Permeation rate is reported in terms of the mass of contaminant passing through a specific area of material during a specific length of time (for example micrograms per square centimeter per minute)

Acute toxicity

(severe, fatal)

Training for General Site Workers:

(such as laborers and equipment operators) who engage in operations where exposure is likely must receive: • 40 hours of off-site instruction, • 3 days of on-the-job training under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor, • 8 hours of refresher training each year.

Type C Soil

1 1/2

DOT Hazard Classes

1 Explosive 2 Gas 3 Flammable liquid 4 Flammable solid 5 Oxidizer 6 Poison 7 Radioactive 8 Corrosive 9 Miscellaneous

Hierarchy of Controls

1. Elimination - physically remove the hazard 2. Substitution - replace the hazard 3. Engineering Controls - isolate people from the hazard 4. Administrative Controls - change the way people work 5. PPE - protect work with personal equipment

RIGHTS UNDER HAZWOPER (29 CFR 1910.120)

1. Hazardous waste site remediation (Cleanup operations), 2. Work at facilities that treat, store or dispose of hazardous wastes (TSD facilities), as regulated by RCRA, 3. Emergency response to accidental releases of hazardous substances.

SITE SPECIFIC SAFETY AND HEALTH PLAN The plan must include the 12 following topics and provisions:

1. Key personnel, 2. A safety and health risk or hazard analysis for each task and operation required, 3. Employee training assignments, 4. Personal protective equipment, 5. Medical surveillance requirements, 6. Air monitoring, personnel monitoring, and environmental sampling techniques, 7. Site control measures, 8. Decontamination procedures, 9. Emergency response plan, 10. Confined space entry procedures 11. Spill containment program, and 12. A hazard communications plan.

Basic Steps of Conducting a JSA

1. Select the job to be analyzed. 2. Break the job down into individual steps. 3. Identify the hazards and potential accidents of each step. 4. Develop safety precautions which can be used to prevent accidents. 5. Put the safety precautions into effect in the workplace.

The 3 most common types of fire extinguishers are

1. Water (Air Pressurized Water) 2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 3. Dry Chemical (ABC, BC, DC)

RECORD KEEPING

1.Certain kinds of accidents and illnesses must be recorded for OSHA. 2.There could be legal actions later, and written records will be important if this occurs. 3.Some chemical exposures result in delayed or long-term health effects

Type B Soil

1/1

APF Level

1/4 = 5 1/2 = 10 Full Face = 25/50 SAR = 1000 SCBA = 10000

Exposure Limits

15 minute short term exposure 8 hour twa exposure limit

1910.120 (a)

1910.120 (a) = Scope, Application, Definitions

OUTLINE OF HAZWOPER STANDARD

1910.120 (a) = Scope, Application, Definitions • 1910.120 (b-o) = Cleanup Operations • 1910.120 (p) = Treatment, Storage, Disposal Facility Operations • 1910.120 (q) = Emergency Response Program to Hazardous Substance Releases

EPA

1970 President Richard Nixon submitted, and Congress approved, a plan to consolidate the environmental protection authority and responsibility of numerous agencies into what became the EPA.

Poison Ivy

3 leaves shiny fuzzy hair red tint at stem

N - Series No Oil Present

99.97% N100 99% N99 95% N95

P - Series Oil Proof

99.97% P100 99% P99 95% P95

R - Series Oil Resistant

99.97% R100 99% R99 95% R95

Fuel Classifications

A = Green triangle. For ordinary solid combustibles (A for Ash) B = Red Square. For Flammable liquids & Gases (B for Barrel) C = Blue circle. For energized electrical equipment (C for Current) = Yellow Decagon (Star). For Combustible metals ( D for Dynamite) ) K = Black Hexagon. Oils & fat (K for Kitchen

Poison Oak

A bush

Advantages of APRs:

APRs are: • Light , • Relatively cheap, and • Easy to maintain. • Also, moving around in the work area while wearing APRs is fairly easy. Thus, as a general rule, we would like to use APRs whenever they will provide enough protection.

Disadvantages of APRs:

APRs cannot be used if: •Contaminants that are highly toxic in small concentrations (such as hydrogen cyanide) are present, •Oxygen-deficient atmospheres (that is, atmospheres containing less than 19.5% oxygen), •Unidentified contaminants are present in the work area, or •Contaminant concentrations are too high (above IDLH limits). •Cartridges or canisters used must be selected for the actual hazard of the work area. A color-code system is used. This can help you to be sure you are given the correct type. •A good face-to-face piece seal is very important. To use a respirator, you must pass a fit test. •Canisters and cartridges have a limited service life. They must be replaced before the service life runs out and "breakthrough" occurs.

Resistance to Chemical Attacks RESISTANCE TO CHEMICAL ATTACKS:

Ability to resist chemicals is a major selection factor for CPC. Chemical resistance is typically reported in terms of: •Breakthrough time, •Permeation rate, and •Resistance to degradation.

Changing filters

According to the OSHA standard, you must follow cartridge or canister replacement schedules if you use APRs. In replacing them, follow these rules: Cartridges and canisters should be discarded • -after one work shift, • -at the end of service life, or • -when breakthrough begins to occur, whichever comes first. •They should be used immediately once the package seal is broken. •Do not use them if the manufacturer's expiration date has passed. •Remember that respirators must be selected only by a qualified person.

Items for Additional Protection:

Additional protection is provided by items such as: •Aprons, •Sleeve protectors, •Splash hoods. These items can be worn over a chemical protective suit to provide more coverage in case of a chemical splash.

Prevention of Heat-Induced Illness

Adjust work practices: • Supervisors and workers watch for signs and symptoms of heat illness. • Change the work schedule so that work takes place at night, or in shady areas during the hottest part of the day. • Take frequent rest breaks during which your temperature and heart rate are checked. Workers who get overheated should not return to their work until recovered. • Reduce body heat production by getting help with heavy tasks. • Set up large fans if this is possible, but not if they stir up contaminants or dust.

ATSDR

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry As the lead Agency within the Public Health Service for implementing the health-related provisions of CERCLA, ATSDR is charged under the Superfund Act to assess the presence and nature of health hazards at specific Superfund sites, to help prevent or reduce further exposure and the illnesses that result from such exposures, and to expand the knowledge base about health effects from exposure to hazardous substances.

SELECTION FACTORS FOR SCBA

Air tanks must be hydrostatically tested: • at 5-year intervals for steel tanks, and • at 3-year intervals for aluminum-cored, fiberglasswound tanks.

Protecting yourself from Ionizing Radiation (ALARA)

Alara = As Low As Reasonably Achievable. Protection from the health effects of ionizing radiation involves three factors: time, distance, and shielding

ACGIH

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists • ACGIH was established in 1938 as a professional society for industrial hygienists and other safety and health professionals employed in government or academia, but opened its membership to any safety and health professionals in 2013. • It has working committees that provide critical information and has recommended practices to industrial hygienists worldwide. • ACGIH's Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances (TLVs) are exposure limits that are developed and kept up-to-date through an unbiased committee review process. • They publish standards and guidance in other safety and health areas as well

AIHA

American Industrial Hygiene Association AIHA is a professional society for occupational, environmental, and safety professionals that also researches workplace hazards and issues standards and guidance. • These products include the Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEELs) and Emergency Response Planning Guides (ERPGs) provide exposure guidance in normal workplace and chemical release situations. • They also operate a laboratory quality control accreditation program for air sampling

ASSIGNED PROTECTION FACTORS

Assume your work crew normally uses "half-mask APRs" (assigned protection factor = 10). You are ready to begin work in an area containing 150 ppm Carbon Tetrachloride vapors. Thus, 150 ppm = 15 ppm (conc. within facepiece) 10 Would your half-mask APR offer adequate protection? (Note: The current OSHA PEL for Carbon Tetrachloride is 10 ppm.)

Mosquitos

Attracted to humans by sight, smell, and heat •Only the females feed on blood •Are most active at dusk and dawn

Conducting Safe Excavation Operations

Be aware: • Heavy equipment safety; • Good housekeeping • Falling Objects, wear hardhats; • Do not allow water to accumulate • Monitor the atmosphere, use engineering controls

COVERAGE OF REMEDIATION OPERATIONS

CERCLA SUPERFUND Site Operations Major Corrective Actions on RCRA Treatment Storage and Didposal facilities. Clean-up Operations Required by State or Local Governments Voluntary Clean-ups on Recognized Hazardous Waste Sites Emergency Response Operations

C

Ceiling limit instant don't go over this limit for any amount of time

CAA

Clean Air Act of 1970 This act prevents air pollution at its source to promote public health and welfare. list air pollutants and criteria for permits for their release into air; sets air quality standards a community or region must meet.

CWA

Clean Water Act (CWA) 1977 Purpose: • This addresses high contamination in waterways still polluted five years after the Water Pollution Control Act was enacted. Method: • Identifies sources responsible for pollution; attempts to reduce discharges from these sources

1910.120 (b-o)

Cleanup Operations

CERCLA

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act (CERCLA) 1980 Purpose: • This act sets rules for cleanup of abandoned hazardous waste sites and establishes who pays for the cleanup. Method: • seeks to recover cleanup costs from a potentially responsible party (PRP) who had a part in dumping the hazardous waste and sets up a "superfund" to pay for work on sites where PRP cannot be identified.

