4.1 Urinary System

Select all that apply The countercurrent multiplier allows for a hypertonic interstitial fluid which leads to water reabsorption. Which two factors does this process depend on?

-active reabsorption of sodium in the thick ascending limb -countercurrent flow in the nephron loop

Select all that apply Identify the three main parts of a renal tubule.

-distal tubule -proximal tubule -nephron loop

Select all that apply Which functions does the urinary system regulate?

-excretion of drugs -volume of body fluids -pH balance -removal of metabolic wastes

Select all that apply Which three processes are involved in the formation of urine?

-glomerular filtration -tubular reabsorption -tubular secretion

Select all that apply Contributing to homeostasis, the kidney functions to maintain which of the following within normal ranges?

-pH of body fluids -volume of body fluids -composition of body fluids

Select all that apply Which are the two major components of a nephron?

-renal tubule -renal corpuscle

Select all that apply Urine is formed through which three processes?

-tubular reabsorption -tubular secretion -glomerular filtration

Select all that apply Which statements correctly identify the numbers of organs in the urinary system?

-two kidneys -one urinary bladder

Select all that apply Indicate three characteristics that correctly describe the composition of normal urine.

-urea and uric acid present -95% water -some electrolytes present

Select all that apply List the four organs making up the urinary system.

-urethra -urinary bladder -ureters -kidneys

Select all that apply What are some effects of angiotensin II?

-vasoconstriction -increased ADH secretion -increased aldosterone secretion

Click and drag on elements in order Urine produced in the nephron will pass through all of the following structures. Place them in the correct order, with the structure closest to the nephron at the top.

1. calyces 2. renal pelvis 3. ureter 4. urinary bladder 5. urethra

Click and drag on elements in order List the urine-producing structures in the correct order, putting the first structure involved at the top.

1. glomerular capsule 2. proximal tubule 3. nephron loop 4. distal tubule 5. collecting duct

Click and drag on elements in order List in the correct order the urine-collecting structures of the urinary system, putting the structure closest to the collecting duct at the top.

1. minor calyx 2.. major calyx 3. renal pelvis 4. ureter 5. urinary bladder 6. urethra

Click and drag on elements in order Place the following events of the renin pathway in chronological order.

1. renin is secreted by the kidneys 2. conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I 3. conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II 4. secretion of aldosterone 5. increase NA+ an Cl- reabsorption 6. increased H2O reabsorption

Click and drag on elements in order Place the following structures in order of urine elimination, with the structure closest to the renal pelvis at the top.

1. ureter 2. urinary bladder 3. urethra

A kidney is approximately ___ centimeters long, 6 centimeters wide, and 3 centimeters thick.

12

The hollow muscular organ is located in the pelvic cavity posterior to the symphysis pubis that is part of the urinary system is the urinary ___.

Blank 1: bladder

Blood that passes through the glomerulus, and is not filtered, will enter the ___ arteriole.

Blank 1: efferent

The fluid that leaves the glomerulus and enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular ___.

Blank 1: filtrate

The amount of fluid per minute entering the nephrons of both kidneys is ___ the rate ___ (GFR).

Blank 1: glomerular Blank 2: filtration

The thin-walled, sac-like structure that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtered fluid is called the ___ ___.

Blank 1: glomerular or Bowman's Blank 2: capsule

The major regions of the kidney are the renal ___ and the renal ___.

Blank 1: medulla, renal medulla, or inner medulla Blank 2: cortex, renal cortex, or outer cortex

Urine passes from the collecting ducts into the ___ calyces, then into the ___ calyces before reaching the renal pelvis.

Blank 1: minor Blank 2: major

The structure that consists of a renal corpuscle and its associated renal tubule is called a(n) ___.

Blank 1: nephron

With the cortical nephrons, blood passes from the efferent arterioles directly into the ___ capillaries.

Blank 1: peritubular

Almost all of the sodium ions found in the glomerular filtrate are ___ before urine is excreted.

Blank 1: reabsorbed

Movement of materials from the renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries is called tubular ___.

Blank 1: reabsorption

The process that returns substances to the internal environment, back into the extracellular fluid, is called tubular ___.

Blank 1: reabsorption

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the kidney is called the ___ artery.

Blank 1: renal

A role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is to secrete an enzyme called ___.

Blank 1: renin

he kidneys help to regulate blood pressure by secreting an enzyme called ___.

Blank 1: renin

Movement of certain substances from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules is called tubular ___.

Blank 1: secretion

Water is able to leave the tubular fluid of the ___ segment of the nephron loop, following its osmotic gradient.

Blank 1: thin or descending

The tube conveying urine from one of the kidneys to the urinary bladder is a(n) ___.

Blank 1: ureter

The most abundant component of urine is ___.

