4.1: Technological Innovations

How does the extensive trade impact Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland?

They become maritime empires.

Omani-European Rivalry

A trade rivalry between the Omani of the Middle East and the European traders----one of the reasons Columbus looked for a new route to India

How was Al-Andalus impactful in the creation of these practices and trade routes?

Al-Andalus is where Islamic ideas diffused into Europe.

How did rivalries develop as more Europeans joined the Indian Ocean trade networks?

As more Europeans joined the trade network, they faced competition from the Middle Eastern traders in Oman.

How did astronomical charts impact trade and travel?

Mariners relied on these maps to guide ships' direction, using the skies to help them determine their location

How was Prince Henry the Navigator impactful in the creation of these practices and trade routes?

Portuguese He strongly supported navigation. He financed expeditions along African's Atlantic Coast and around the Cape of Good Hope. Because of him, Portugal explored African coastal communities and kingdoms before other Europeans powers.

What were the long term results of these techniques on exploration, gunpowder, Islam, and Africa

The long term result was rapid expansion of exploration and global trade. Gunpowder helped Europeans in their conquests Gunpowder is also used by sea pirates, like Sea beggar- Dutch pirates. Because of the expansion of the Abbasid Empire and the activities of Muslim merchants, Islam spread rapidly in North Africa and the trading cities along Africa's east coast. Interaction among various of cultures inside and outside of Africa brought extensive trade and new technology into the continent.

How did western europeans develop naval technology as a combination of old and new practices?

They used Greek sailing traditions (using the stars to navigate). They combined this knowledge with ideas from the Islamic and Asian sailors and scholars.

Caravel

a small three-masted ship developed by the Portuguese allowed sailors to survive storms at sea better than earlier designed ships

Astronomical Charts

any map of the stars and galaxies

Inventions that led to Europeans venturing out to sea.

compass astrolabe cartography caravel

Maritime Empires

empires based on sea travel

Astrolabe

improved by Muslim navigators allows sailors to find their position based off the equator

How did Newtons discovery of gravitation impact trade and travel?

increased the knowledge of the tides sailors could reliably predict when the depth of the water near a shore would decrease exposing dangerous rocks

Caravel

lateen sails; made for long voyages at great spped, used by Portugal and Spain

Primogeniture Laws

legal and customary right that the firstborn child will inherit all of his fathers possessions (land and money)

Cartography

mapmaking and knowledge of current and wind patterns helped sailors navigate

Compass

originally create in China for fortune telling helps steer a ship in the right direction

Lateen Sail

ship sail in the shape of a triangle used by Arab sailors in the Indian Ocean first; could catch wind on either side of the ship, allowing it to travel in different directions; not based on the wind

Carrack

square and lateen sails/masts, made for trade and used by Portugal

Fluyt

square sails used for trade and made by the Dutch

How is the Omani European rivalry an example?

the Portuguese set up forts in Oman, but the Omans kept attempting to remove them

Motivations that pushed Europeans into exploration and trade (3)

the population grew, so not all workers could find work or food not all sons of the wealthy could own land bc estates went to the eldest state due to primogeniture laws religious minorities searched for a place to settle where they would be treated with tolerance