Hazards of Radioactivity

Contamination vs Exposure •It's important to understand the difference between these ways that radiation can cause harm. •The term radioactive material refers to a substance that emits radiation. •The substance might be solids like pellets or rods, a liquid solution, or even a gas like radon gas. •As long as the material stays off of and out of your body, it can shine energy on and through you, called exposure •But if you get some of the source radioactive material onto or into your body, it is called contamination and the exposure continues as long as it is there. •If you become contaminated, it is very important to go through decontamination process to remove as much of the material as possible

Making Decisions in Emergencies

D etermine the presence of hazardous materials E stimate likely harm without intervention C hoose response objectives I nvestigate options D o best option(s) E valuate progress and revise plan

Acids and Bases:

Damages the skin, eyes and airways

DHS

Department of Homeland Security has a responsibility to prevent and/or thwart threats to the nation's security. The department has a broad mission that includes fighting terrorism and providing a stable response to disasters, both natural and manmade.

DOT

Department of Transportation Act of 1966 "To deliver the world's leading transportation system, serving the American people and economy through the safe, efficient, sustainable, and equitable movement of people and goods." (DOT website) In practical terms, the DOT's agencies regulate the transport of people and goods by land, sea, or air. For purposes of this course, the primary role of DOT is in the transport of hazardous materials as covered by their Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA)

Disposable Over-Garments:

Disposable over-garments include: • Over-gloves • Over-boots •Boot covers.

Hazardous Energy

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS •Electrical energy may be used in a number of ways on a hazardous waste site, from small power tools to electrical motors and pumps to large pieces of remediation equipment. •Electrical hazards can lead to five kinds of accidents: 1.Shock or electrocution; 2.Ignition of flammable or explosive materials; 3.Overheating, causing burns to people or equipment; 4.Electrical explosions; and 5.Activation of equipment at the wrong time

Avoiding Hazardous Energy

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS •Energized conductors. •Avoid overloading circuits. •High Voltage •Damaged Equipment •Power Tools •Approved lighting •Mobile equipment •Battery connections •Bonding and grounding •Jewelry •Ladders

1910.120 (q)

Emergency Response Program to Hazardous Substance Releases

Aquatic Toxicity

Environmental Toxicity

Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC)

Examples of factors to take into account include: •Physical state of contaminants (for example: solids, liquid versus vapor); •Exposure time required for a task; •Expected wear and tear of garments; •Likelihood of direct exposure, such as through chemical splashing; •The degree of stress (especially heat stress) to the person working in protective clothing.

NATURAL DEFENSE BY THE BODY

Excretion. The body has several means of expelling substances that it no longer needs. Some of the chemicals that get in by the above routes of entry are carried to organs that are designed to release materials. Examples of excretion include: • Exhalation from the lungs • Urination by way of kidneys • Sweating • Feces • Vomiting The chemicals excreted from the body do not make it to the part of the body where they would cause harm.

CWA

FRESH WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT - 1972 - (Amended as Clean Water Act of 1977) Purpose: • This makes all waters in the United States clean enough for fishing and swimming and seeks to end all discharge of pollutants into the water. Method: • Requires all city and industrial wastewater to be treated before being discharged into waterways; requires that limits be written into national pollutant discharge elimination system (NPDES) permits that all dischargers must have.

Agencies within DHS that support that mission as regards hazardous material threats include

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) • Center for Domestic Preparedness (CDP) • US Coast Guard (USCG) • Transportation Security Administration (TSA) • National Fire Academy (NFA) • Emergency Management Institute (EMI)

FIFRA

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, & Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1972 This act regulates the production and use of pesticides. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sets limits for pesticides in food; Manufacturers register pesticides with the EPA

Leeches

Found in many lakes ponds and streams •Not known to carry disease •Attach to skin and secrete anticoagulant and anesthetic which allows them to feed quickly without being interrupted. •If you find a leech on you, do not remove it until you are out of the water. •The wound is negligible and will heal quickly, but an antiseptic should be applied after removal

Cold Stress Harmful Effects

Frostbite Tissue freezes Turns white Warm slowly Move gently Hypothermia Shivering Apathy, sleepiness Slow pulse Decreased respiration Freezing of extremities Coma and death

INSPECTION OF PPE:

General Inspection Procedure (Applicable to all items of CPC) • Determine that the clothing material is correct for the task at hand. • Visually inspect for imperfect seams, non-uniform coatings, tears, and closures that don't work properly. • Hold up to a light and check for pinholes. • Flex the product and observe for cracks and other signs of shelf deterioration. • If the product has been used previously, inspect inside and out for signs of chemical attack, such as; o discoloration, o swelling, o change in texture, o cracking, and/or o stiffness.

Monitoring During Breaks

Guidelines for using rest breaks table: • If your oral temperature goes up more than 1 degree during the suggested work time, decrease the next work time by 1/3. • If this happens again during the next (reduced) work time, reduce work time again by 1/3. • The work times in the table are for workers who are physically fit and are acclimatized to working in heat. Do not work under hot conditions at all unless you are fit and acclimatized. (See: Rest Break Table)

HAZWOPER

HAZARDOUS WASTE OPERATIONS AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE

HMTA

Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety Act (HMTA) 1975 (amended in 1993) Purpose: • This act regulates hazardous chemicals and other hazardous substances during transportation to prevent environmental or human health hazards from spills. Method: • Puts hazardous substances in classes that can be identified by placards and labels; forbids shipment of highly dangerous substances; sets standards for the construction of containers and vehicle; makes emergency information available.

HMTUSA

Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act (HMTUSA) 1990 Purpose: • The law required the Department of Transportation to promulgate regulations for the safe transport of hazardous material in intrastate, interstate, and foreign commerce. Method: • The statute includes provisions to encourage uniformity among different state and local highway routing regulations, to develop criteria for the issuance of federal permits to motor carriers of hazardous materials, and to regulate the transport of radioactive materials. It also resulted in the adoption of the international hazard classification system that uses nine numeric class designations rather than the system based on English names.

Hazardous Materials Technician:

Hazardous materials technicians are individuals who respond to releases or potential releases for the purpose of stopping the release. • More aggressive (offensive) role • Approach the point of release in order to plug, patch or otherwise stop the release of a hazardous substance. The training must be at least 24 hours (usually 40-80 hours) cover all topics of Awareness and Operations plus add topics necessary for safely working in all areas of the site to stop the release.

Head Protection:

Head Protection Standard (29 CFR 1910.135). In the head protection standard, OSHA has two requirements: • Employers must ensure that each affected employee wears a protective helmet when working in areas where there is a potential for injury to the head from falling objects. • Employers must ensure that a protective helmet designed to reduce electrical shock hazard be worn by each affected employee when near exposed electrical conductors which could contact the head

Heat-Induced Illnesses

Heat rash Heat syncope (fainting) Heat cramps Heat exhaustion Heat stroke

HSA

Homeland Security Act (HAS) 2002 Purpose: • This act created a federal agency and consolidated within it functions to reduce vulnerability to and prevent terrorist acts, to prepare for, respond to, and facilitate recovery from natural and man-made disasters. Method: • Established the Department of Homeland Security to investigate and prevent threats to national security, facilitate the preparation of personnel and resources for response to major disasters, and facilitate coordination of local, state, and federal response and management of major disasters

No State Plan by OSHA

Idaho Montana North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Colorado Nebraska Kansas Oklahoma Texas Louisiana Arkansas Missouri Alabama Georgia Florida

IDLH

Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health 30 minutes above this limit workers are unable to self rescue

How do I know I have it

It can take anywhere from 4 hours to a few days for it to show up, but when it does, it will be fairly obvious

OSHA Respiratory Protection Program

Key provisions include: • Written program •Use in IDLH and non-IDLH atmospheres • Fit-testing • Medical evaluation • Training • Cleaning

Level B Protection:

Level B provides the maximum available respiratory protection. However, Level B provides less skin protection than Level A. Slash suits and atmosphere-supplying respirators are major items of Level B protection . Used Level B when: • A high level of respiratory hazard is present, and • Threats to the skin are non-IDLH and in the form of liquid splashes or solid contaminants.

Level C Protection:

Level C provides limited skin protection from splashed chemicals and adds respiratory protection from airborne hazards. • Splash suits and air-purifying respirators are major items of level C protection Use Level C only when: • Respiratory hazards are non-IDLH, • All requirements for the use of APRs are met: • Adequate oxygen • Chemical identity is known • Not IDLH level • Chemical has adequate warning property • Threats to the skin are non-DLH and in the form of liquid splashes or solid contaminants.

Container Material

Material Hazard Class Steel, painted. All hazard classes except corrosive Steel, painted with Corrosives plastic lining. Plastic Corrosives Other hazard classes are possible Shiny metals Unusual materials may be unusually dangerous Glass All hazard classes

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

Medical surveillance is a program to protect employee health. The contents of the medical exam are not specified in HAZWOPER, but it may include an occupational history, physical examination, and medical laboratory tests. Medical surveillance can be done: • Prior to a new job assignment. • On a routine basis. • At termination of a job or job assignment. • If an employee exhibits signs or symptoms which may have resulted from exposure to hazardous substances during the course of an emergency incident.