Blank 1: water or H2O

What is the renal capsule?

a fibrous membrane around the kidney

What is a kidney shaped like?

bean

The extensions of the renal cortex tissue into the renal medulla (between renal pyramids) are called renal ___.

columns

The layer of the kidney tissue found just deep to the renal capsule, distinct from the innermost layer of the kidney, is the renal ___.

cortex

The nephrons classified as ___ nephrons are located close to the kidney surface and have relatively short nephron loops.

cortical

Which limb of the nephron loop is permeable to water but not solutes?

descending limb

The proximal tubule reabsorbs ___ as the distal tubule.

different substances

From the glomerular capillaries, blood flows into which blood vessel?

efferent arteriole

Name the opening through which urine exits the body.

external urethral orifice

True or false: A very small percentage (<10%) of the original glomerular filtrate will be reabsorbed as the fluid flows through the nephrons and collecting ducts.

false

True or false: All segments of the renal tubule reabsorb the same substances.

false

What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure of blood on filtration?

favors filtration

During the first step of urine formation, the material that enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular ___.

filtrate

The fluid called glomerular ___ is produced by the process of glomerular filtration.

filtrate

Glomerular ___ involves the movement of water and other small dissolved molecules and ions from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule.

filtration

In which direction do substances move during tubular reabsorption?

from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries

Blood flows from the ___ into the efferent arteriole.

glomerular capillary bed

Name the double-walled structure within a nephron that is positioned around the glomerulus and receives glomerular filtrate.

glomerular capsule

The rate of 120-125 milliliters per minute of fluid entering the nephrons of both kidneys is called the ___ rate.

glomerular filtration

What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called?

glomerular filtration rate

In glomerular filtration, substances move from the ___ into the ___.

glomerulus; nephron

In order to help maintain blood pH, ___ ions are secreted along the entire length of the nephron.

hydrogen

What is the main driving force behind glomerular filtration?

hydrostatic pressure of blood

Like filtration in the systemic capillaries, the main force that moves substances through the glomerular capillary wall is the ___ pressure of the ___ inside.

hydrostatic; blood

The thick segment of the nephron loop is ___ to water.

impermeable

As fluid flows down the water-permeable descending limb of the nephron loop, the osmolarity of the tubular fluid is ___.

increasing

Which structure secretes renin?

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Name the subset of nephrons that has nephron loops extending deep into the renal medulla and renal corpuscles located near the renal medulla.

juxtamedullary nephrons

The renal artery brings blood to which structure?

kidney

Each ureter carries urine from a(n) ___ to the ___.

kidney; urinary bladder

The organs that function to regulate the removal of excess water, electrolytes, and metabolic wastes from body fluids are called the ___.

kidneys

The diameters of afferent arterioles are ___ than those of the efferent arterioles. This difference causes blood to back up into the glomerulus, changing blood pressure which ___ filtration.

larger; favors

If ADH levels are ___, less water will be reabsorbed and the volume of urine will ___.

low; increase

The urinary bladders lies posteriorly against the rectum in ___.

males only

Because of tubular secretion, there can be ___ of a substance in the urine than was filtered from the blood.

more

If ADH levels are high, ___ water will be reabsorbed and ___ water will be excreted in the urine.

more; less

The volume of glomerular filtrate is ___ the volume of urine formed and excreted.

much greater than

Which segment of the renal tubule acts as a countercurrent multiplier?

nephron loop

What is the destination of urine passing through the urethra?

outside of the body

Name the capillaries that surround the renal tubules within the renal cortex.

peritubular capillaries

Most of tubular reabsorption occurs in which segment of the renal tubule?

proximal tubule

From the glomerular capsule, the order for the tubules of the nephron is ___.

proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule

Renal columns are made of cortical tissue and are located between the renal ___.

pyramid

Almost all of the sodium and water are ___ before urine is excreted.

reabsorbed

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

regulate composition and volume of extracellular fluid

The enzyme renin is secreted by the kidneys. What is its function?

regulation of blood pressure

What is the thin fibrous sac that encloses the kidney called?

renal capsule

The two major components of a nephron are the ___.

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

The countercurrent segments of the nephrons are located in which layer of kidney tissue?

renal medulla

In order to help maintain blood pH, hydrogen ions are ___ along the entire length of the nephron.

secreted

Because of tubular ___, more of a substance may be in the urine than was filtered from the blood.

secretion

The ___ segment of the nephron loop is impermeable to water, and is permeable to NaCl.

thick

What is a glomerular capsule?

thin-walled, sac-like structure that surrounds a capillary network

True or false: Urine exits the body via the external urethral orifice.

true

The proximal tubule is the primary location for which process?

tubular reabsorption

Hydrogen ions move from the plasma of the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal tubule by the process of ___.

tubular secretion

What is the process by which substances move out of the peritubular capillary and move into the renal tubule?

tubular secretion

As urine leaves the kidney, which structure will it enter first?

ureter

The tubular organ carrying urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is the ___.

ureter

In males, the ___ carries both urine and reproductive secretions.

urethra

Name the tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the the body.

urethra

The tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body is the ___.

urethra

The system that removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes is the ___ system

urinary

What is the hollow muscular organ that lies just posterior to the symphysis pubis?

urinary bladder