Metabolism

Most substances taken into the body are acted on chemically by enzymes and other biochemicals in what is known as metabolism. The original compounds, whether food, nutrients, medicines, or toxins are changed to other chemicals so they can be absorbed, transported, or made reactive. This can be a good-news/bad-news situation. Sometimes the change turns a toxin into a less harmful chemical (detoxifying). Other times metabolism can change a chemical into a more harmful chemical (toxifying). Nonetheless, this is one of the primary ways that our body deals with toxic agents, whether natural or man-made. Over time, humans have adapted to the natural and man-made environment in which we live and these adaptations help insure our survival. This is how we survive the many exposures to potentially harmful agents and materials we encounter in the world. However, these defenses may not be enough to completely protect us and then we experience harmful effects on our health

Ergonomics Hazards to Muscles, Bones

Musculoskeletal injuries •Lifting Injuries •Repetitive Motion Injuries •Prevention •Engineering controls •Safer work methods •Personal equipment •Job analysis

NEPA

National Environmental Policy Act amended in 1975 This act creates and maintains conditions "in which man and nature can exist in productive harmony." Requires federal agencies to prepare environmental impact statements on the effects of proposed projects; creates an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to review environmental impact

NFPA

National Fire Protection Association • The NFPA is a global self-funded nonprofit organization, established in 1896, devoted to eliminating death, injury, property and economic loss due to fire, electrical and related hazards. • Their working committees produce professional codes and standards in building safety, electrical, and emergency response that are often adopted by communities for public safety and protection. • Its standards for hazardous materials emergency response and training are the recognized standard for professional qualification for hazmat responders.

WRITEN PPE PROGRAM

OSHA requires that the PPE program cover each of the following topics: • Selection; • Use and Limitations; • Work Mission Duration; • Maintenance; • Storage; • Decontamination and Disposal;

Eye and Face Protection:

OSHA's Eye and Face Protection Standard (29 CFR 1910.133) regulates the protection of the face and eyes. The standard requires the employer to ensure that each affected employee uses face or eye protection when exposed to: • Flying particles • Molten metal • Liquid chemicals • Acids or caustic liquids • Chemical gases and vapors • Potentially injurious light radiation

Boots:

OSHA's Foot Protection Standard (29 CFR 1910.136) simply requires foot protection be worn by employees where foot injuries may result from rolling or falling objects, objects piercing the sole, or electrical hazards. Steel-toe shoes and boots have a steel cup in the front of the shoe that protects the toes of the wearer from injury by impact or compression by heavy objects. •Electrical protective footwear is designed to prevent the flow of electricity through the shoe in the event of contact with an electrical conductor.

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1970 Purpose: • To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women. Method: • By authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; and by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health. It led to the creation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

PEL

Permissible Exposure Limit 8 hours legally enforced

Non-Ionizing Radiation

Possible sources of non-ionizing radiation on a hazardous waste site are: • Microwave sources, • Infrared light sources, • Heat sources, • Lasers • The sun (a source of heat rays and ultraviolet rays). Possible health effects to be considered: • Heat stress, • Sunburn, • Skin cancer, • Tissue damage from microwaves

RCRA

Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (RCRA) 1976 Purpose: • This act regulates hazardous waste dumping. From cradle to grave. Method: • Defines hazardous waste and limits its means of disposal; prevents the creation of new hazardous waste dump sites; and sets standards for facilities that generates, treat, store, and dispose of hazardous waste.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS:

Respirators protect workers from inhaling and swallowing contaminants. These contaminants may be in the form of: • Dusts, • Fumes, • Mists, • Gases, and/or • Vapors. OSHA requires that workers be prevented from inhaling airborne contaminants at levels greater than OSHA's permissible exposure limits (PELs).

SDWA

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 1974 Purpose: • This act regulates the drinking water delivered by public water systems. Method: • Sets maximum contaminant limits for drinking water; limits the use of lead pipes, solder, or flux; and protects underground sources of drinking water

Cave-in Preventive Measures

Shoring Systems and Trench Shields to Prevent Cave-In

STEL

Short time exposure limit 15 minutes no more than 4 exposures over this limit per day and at least 1 hour apart

Multiple routes of Entry:

Some chemicals can enter the body in more than one way: • Solvents: skin absorption, inhalation, ingestion, injection • Metal fumes: skin absorption, inhalation • Carbon monoxide: skin absorption, inhalation • Metal particles: inhalation, ingestion, injection

DECONTAMINATION GUIDELINES

Station 1 Equipment drop Station 2 Outer garments, boots, and gloves wash and rinse Station 3 Outer boots and gloves removal Station 4 Tank change (Optional) Station 5 Outer garment removal (Level A) Station 6 SCBA Removal Station 7 Field wash

STORAGE OF PPE:

Storage of PPE is important. Improper storage may lead to damage due to contact with: • Dust, • Moisture, • Sunlight, • Damaging chemicals, • Extreme temperatures, and • Physical abrasion.

SARA

Superfund Amendment & Reauthorization Act (SARA) 1986 TITLE III: Emergency Planning & Community Right-to-Know Act Purpose: • This act informs communities about dangers they face from manufacturing facilities, chemical plants, and other such industries. Method: • Requires planning and public information about hazardous substances; requires training for hazardous waste workers and emergency responders; sets up local planning committees; provides funding to support planning and preparation for responding to hazardous materials emergencies.

Measuring Noise:

Survey equipment to identify noise exposure potential Dosimeter determines employee's actual exposure Results in dBA, which adjusts noises of different frequencies to simulate how the human ear hears

OSHA Hearing Conservation Standard OSHA 1910.95

Survey workplace to identify exposures above 85 dBA Hearing Conservation Program Further monitoring Audiometry Control exposures below 90 dBA as a timeweighted average (TWA)

Heat Exhaustion

Symptoms: • Fatigue • Nausea • Dizziness • Headache • Profuse sweating • Temperature may be above normal Treatment: • Rest • Cool • Drink • Don't return to work same day

FACEPIECE TESTING

THE IMPORTANCE OF RESPIRATOR FIT: • The face-to-facepiece fit of a respirator is important. A poor fit will allow contaminated air to enter the facepiece. Thus, fit tests must always be conducted as part of the respirator assignment. When you use a respirator, you must be sure that you properly don the facepiece. There are two simple checks that should be done each time you put on a respirator. • Negative Pressure Checks, which are conducted by blocking the inhalation pathway of the facepiece, inhaling gently, and holding your breath for 10 seconds • Positive Pressure Checks, which are performed by blocking the facepiece exhalation valve and gently exhaling. Failure to generate a positive pressure inside the facepiece indicates a poor fit

Scorpions

The Southern Devil Scorpion is nocturnal. •Most stings occur when working outdoors without gloves •The sting is painful for a few minutes, then subsides, leaving almost no trace •Allergic reactions are extremely rare

Storage

The body naturally holds some substances in various tissues to be used sometime later. Fat tissue is perhaps the most familiar example, but there are others including bone and marrow, blood, nerves, skin. In some cases, the chemicals may go into storage in these tissues with two outcomes: • Reducing the amount of chemical "active" in harming the target organ • Delaying or prolonging the effect when it is released later Drug detox and metals chelation therapy are two examples of using this for reducing the effect of chemical exposure.

ASSIGNED PROTECTION FACTORS

The different types of respirators and facepieces remove contaminants to different levels. It is not possible to measure the actual, real-time effectiveness of the respirator in use. Thus, protection factors have been assigned to the various types of respirators by OSHA in the Respiratory Protection Standard. The assigned protection factor can be used to determine whether a particular type of respirator can provide enough protection for the exposure condition of the work

WHAT IS DECON

The removal or neutralization of: •Tools •Clothing •Personnel •Vehicles Or on anything that you don't want to carry home!

First Responder Awareness Level

The workers who might be the first "on the scene" of the release by virtue of working in areas where chemicals are used and may be released need to be trained to: • Recognize that a release occurred and safely identify the material, • Leave the hazard area and take others with them, • Prevent others from entering the area, • Make notification to initiate the emergency response plan. The required length of training is not specified, but most training is 4-8 hours long.

First Responder Operations Level:

These workers respond to releases or potential releases of hazardous substances as part of the initial response to the site for the purpose of protecting nearby persons, property, or the environment from the effects of the release. • Defensive response - not actually trying to stop the release at the point of release. • Contain the release from a safe distance, • Keep it from spreading, • Prevent exposures. Operations level training must be at least 8 hours (usually 24-40 hours) and cover the Awareness level topics plus additional topics outlined in the standard for the added functions of operations responders.

Ticks

They wait on vegetation for a host to walk past •Transmit Disease •When removing a tick, you must be sure to remove the entire tick •You should not squeeze its body when removing it, you might increase the chance of disease transmission

Nonregulatory Government Agencies - NIOSH

This agency was created by the OSHAct and charged to develop new knowledge in the field of occupational safety and health and to transfer that knowledge into practice. • They research workplace hazards, safety and health protection equipment and procedures, and occupational injury and illnesses. • They evaluate workplace health hazards, disseminate health and safety information and recommend standards for protection of workers

EPA

This reorganization would permit response to environmental problems in a manner beyond the previous capability of government pollution control programs: • The EPA would have the capacity to do research on important pollutants irrespective of the media in which they appear, and on the impact of these pollutants on the total environment. • Both by itself and together with other agencies, the EPA would monitor the condition of the environment--biological as well as physical. • With these data, the EPA would be able to establish quantitative "environmental baselines"--critical for efforts to measure adequately the success or failure of pollution abatement efforts.

TWA

Time Weighted Average 8 hours average exposure overtime

TSCA

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) 1976 (amended in 1986) Purpose: • This evaluates the safety of existing chemicals and any new substances entering the U.S. market. Method: • requires a company planning to manufacture or import a new chemical to submit to EPA a notice that explains the chemical's hazards; specifically covers PCBs and asbestos, among others

Health Hazards and Medical Surveillance

Toxicology is the study of physical and chemical agents that damage humans, animals, and/or the environment. Knowing some of the basic terms of toxicology is helpful in determining if and how exposure to a chemical can affect your health.

NFPA 704 Symbols

W Do not use water OX Oxidizer SA Simple Asphyxiant Non-Standard Symbols o COR: Corrosives. o ACID and ALK (Alkali) to be more specific. o BIO: Biological Hazard. o POI: Poisonous Material (e.g. strychnine) o CYL or CRYO: Cryogenic Material (e.g. liquid nitrogen) o Radioactive materials. (e.g. plutonium, uranium

SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM

WRITTEN DOCUMENT (Available to all workers and their representatives) The safety and health program must include: 1. An organizational structure, 2. A comprehensive workplan, 3. A safety and health training program, 4. A medical surveillance program, 5. A description of the employer's standard operating procedures, 6. A site-specific health and safety plan (or site safety plan) for each site on which employees are working, and 7. Any required interfaces between the safety and health program and site safety plan

Noise OSHA 1910.95

We all realize that heavy equipment can be very noisy. It is important to realize that noise can be a very real hazard to hazardous waste site workers. Sound is our perception of fluctuation of pressure through a medium (usually air) and is described as a wave. Noise is the term we use for unwanted sound.

Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC)

While working at a hazardous waste site, you may encounter substances that are hazardous to your skin. These substances may: •Attack your skin on contact, or •Pass through your skin to attack other organs of your body. Chemical protective clothing provides a barrier between your skin and hazardous substances CONSIDERATIONS: • No single CPC material protects against all chemicals. Thus, CPC which is not properly selected may leave you unprotected. This makes proper selection very important. • Selecting CPC can be complicated. Thus, selection must only be done by a qualified person.

Hazards of Excavations

Workers in excavations may be exposed to many hazards. These hazards include: • Heavy equipment in operation; • Contact with energy or materials in buried wires or pipes; • Electrical or fire hazards; • Slips and falls; • Falling objects; • Cave-in of trench walls; • Oxygen deficient atmospheres; and • Accumulations of toxic and/or explosive gases or vapor

Emergency Action Plan

a plan an organization develops that contains step-by-step procedures for dealing with various emergency situations

Mask color brown

acid gases organic vapors & ammonia

Mask color green

ammonia gas

olive

any cartridge/canister that is not listed such as chemical

purple

any particles

teal

any particles

orange

any pollutants

blue

carbon monoxide

degradation

cpc material Resistance to degradation may also be reported. For example, subjective evidence of degradation (such as discoloration, swelling, stiffness, and cracking) may be noted during testing, and used to assigning a rating to the material. Objective factors, such as weight change, loss of strength, and reduced permeation resistance may also be used as evidence of degradation.

Nephrotoxin

damage to the kidneys

Hepatotoxin

damage to the liver

Neurotoxin

damage to the nervous system

Splenotoxin

damage to the spleen

Immunotoxin

damage to your immune response to infection

•Hazardous materials require emergency information

o Basic description o Immediate hazards to health o Risks of fire or explosion o Immediate precautions to take in the event of an incident o Immediate methods for handling fires o Initial methods for handling spills or leaks o Preliminary first aid measures.

Mask color black

organic vapors

Mask color purple magenta

radioactive material

Cave-In Preventive Measures

sloping benching What is a Safe Slope Angle? The stable angle of repose varies according to the type of material being excavated. •Under OSHA regulations: • Type C (unstable soil) - 1.5:1 (generally considered safe for any soil) • Type B (moderately stable) soil, a 1:1 slope is considered stable. • Type A (stable) soil, a 0.75:1 slope is considered stable. • Solid Rock - straight wall •Using a slope steeper than 1.5:1 requires that a competent person classify the soil type and select the proper slope.

Confinement

to limit a spilled chemical to the smallest possible area to reduce extent of contamination

Incident Commander:

who will assume control of the incident scene beyond the first responder awareness level, must receive at least 24 hours of training equal to the first responder operations level and in addition have competency in the following areas: • Fully implementing the ICS and the employer's emergency response plan • The hazards and risks associated with employees working in chemical protective clothing • Interfacing with local, state, and federal emergency response agencies

CONTROLLING ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS: BASIC CONCEPTS

• "Bad air" goes out "good air" goes in •Purging vs. Ventilation •Natural vs. mechanical ventilation •Positive vs. negative pressure ventilation •General vs. local exhaust ventilation

Air Sampling

• "Breathing zone" within 1 ft of nose/mouth • Active sampling uses constant- flow pump to draw air • Passive sampling relies on natural diffusion • Sample is analyzed at laboratory • Result is reported as PPM or mg of chemical per cubic meter of air (mg/m3) • Compare result to Occupational Exposure Limit (PEL, TLV

HAZWOPER Cleanup Operations (Site Worker)

• 1910.120(b) Safety and Health Program • 1910.120(c) Site characterization and analysis • 1910.120(d) Site Control • 1910.120(e) Training • 1910.120(f) Medical Surveillance • 1910.120(g) Engineering controls, work practices, and personal protective equipment (PPE)

HAZWOPER Cleanup Operations (Site Worker)

• 1910.120(h) Monitoring • 1910.120 (i) Information programs • 1910.120(j) Handling drums and containers • 1910.120(k) Decontamination • 1910.120(l) Emergency response at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites • 1910.120(m) Illumination • 1910.120(n) Sanitation • 1910.120(0) New technology programs

Training for Workers with Lower Exposure Potential:

• 24 hours of off-site training, • 1 day of on-the-job training, and • 8 hours of refresher training each year.

Injection:

• A chemical can be accidentally injected into the body by several means: • While using a tool (screw drivers, drills, etc.) • Compressed air/ gas line • Any contaminated sharp object

Carcinogen

• A chemical or physical agent that can cause cancer when worker is exposed.

Mutagen

• A chemical or physical agent that changes the DNA genetic code of cells in your body

Other Factors for APR Use

• APRs should only be used for contaminants with adequate warning properties. • Such contaminants have smells, tastes, or irritating qualities to warn you that the APR cartridge or canister is "wearing out." • Contaminants with adequate warning properties should provide this warning before you are injured due to breakthrough.

Acute:

• After recovery, you may have no evidence of damage (Temporary or permanent). • You may recognize an acute exposure if it has warning properties

Monitoring on Hazardous Waste Sites

• Airborne Hazards • Oxygen in atmospheres • Flammability hazard • Toxic chemicals • Corrosivity • Radioactivity • Biological hazards • Soil Contamination • Surface Water • Ground Water • Spilled or Pooled Chemical

Prevention and Treatment: Alcohol and Caffeine

• Alcohol and caffeine are diuretics, meaning they cause your body to release fluid by urination. • These have been commonly associated with the occurrence of heatstroke. • You lose fluid when you have alcohol in the blood, due to increased urination.

Prevention and Treatment: Drug Consumption

• Almost any drug that affects central nervous system activity or body fluids can affect heat tolerance. • Some over-the-counter medications, including those that lessen the symptoms of colds or allergies, fall into this group. • Blood pressure medicines do, also. Some drugs other than alcohol that are used on social occasions have been implicated in cases of heat disorder, sometimes leading to death

OTHER FORMS OF ISOLATION

• Apply chocks or cribbing • Removing drive belts or chains • Clamping forward and reverse sides of conveyor belts

DOFFING PPE:

• As in donning, always follow an established routine when doffing (removing) PPE. • Doffing routines must be integrated with decontamination and disposal procedures for used PPE.

TRAINING REQUIREMENTS UNDER HAZWOPER

• Assessment and cleanup of hazardous waste sites • Work at TSD facilities covered by a RCRA permit • Emergency response to a hazardous materials release Workers at each of these types of workplaces must be trained in health and safety topics appropriate to the kind of work they will do.

Calibration of Instruments

• Before each use • "Zero" in clean air • May be part of start-up procedure • Compare reading to known concentration • Bump test • Span calibration • Field calibration

Relative Response & Correction Factors

• Broadband or survey instruments are non- selective • Recommended calibration gas checks function • Manufacturer determines the relative response to other chemicals and provides conversion factors • Cannot be used for: • Unidentified contaminants • Mixed atmospheres

Carcinogen

• Carcinogen • Respiratory Sensitizer • Reproductive Toxicity • Target Organ Toxicity • Mutagenicity • Aspiration Toxicity

Sensitizer:

• Causes little or no reaction on first exposure, but after repeated exposures, a marked response may be seen at the site of exposure or in another part of the body

Teratogens:

• Certain chemicals can cause Reproductive Toxicity (Infertility and many other problems) or Teratogens that causes birth defects.

Cold Stress

• Cold temperatures can be dangerous to workers. • Two complicating factors: • Water • Wind

Environmental Sampling

• Community (Area) Air Monitoring • Surface Water Samples • Groundwater Samples • Soil Samples

SITE CONTROL SHOULD RESTRICT ACTIVITIES TO:

• Control access of personnel to hazardous areas • Prevent the spread of released materials by controlling movement of personnel and equipment

Prevention and Treatment: Employer Actions

• Create cooler environments • Provide adequate water • Find ways to reduce workload • Provide PPE such as cooling vests • Provide medical screenings • Set up rest break schedule • Set up monitoring program

Irritant

• Dermal Sensitizer • Acute toxicity (harmful) • Narcotic Effects • Respiratory Tract • Irritation

Factors that Influence the Body's Response to Exposure:

• Different chemicals causes varying responses at different concentrations. This is known as the Dose-Response Relationship • The more the dose the more the effect

Confining Spills to Land

• Dike or dam • Divert past sensitive area • Cover to slow evaporation • Collect with sorbent material • Solidify with commercial product

Hydration

• Drink 1 quart water every 30 minutes - don't wait for thirst • Why not tea, soft drinks, beer, sports drinks? • "Wash Out" is the extreme consumption of water without electrolyte replacement - unusual • Average conditions: body loses 2.5 quarts sweat/day • Strenuous work in heat: 1.5 quarts sweat/hour

Risk Identification

• Exposures exceeding the permissible exposure limits • IDLH concentrations. • Potential skin absorption and irritation sources. • Potential eye irritation sources. • Explosion sensitivity and flammability ranges. • Oxygen deficiency.

Skin corrosion/Burns

• Eye damage • Corrosive to metals

Air-Purifying Respirators:

• Filter contaminants from air • Proper filter medium must be selected • Medium is contained in either cartridges or canisters

Other Air Monitoring Technology

• Flame ionization detector - FID • Infrared Spectrophotometry - IR Spec • Metal oxide semiconductor - MOS • Fourier transform IR • Ion Mobility Spectrometry • Surface Acoustic Wave • Raman Spectroscopy

Flammables

• Flammables • Self Reactives • Pyrophorics • Self-Heating • Emits Flammable Gas • Organic Peroxides

Product Transfer

• Flowing fluid creates static electricity • Grounding • Bonding

Hazardous Materials Specialist

• Hazardous materials specialists are individuals who respond with and provide support to hazardous materials technicians with a more directed or specific knowledge of the various substances they may be called upon to contain. • They have had training to the technician level plus additional specialized topics. • There is no required duration of specialist level training.

Physical Hazards

• Heat stress • Cold Stress • Noise • Oxygen Hazards • Radioactivity Hazards • Electrical Hazard • Musculoskeletal Injuries

Heat Stroke

• Heat stroke is a serous medical emergency! • Call EMS (911), even if person revives. • Hot Dry Skin • Skin may be RED • Confusion • Impaired Judgment • Temperature may go to 1080F • Collapse, Coma, and/or Death

PHYSIOLOGY OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL

• Homeothermy: body maintains 98.6° • Brain controls two responses to heat: - Radiant - Capillaries in skin dilate (enlarge) and warm blood radiates heat to cooler air - Evaporative - Sweat glands produce sweat which vaporizes and cools

Employer Responsibilities

• Identify confined spaces in workplace • Mark them and notify employees of the hazards • If workers will not enter, seal off to prevent entry • If employees will enter, develop and implement an entry permit program

DONNING PPE:

• In donning (or putting on) PPE: • Follow established routine • Fully inspect all equipment • Always use the aid of an assistant in donning and doffing PPE. • Always perform field checks for respirator fit as part of the donning procedure. • After donning, check all equipment before entering a hazardous area.

Eye and Face Protection:

• Industrial safety glasses have lenses designed to withstand much greater impact force than common sunglasses or even recreational eye protection. • Employers must ensure that only approved eye protection that is stamped "Z87" is worn by employees in eye hazard areas

Four Routes of Entry:

• Inhalation • Skin contact • Skin absorption • Ingestion • Injection Taking a toxic material into the body by any of these routes can result in Acute or Chronic health effects.

Resources for Information

• Internet mapping, satellite, and topography sites • Property use records such as tax records • Environmental and occupational regulatory inspection records • Internal facility records

Solvents:

• Irritates the skin, eyes, and airways. If it enters the blood stream it affects the CNS.

Chronic Effects:

• Is one that is recognized months or years after the exposure (or repeated small exposures). • Some exposures may cause both acute and chronic effects. • Benzene causes immediate dizziness (Acute) and years of exposure may cause cancer of the blood (Chronic).

Aspiration Toxicity

• Is the entry of a liquid or a solid through the oral or nasal passageways into the trachea and lower respiratory system.

Entrant

• Know the hazards and signs and symptoms of exposure • Use the assigned equipment and procedures • Communicate with Attendant • Exit if told by attendant

Entry Supervisor

• Knows and verifies removal of hazards • Confirms acceptable entry conditions are maintained • Verifies rescue services are ready • Removes unauthorized entrants • Ends entry and cancels the permit

Minimum Detection of Sensor

• LEL of Acetic Acid is 4% or 40,000 ppm • Alarm sounds at 10% of LEL or 4,000 ppm • First reading at 1% of LEL or 400 ppm • IDLH level is 50 ppm • Flammable sensor is not intended to measure toxic hazard!

Level D Protection:

• Level D provides protection only against "normal" workplace safety hazards. • No chemical protection is provided. • Hard hats, safety boots, safety glasses, and coveralls are major components of the level D ensemble. • Use Level D only in work areas in which both respiratory and skin hazards are absent.

Effects of Chemicals on the Body - Local Effects

• Local Effects occurs at the point of contact with the human body.

Achieve a zero energy state

• May be every challenging, especially with complex systems • Energy sources may not be obvious • May require special precautions example: Zero Energy Worksheets

Mode of operation

• Negative pressure • Positive pressure

Non-Encapsulating Suits:

• Non-encapsulating chemical protective (NECP) suits cover most of the wearer's skin. • They are often called "splash suits." Many of them look like rain suits. • NECP suits are intended to provide protection from minor liquid splashes and/or particulate contaminants. • Protection can be improved by tape-sealing the cuffs to boots and gloves. However, gases and vapors present in the workplace are still able to reach the wearer's skin. • NECP suits are available in both reusable and disposable models.

Regulatory Agencies - OSHA

• OSHA covers most private sector employers and workers in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the other United States U.S. jurisdictions - either directly through OSHA or through an OSHA-approved State Plan. • State Plans are OSHA-approved job safety and health programs operated by individual states rather than federal OSHA. • There are 22 State Plans, and these state agencies cover private and public sector workplaces. • OSHA rules also permit states and territories to develop plans that cover state and local government workers only. In these cases, private sector workers and employers remain under federal OSHA jurisdiction. (Workers at state and local government agencies in states without a state plan are not covered by federal OSHA due to the principle of states' rights).

Evaluating Your Risk Physical Fitness

• Obesity • Sleep deprivation • Poor physical conditioning • Lack of acclimatization • Dehydration • Diseases: High blood pressure, diabetes, etc. • Skin disorders that affect sweating • Heavy protective gear • Alcohol abuse • Previous history of heat stroke • Aging

Other Factors for Using SCBAs

• Only SCBAs which operate in the positive pressure mode should be used on hazardous waste sites. • Some SCBA units are designed to be used only for escape purposes during emergencies. These units are compact and can be donned quickly. • Escape-only SCBAs have a very limited air supply. Options for extending work time with SCBA include using: •High pressure SCBA units, •Closed-circuit (or "rebreather") SCBAs, or •Hybrid SCBA/SAR systems.

Alternate Entry Procedures

• Only hazard is hazardous atmosphere • Forced air ventilation eliminates the hazardous atmosphere • Employer has monitoring and inspection data documenting acceptable condition

Opening Containers

• Only necessary workers • Ventilate if inside • Shields, PPE, barriers • Remote drum openers • Open small bung first • Close drums ASAP •Non-sparking tools

Other Factors for SAR Use:

• Only those SARs which operate in the positivepressure mode should be used on hazardous waste sites. • Work in IDLH conditions requires an escape air supply of at least 5 minutes when using SARs. • Air compressors and purification units used with SARs must be designed to supply breathable air of at least grade "D" quality. • The maximum airline length allowed by OSHA is 300 feet. • Airline couplings must be incompatible with couplings on hoses containing anything other than breathable air

Sanitation

• Potable water • Toilet facilities • Food handling •Temporary sleeping quarters • Washing facilities • Showers and change rooms

Permit-Required Confined Space Program must:

• Prevent unauthorized entry • Identify/evaluate hazards before entry • Arrange for safe entry • Equip entry • Provide trained attendant for duration of entry • Describe process for writing, using, and cancelling permits • Prepare for rescue and emergency services • Coordinate all employers •Review and revise the program

Multigas Meters - Oxygen

• Readout - percent (%) oxygen • Electrochemical sensor is selective for oxygen • Normal air consistently reads 20.9% • Allowable range of 19.5% to 23.5% • Any sustained variation from normal is highly unusual and should be investigated Slightly low oxygen reading: Oxygen level of 19.9% is 1% below normal, not "deficient" Oxygen is 1/5 of total air, so 1% drop means air may contain 5% chemical 1% = 10,000 parts per million (ppm) May be 50,000 ppm of chemical in the air

Multigas Meters - Flammability

• Readout - percent of Lower Explosive Limit (% LEL) • LEL referenced in reading is calibration gas • Typical action (evacuation) level is 10% LEL • Any reading is potentially dangerous • Does not respond to combustible solids (dust, fibers)

Attendant

• Remains outside the space • Communicates with entrants • Orders the entrants to exit space if a prohibited condition arises or observes behavioral change in entrants •Prevents unauthorized entry

Heat Stroke Treatment

• Remove person from hot environment to shade, air-conditioning • Remove clothing which insulates, traps heat • Use a fan to cool. • Sprinkle or douse with cool water • Do not immerse in ice and water - remember "brain freeze"

Disadvantages of SCBAs:

• SCBA units are heavy and cumbersome. • Passage through some small openings (such as portals) may be impossible while wearing SCBA. • Air supply is very limited. For example, when using an open-circuit SCBA system, air supply limits work duration to approximately 30 minutes maximum using a low-pressure air tank, or 60 minutes maximum using a high-pressure tank. • SCBAs are expensive and require detailed maintenance procedures.

OSHA Regulations

• STANDARDS: Legally enforceable sets of regulations • IDENTIFIED BY: • 1. Topic • 2. Location w/in CFR (Title / Part / Section) • Example: Title: 29 CFR - Part 1910. 146 Permit-Required Confined Spaces

Engineering Controls

• Separate the worker and the hazard • Common principles: • Isolation of worker or hazard • Ventilation • Redesign of workstation • Remote operation of equipment • Interlocks, kill switch, gates other control safety features to prevent accidental activation

Shipping Papers

• Shipping papers are called different names depending on the mode of transportation: • Box Truck = Bill of Lading (or Freight Bill) • Train = Waybill, (Consists, Wheel Reports) • Barge/Ship = Dangerous Cargo Manifest • Airplane= Airway bill (AKA: Shipper Certification for Restricted Airlines)

Container Recognition

• Size and shape of the container. • The material the container is made of. • The type of opening on the container. • Whether it is in good shape or shows damage. • Labels or placards on the container. • Note the location or area of the plant, as this may give you a clue by the type of operation in that area.

Conditions Leading to Cave-In

• Soils which have been subjected to freezethaw or frost heaving. • Vibration due to equipment operation • Deep or Overly-Steep Trench walls • Steeper than Maximum Allowable Angle of Repose

Skin Absorption:

• Some of the most permeable areas of the body compared to the bottom of your foot: • Scalp and forehead = 34-36 times • Arms = 10-15 times • Hands = 5-10 times • Scrotum = 300 times

Noise Monitoring

• Sound pressure (volume) and frequency (pitch) • Sound Level Meter • Readout - decibels A-weighted scale (dBA) • Survey of all frequencies • Noise Dosimeter • Readout - percent of 8-hour TWA Exposure Limit (90 dBA)

Seven Station Decon Line

• Station 1: Equipment Drop • Station 2: Outer Clothing Wash and Rinse (Gross decon) • Station 3: Outer Boot and Glove Removal • Station 4: Tank Change (Optional • Station 5: Outer Garment Removed • Station 6: SCBA Removal • Station 7: Field Wash

Heavy Metals:

• Such as Lead, affects the CNS, blood-forming and reproductive systems.

Systemic Effects and Target Organs

• Systemic Effects occurs when a chemical or physical agent enter the blood and is distributed throughout the human body to all organs or tissues. • Some chemical attack specific organ or systems, this is called Target Organ Toxicity

Agencies & Professional Organization

• The above laws created or authorized federal and state agencies that create and enforce regulations and standards to achieve the purposes of the legislation. • Additionally, safety and health professionals have formed societies that support their work. • This section describes relevant agencies and organizations working to protect workers, communities, and the environment from the hazards of hazardous wastes and chemical emergencies.

Recognizing Symptoms:

• The employer is responsible to protect their workers' health, primarily by preventing exposure to hazardous chemicals whenever possible. • Even so, sometimes exposures happen that are unexpected, and employees must be trained to recognize the warnings that may be present. • Sometimes chemicals cause immediate effects that the worker can sense or feel. • We call these effects symptoms of exposure and often are the warning that worse harm could occur. • Workers should learn the symptoms of chemicals they expect to work with and be prepared to exit the area if they detect them while working. • Ignoring the symptoms and continuing the exposure could lead to more serious harm.

Skin Contact - Absorption:

• The skin is the largest organ in our body and a mayor route of exposure. • Some chemicals cross our skin and into the blood stream, some may cause damage on the surface of the skin, inside or both. • The skin in different areas lets through chemical at a different rates, (Permeability)

Inhalation:

• This is the easiest way that a chemical can get into our body. • As we breathe, we take in whatever is in the air. Dust, fibers and chemicals. • They then may be deposited into the lungs or cross into the blood stream.

Protecting yourself from Ionizing Radiation

• Time: Limit the time you spend near a radioactive source. If you will be working with radioactivity, the special training you must take will let you know the time limits. You will also be provided with a badge or ring that will measure your exposure. • Distance: The greater the distance from the source, the less the exposure to its radiation. If you are not specially trained, stay away entirely. • Shielding: The shielding required to protect you from each type of radiation is discussed above.

Totally-Encapsulating Chemical Protective suits:

• Totally encapsulating chemical protective (TECP) suits completely enclose the wearer. These suits are designed to seal out gases and vapors. They also protect against liquid splashes and particulate contaminants. • TECP suits must be able maintain a positive internal pressure. (This is so that any leakage will theoretically be from the inside out).

Conditions Leading to Cave-In

• Unstable soils: • loose, crumbly, poorly consolidated materials, or • soils which have previously been dug and backfilled. • Soils which have a high-water content. • Loading of trench walls. Walls may be loaded by: • heavy equipment, • supplies, • structures, • dirt piles, and • other items or materials.

Confining Release to Air

• Vapor knockdown • Vapor dispersion • Vapor suppression

Cold Stress Body Response

• Vasoconstriction to hold heat • Shivering to generate heat • Acclimatization? Not much.

EMERGENCY / RESCUE DECONTAMINATION

• Workers injured in area of contamination need medical attention, but may be wearing contaminated PPE that can expose the worker and rescuers • How can you rescue and treat the victim without contaminating him? Can you prevent contamination of the EMS people who take care of him? • Rescuers and EMS teams must gather information before rescue can occur.

Prevention and Treatment: Acclimatization

•7-10 days of increasing work periods at same level of work you will be doing •Physical adaptations -lower heart rate -lower body temperature -more sweating with less electrolyte loss •Start over after vacation or illness

Permit-Required Confined Space

•A confined space that: •Contains or has potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere •Has engulfment hazard potential •Has configuration that can entrap or asphyxiate •Contains other recognized serious safety and health hazard

Safe Work Practices

•Accident types •Falls •Struck by or against •Caught in, on, or between •Contact •Exposure •Overexertion

Warm Zone

•Additional Safety Buffer •Consider worst case scenarios •Area of Contamination Reduction and Removal (DECON) •No air contamination should be present in this zone before activities begin!

Method of Protection

•Air-purifying • Air Purifying Respirator (APR) • Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) •Atmosphere-supplying • Supplied air respirator (SAR) • Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

Supplied Air Respirators

•Allow longer entries •Lighter and lower profile than SCBAs •With escape bottle, can be used where APRs can't: •O2 -deficient atmospheres •IDLH atmospheres •Unidentified atmospheres?

What to do if bitten

•Allow the wound to bleed freely for about 30 seconds •Apply an extractor and leave it in place until drainage stops, then wrap with a bandage or if no extractor is available, just wrap with bandage •Wrap no tighter than you would for a sprain. •Keep wound at or below heart level. •Go to the nearest hospital •If possible and only if it is safe to do so, identify or kill and bring the snake with you. This is the least important step. •Don't panic, it is highly unlikely that you are going to die

Chiggers

•Also known as redbugs •Inserts mouthparts into a pore or hair follicle then secretes digestive enzymes •Symptoms are extreme itching & red bumps •Kill the chiggers by taking a hot bath, then use an antiseptic to prevent infection •Treat the itching with anti-itch cream •Are not known to carry disease

General Avoidance of Poisonous Snakes

•Be careful where you put your hands and feet— remembering this alone almost guarantees your avoidance of snakebite •Understand the behavior of poisonous snakes so that you can avoid doing the things that typically result in being bitten •Blue jeans and hiking boots will deflect most snakebites •If you see a poisonous snake, don't try to kill it, you only increase your odds of being bitten

Inspecting Gloves

•Before using, check for pinholes. •Blow into glove, •Roll gauntlet towards fingers and hold under water. No air should escape.

DOT Hazard Communication

•Bulk containers must show the 4-digit Identification Number.

Step 3 - Identifying the Hazards

•Can clothing or jewelry get caught? •Are there fixed objects that may cause injury? •What could the worker get caught "between"? •What can the worker get caught in, reaching over, under, around or through etc.? •Is the worker off-balance at any time? • Is the worker positioned dangerously? • What repetitive motion injuries are likely? • What moving parts could strike the worker? • Can the worker fall?

Step 4 - Recommend Safe Procedures and Protection

•Can the job be performed in another way to eliminate hazards? •Are safety equipment and/or precautions needed to reduce hazards? •List exactly what the worker needs to know in order to perform the job.

Class 6 Poison

•Cause illness or death in humans •Three packing groups

Preparing for a Safe Excavation

•Check for underground utilities •Determine soil composition •Have an excavation safety plan •Train all involved in safe excavation procedures, such as recognition of impending cave-ins.

Inspecting Totally-Encapsulating Suits:

•Check the operation of pressure relief valves. •Inspect the fit at wrists, ankles, and neck. •Check face shield for cracks, warping and/or fogginess

Supplier Labels

•Chemical manufacturers, importers, and distributors are required to ensure that every container of hazardous chemical leaving the workplace is labeled, tagged, or marked with six items: 1.Product Identifier 2.Pictograms 3.Signal Word Danger - Greater Hazard Warning - Lesser Hazard 4.Hazard Statement 5.Precautionary Statement 6.Supplier Information

NIOSH Particulate Respirator Classification

•Classifies particulate respirators by: •Efficiency •Presence of oil mist •Least protective is N95 •Most protective is P100

Other SCBA Features

•Closed-circuit "rebreathers" •Hybrid SCBA / SAR units •Quick-fill / trans-fill systems

Brown Recluse

•Commonly found in sheds and closets that have been abandoned for long periods of time •Wear gloves when working in likely areas •Symptoms include a red raised area, and flu-like symptoms including fever, chills, and nausea •If bitten, try to collect the spider and go to the doctor •Healing can take up to a month. •In some cases, the wound can become graphic and severe scarring can result

Snakebite symptoms

•Coral Snake •Drooping eyelids •Blurred vision •Difficulty breathing, swallowing, or speaking •Oculomotor palsy •Pain and Swelling •All others •Swelling •Local pain or tingling sensation •Muscle cramps or contractions •Dizziness or fainting •Sweating & fever •Discoloration or blistering in area of bite

Moving Containers

•Dangers •Be ready for spills •Use material handling equipment

How to determine Jobs to be Analyzed

•Develop a list of occupations •Develop a list of jobs •Create an index of jobs to be analyzed

Class 1 Explosive

•Divisions 1.1 - 1.6 •1.1 is most hazardous •1.6 is least hazardous

Prevention and Treatment: Hydration

•Drink large amounts of water often, even if you are not thirsty •Eat fruits and vegetables for electrolytes •Become and remain physically fit •Weigh daily to check fluid loss •Acclimatize

Class 7 Radioactive

•Emit ionizing radiation •Packaging designed to contain the radiation •Label Number I, II, III 1 lowest 3 highest

Hazardous Waste Site Engineering Controls

•Enclose the cab of an excavator with air purification or temperature control •Remote drum opening device •Blower fan to ventilate a confined space •Trench shoring timbers

Controlling Noise

•Engineering controls •Administrative controls •Personal protective equipment

HEAT STRESS

•Environmental Heat •High Temperature •Infrared Radiation from the Sun and Equipment •Metabolic Heat •Produced by your body •Increases as workload increases

Setting up Site Control Zones

•Exclusion (HOT) Zone •Contamination Reduction (WARM) Zone •Support (COLD) Zone

Weather Hazards - Flooding

•Flood waters can have strong currents - do not walk or drive through flooded areas •Flooding can overwhelm sewer systems and carry sewage. •Flooding can displace snakes and other dangerous wildlife.

Black Widow

•Frequently found under rocks and boards •If bitten, go to the emergency room •Can result in death in small children and elderly

Hearing Protection:

•Hearing protectors may be either ear plugs or earmuffs, depending on whether they fit into or over the ear. In either case, a sound absorbing material forms a barrier which absorbs sound waves before they enter the ear. •These devices vary in the degree of noise reduction they can achieve. • The EPA developed noise reduction rating (NRR) system to report the noise-reducing capability of hearing protectors.

Weather Hazards - Lightning

•If you hear thunder, lightning is nearby and can strike you •Avoid high places, isolated trees or poles, open fields, picnic shelters, etc. •The best place to be is inside a building or your vehicle with the windows rolled up

Reusable Items of CPC

•In the past, reusable CPC fabrics such as butyl rubber, Viton®, urethane, nitrile rubber, neoprene, and polyvinyl chloride were used. •In recent years, manufacturers have begun to offer reusable CPC constructed of two or more layers of different materials laminated together, thus offering a widened range of protection.

Stinging nettles

•Instant stinging pain from the hairs on the plant, but it only lasts a few minutes. The itching can last about a day •Hairs are filled with formic acid. Rubbing baking soda on it can neutralize it

Hazards of Radioactivity

•Ionizing (29 CFR 1910.96) • Alpha • Beta •Gamma •Nonionizing (29 CFR1910.97) • Sun • Microwave •Sources on hazardous waste sites?

Eastern Diamondback

•It is found South of here in Pine/Palmetto forests •This is an aggressive snake and is one of the most venomous in N. America

Goals of Chemical Spill Response

•Keep materials in the smallest area possible •Keep spill out of waterways, sewers, and environmentally sensitive areas. •Keep people from being exposed •Get the spill under control for proper disposal

Confined Spaces

•Large enough to bodily enter and work •Limited (difficult) entrance/exit •Not intended for human occupancy

How to avoid getting poison ivy, oak, or sumac

•Learn to identify it & never touch it •Wear long pants and closed-toe shoes in the field •Be careful where you put your hands

Level A Protection:

•Level A protection provides the highest level of respiratory protection and skin and eye protection available. •TECP suits and atmosphere-supplying respirators are major items of Level A ensembles. •You must use level A protection whenever airborne contaminants in the work area must be kept from your skin. •Level A must also be used for situations in which you may encounter pressure spray or major splashing of liquids that are skin hazards.

EPA LEVELS OF PROTECTION

•Level D - basic work uniform •Level C - APR and splash protection •Level B - highest respiratory protection but allows unprotected skin •Level A - totally enclosed, highest skin and respiratory protection

Flash Point

•Liquids do not burn, but give off vapors that burn •The temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapors to mix with oxygen and burn if ignited. •The lower the flash point, the greater the fire hazard of a material.

Step 2 - Breaking the job into steps

•List each step in order of occurrence. •Record each step of job action. •Go over the steps with the employee. •Finalize the steps involved.

Cold Zone

•Location of command and support activities •No PPE •Set command post & support activities upwind!! •Consider prevailing wind direction

Explosive / Flammable Limits

•Lower Explosive Limit (LEL/LFL): Minimum percent gas/vapor in air that is required to form an ignitable mixture in air. •Upper Explosive Limit (UEL/UFL): The maximum percent of gas/vapor in air that will burn.

Tick-borne Diseases

•Lyme Disease •Spotted Fever •Anaplasmosis •Babesiosis •Tularemia •Tick Paralysis •Alpha-gal (red meat) Allergy

Class 9 Miscellaneous

•Materials that may cause a hazard during transportation, but do not fit definition of any other hazard class

Corrosive Materials

•Measure of Alkalinity or Acidity of a solution. •pH is a logarithmic scale •Measurement of the [H+] in solution •Corrosive if pH < 2.0 or > 12.5 <2.0 acidic > 12.5 base

Site Illumination

•Minimum light intensity for work areas •Measured as foot-candles or enough light to put one lumen (total light) on 1 square foot surface

Biting insects and other invertebrate parasites

•Mosquitoes •Ticks •Chiggers •Yellow Jackets, Wasps, Bees, etc. •Scorpions •Leeches •Brown recluses and Black Widows

Repellents

•Most experts say that treating your clothing with permethrin and using 30% DEET on exposed skin is sufficient to repel mosquitoes and prevent the attachment of ticks and chiggers •DEET can cause damage to many synthetic materials •Overuse of insect repellents can be harmful to your health •Permethrin is classified as a neurotoxin and a carcinogen. It can be harmful to the environment, especially aquatic environments. It should be used with care. You should not enter a stream with permethrin treated clothing

Equine Encephalitis

•Most people have no symptoms; •others get only a mild flu-like illness with fever, headache, and sore throat. •In an infection of the central nervous system, a sudden fever and severe headache can be followed quickly by seizures and coma. About half of these patients die from the disease. Of those who survive, many suffer permanent brain damage and require lifetime institutional care •Fewer than 5 cases are reported most years

Sources of Answers

•NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards •Safety Data Sheets •DOT's Emergency Response Guidebook •CAMEO Chemicals

WHAT ARE TRENCHES?

•Narrow excavations •Depth exceeds width •Generally, less than 15 feet wide

Hazards of Low and High Oxygen Levels

•O2 enriched air above 23.5% Danger: Fire or Explosion! •Oxygen deficient air below 19.5% Danger: Asphyxiation 20.9 = normal below 19.5 = can die above 23.5 = toxic

West Nile Virus

•Only 20% of those infected will become sick •1 of 150 infected will develop a serious infection •Symptoms of a mild infection: fever, headache, and body aches, occasionally with a skin rash on the trunk of the body and swollen lymph glands •Symptoms of a serious infection: headache, high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, and paralysis

Black Widow Symptoms

•Pain similar to pinprick at site of bite, Numbness, Muscle pain and cramps, increased sweating & salivation •High blood pressure •Difficulty breathing •Faint redness around bite area with mild swelling & itching •Nausea and/or vomiting •Muscle weakness •Restlessness •Anxiety •Headache •In pregnancy, uterine contractions and premature labor

Weather Hazards - Tornados

•Pay attention to the forecast. •If a tornado watch is issued, find shelter in a substantial structure to wait it out •If caught in a tornado, don't try to outrun it in your vehicle. If you can get to a building , find an interior room or basement and get under a heavy table, bench or in a bathtub. •Helmet, head and body protection can help.

Cold Stress Prevention

•Physical and medical monitoring •Work-rest cycles •Layered clothing to hold heat in, moisture out •Hydration

Dangerous Plants

•Poison Ivy, Poison Sumac, and Poison Oak all have the same poison—Uroshiol oil •Only 1 nanogram (billionth of a gram) needed to cause rash •Average is 100 nanograms for most people •Specimens of urushiol several centuries old have found to cause dermatitis in sensitive people. •1 to 5 years is normal for urushiol oil to stay active on any surface including dead plants

Caterpillars

•Poison hairs •Contact can cause pain, itching and nausea •Immediately wash the affected area •Ice can be applied to the area to alleviate initial pain and swelling •Symptoms typically resolve within a couple of days

FACEPIECE FIT TESTING

•Qualitative tests: •Negative pressure ck • Positive pressure ck •Irritant smoke, odorous vapor, and sweetener test •Quantitative tests: • Condensation Nuclei Counter (Portacount by TSI) • Controlled Negative Pressure (OHD Fit Tester 3000) •Fit checks

Special Hazards

•Radioactives •Shock sensitives •Laboratory waste packs •Pressurized cylinders

Reasons for Site Assessments

•Real Estate Transactions •Acquisition of Property = Acquisition of Liability •Phase I & Phase II •Environmental Audits •Company Performs Self Evaluation •Not Typically Publicly Announced •Compliance Inspections

Vapor Density

•Relative density of a vapor or gas as compared to air • <1.0, vapor will rise • >1.0, vapor will sink •No VD? Molecular Weight of air is 29 •RgasD in NIOSH Pocket Guide

Establishing the HOT ZONE

•Restrict entry to the fewest people necessary to do work •Safety Buffer •Consider worst case scenarios •Boundary Security

Reviewing /Revising JSAs

•Review on a scheduled basis to be certain that they remain current. •Revise whenever changes occur to the job, equipment, or environment.

Written Programs in HAZWOPER

•Safety and Health Program (b) •Site Control Program (d) •Medical Surveillance (f) •Personal Protective Equipment Program (g) •Informational Program (i) •Emergency Response Plan (l)

PERSONAL FACTORS AFFECTING RESPIRATOR USE:

•Scars, •Hollow cheeks, •Deep skin creases, and •Missing teeth.

Controlling Movements

•Set up Access Control points to each zone •Use existing features •Consider wind direction •Enforce access rules

Functions of Site Control

•Setting a perimeter to isolate the site •Maintaining security at the site •Establishing zones within the site •Establishing and controlling communication during hazardous activities

Documentation

•Shipping Papers •Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest •Waste Profiles Sheet

Initial Site Entry

•Should confirm or add to what the preliminary evaluation anticipated •Guilty until proven innocent approach •Unknown or Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) - Level B •Atmosphere-supplying Respirator •High skin protection

Preliminary Evaluation

•Site Location & Layout •Description & Duration of Work •Safety & Health Hazards •Hazardous Substances & Migration •Status of Emergency Responder

Pygmy Rattlesnake

•Small rattler—record length is 25 inches •Has a reduced rattle •Mainly eats lizards •Not very aggressive

Predicting Dispersion in Water

•Solubility (Miscible) • Ability of a material to dissolve in water or another solvent •Specific Gravity • <1.0, insoluble liquid will float • >1.0, insoluble liquid will sink • = 1.0, insoluble liquid will disperse unevenly • This assumes calm water

Bulking Liquid Wastes

•Stage for compatibility •Dike area for confinement •Transfer liquids safely •Sparking •Grounding & bonding •Compatibilities

Yellow Jackets, Wasps, Bees

•Stings which result in local pain & swelling and in most people •Stinging usually occurs when the "home" is threatened •If stung, remove stinger—it can continue to pump poison after sting •After the stinger is removed, clean the area. •Some people have severe allergic reactions--if you are stung and you begin to have difficulty breathing, call an ambulance. •If you have a known allergy, be sure to carry your sting kit with you at all times.

Flammable Solids

•The Confined Space Entry Standard (29 CFR 1910.146) suggest that if you are in a room full of dust and cannot see an object clearly that is five feet away, you are probably in the flammable range of the dust or particles

Inspecting Containers

•Thermal stress •Mechanical stress •Chemical stress •Irradiation (UV)

Emergency Response Guidebook

•Three areas of guidance: • Potential Hazards (Fire or explosion, and health hazards); • Information about Public Safety (Immediate isolation area, protective clothing, evacuation information); • Emergency response (Fire, spills or leaks, First aid).

The Purposes of Job Safety Analysis

•To establish safe work methods for various jobs •Recognize and identify hazards associated with various jobs •Provide a basis for consistent training •Establish efficient work methods for various jobs

Informing Workers and Visitors

•Train workers on the site (employees, and contractors), in the zoning and access control procedures •Visitors should be escorted, PPE should be worn as required, and be informed of the hazards present, as well as the emergency procedures. (Alarms, etc). •Don't let anyone wander around the site, unescorted or unprotected.

Site Control Zones Divide The Scene Into Areas Based On:

•Types and degrees of hazards •Chemical •Physical •Personal protection requirements •Types of work activities

CPC Materials & Technologies

•Tyvek is probably the most popular of the disposable materials. It offers adequate protection against particulate contaminants in many instances. •The disposables offer advantages, in that they are relatively inexpensive to purchase and require no decontamination after use. •However, the disposables typically have a low durability relative to the reusables.

Overpacking Containers

•Use safe lifting procedures •Insure compatibility •Use sorbent materials

Administrative Controls

•Using work practices, programs, and procedures to control exposure to hazards •Common principles •Standard Operating Procedures •Training •Worker rotation •Alternate work shifts

Predicting Dispersion in Air

•Vapor Pressure •How much vapor will the liquid release? •VP of water @ 65 °F is 20 mmHg •As the liquid becomes warmer, the vapor pressure will increase

Cottonmouth

•Very aggressive •Found near water •Mainly eats fish and frogs

Timber Rattler

•Very common •Aggressive if approached or threatened •Will typically avoid people •Unless you step on it before it sees you, it will give warning before biting—take advantage of this

Copperhead

•Very mild mannered •Very well camouflaged •Unless you step on this snake or try to pick it up, it is highly unlikely that it will bite you

Coral Snake

•Very secretive •Not very aggressive •Venom is very dangerous

ZONING THE SITE

•Visually assess the site layout and locations of hazards or areas of concern •Determine whether physical barriers are called for or will be effective

PATIENT DECONTAMINATION

•Wash down beginning at head • eyes • open wounds (waterproof dressing?) •Least aggressive method •Contain all runoff

I think I've been exposed, what do I do?

•Wash the area with soap. Since Uroshiol is an oil, grease cutting dish detergents work very well. •Wash any tools with kerosene •Don't touch your face •Be careful not to spread it during cleanup •Do not burn it, the uroshiol will end up in the smoke and then in your lungs •If your reaction is severe, see a doctor. The usual treatment for a severe rash is a steroid shot.

Reactivity

•Water-Reactive Materials •Air-Reactive Materials •Oxidizers •Unstable Materials •Polymerization •Incompatible Materials •Toxic Combustion Products

Other methods of discouraging parasites and other inverts

•Wear light clothing so that ticks can be readily spotted •Tuck your pants into your socks •Wear a hat and head net •Concentrate repellents in clothing openings •Stay on trails, minimize contact with vegetation •Be careful where you put your hands

Field Hazards

•Weather—tornados, lightning, flooding •Plants—poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, stinging nettles •Biting Insects and Invertebrates—mosquitoes, bees, chiggers, ticks, leeches, scorpions, spiders •Snakes

Trenching Safety Precautions

•While Digging & Working in Trenches • Follow Standard Safe Work Practices • Use Ladders Or Steps To Enter/Exit (Ladders spaced with 25' of travel maximum) • Place No Materials Within Two Feet Of Edge • Prevent Cave-In

Disadvantages of SARs are primarily related to the airline, including:

•Your movement is restricted by the airline. For example, you must retrace your previous steps to exit a work area. •The airline may be cut, torn, caught, or tangled, thus cutting off your air supply and/or trapping you. •The airline may be contaminated or permeated by chemicals. •SAR systems cost more and require detailed maintenance.