417 Final Exam
Le Corbusier
"A house is a machine for living in." Designed radiant city, a vision for utopian vision of a master-plannet city that emphasized high-density housing, green space, and bike lanes Le Corbusier Swiss born french based Went on a pilgrimage in europe and grand plans Thought it was unefficeinet Proposed towers to alleviate the ground The radiant city Sun, space, and greenery Most influential architect in the modern era Utopic ideal Unite in Marseille Concrete block levitated form ground 337 apartments and a pool on the rooftop In the 1940's
70,000 heurs
"A pioneer in regenerative hospitality" Luxury hotel from the nomaic hotel brand that makes wealthy people feel good about their vacations by providing a "give back" experience. Hotel based on the idea that time is too precious to miss out on experiences that can transform how we see the world wandering hotel, new destination every 6 months "It's time to invent a new way to discover the world, which is more authentically connected to people and cultures, more enriching and more humane for all"
Defend Boyle Heights
-community came together to stop rebuilding and gentrification of boyle heights -This movement tarrgeted art galleries in Boyle Heights and other newcomers (coffee shops) which would increase the rents of the area and push out the community - (they would be against a project like Wyvernwood) - Question of whether or not gentrification is good for Boyle Heights or in general Population: 100k Density: Very high Median household income: 32k Renters 75% 1/3rd of the population is in poverty Median saler price per house: 640,000 There is no greenery in Boyle heights
Landschaftspark
-public park in Germany -designed in 1991 -goal: to understand and remember industrial past of the sight instead of try to reject it -past was a coal and steel production plant -it was abandoned in 1985 leaving the area significantly polluted -design divides the area based on past roads and railways Designers emphasized specific programmatic elements Concrete bunkers create spade for a series of intimate gardens Gas tanks have become pools for scuba divers Concrete walls used by rock climbers Each space allowing for a specific reading of time Past can be conducive to the success of future development and adaptive reuse Connections to authenticity?
High Line
A 1-mile New York City linear park built on a 1.45-mile section of the former elevated New York Central Railroad spur called the west side line. The debate: Does gentrification push out the original residents? How do we balance needing to revitalize and portecting the existing community? roject in New York City transforming a historic, unused railroad into an elongated, elevated public park for walking and enjoying greenspace Controversial for gentrification of Chelsea area Adaptive reuse Has became very successful, Part of the controversy is the draw for tourists. Is it inauthentic because of that? How does that affect the conversation around this project? Connects the west side of new york together Thus increasing land prices in the surrounding area Social connectivity Gateway to long beach Going through the largest building of a city hall in all of united states
Modular construction
A construction technique in which a set of prefabricated modules are transported to and assembled at a construction site, creating a building Reuse, reduced construction schedule, safer construction, less material waste, elimination of weather delays, better engineering, improved air quality, improved quality, new design opportunities Connect to: The levits Fathers and sons Built 17000 houses in an instant suburb People waited on lines for hours to dourt house 6990$ The houses were cheaper than renting Federal housing For veterans Mom dad children Houses were too small for grandparents Needed to maintain the middle (the government needed too) 10 million people released from armed services So they needed housing Construction bargaged worked with house System to mass produce housing on site using pre fabricated parts 1 house every 16 minutes Housing can be reproduced to a few steps Each family had one of two models in a variety pf styles, with latest appliances Washing machine Refrigerator Both ahead of their time
Culdesac 2020
A development in Tempe, AZ that centers around removing cars as a focus of development plans. Instead Culdesac using a mixed-use devlopment approach and places walkablity at the center of development. Vibrant and Lively Community with no cars allowed 1 to 3 bedroom No parking at all 5 minute city and connection to radburn
Joseph Eichler
A devloper who built modern homes in the 50s. Eicher neighborhoods did not use discriminatory policies Aced as his own bank and lent to buyers Plans centered around bigger rooms and garages Modernist, shared designs and floor plans with a differnt look Developer who inspired modernist architects like Frank Lloyd Wright to bring quality design with affordability post-WWII Eichler homes are popular in southern california They represent more than just a house, moreso a way of living Still maintain their unique design, it is synonymous with a lifestyle that the owners should embrace Houses have appreciated well over time, very in-demand produc
Carl Mackley Apartment
A low-rise public housing project in Philadelphia built in 1935. They were considered a succesful public housing project because they were part of the community instead of being set apart. The project was part of the larger effort to provide affordable housing and to help alleviate the housing crisis during the great depression. The apartments featured green spaces, playgrounds, and other emnities that were designed to create a sense of community and improve the quality of life for residents.
Neom
A planned city is being built from nothing in Saudi Arabaia. The idea of this development it to create a utopian "smart city" Debate on: Environmental sustainability, displacement of people, human rights during construction Will be entirely powered by renewables High speed transit Digital infrastructure Alleviates Saudi dependence on oil Size of belgium Claims to be a blueprint for tomorrow in which humanity progress without compromise to the health of the planet
Radburn, NJ
A town for the motor age planned by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright in 1929. They planned to incorporate the idea of the Garden City with transportation separated by mode. It introduced superblocks and cul-de-sacs. It was the Regional Planning Association of America's first experiment, yet unsuccessful 5 minute walk Builiding community The town of the motor age Balance between, walking, biking, and movement Great marketing understanding People buying into their idea and notion of housing Super blocks to keep cars on the periphery Everything was included 300 homes were built, even though it was envisioned to have 3k What is a 15 minute city Tempe 5 minute city and connection to Radburn Culdesac 2022 Community with no cars allowed 1 to 3 bedroom No parking at all Initial planned for 3000 homes but ended up being smaller, deemed unsuccesful
1949 housing act
Act signed by Truman to alleviate poor housing conditions in cities and helped renew "blighted" areas. The bill created public housing - Led to building of Pruit Igoe- Created the urban renewal program - Established federal housing - Changing federal expenditures that only prioritize wealthy homeowners -Clearance of slums and otherwise distressed area to create better homes for every American family, contributing the redevelopment, growth, wealth, and security of the nation -Chavez Ravine and the destruction of homes for dodgers stadium -irresonsible use of eminent domain -Provided a guise under which many low-income and minority communities were evicted, with nowhere for these evicted individuals to turn.
John Portman
American neofuturistic architect; had a particularly large impact on the cityscape of his hometown of Atlanta, with the Peachtree Center complex serving as downtown's business and tourism anchor from the 1970s onward. Architecture is about life that comes back to people John understands the scale of people How do you relate to the space your in Hyatt Regency Atlanta Changed the definition of fashion People thought he was a maverick Art as Architecture Buildings unfold as you go through them Architect behind many Hyatt hotels and the idea of the atrium Fresh interpretation of the town square, fathered the hotel atria that are popular in the Hyatt brand popular in the Hyatt brand Could connect to container environments and Victor Gruen's mezzanine shopping levels Having to do with looking down on the happenings of the town square Connection to mumford in creating a theater for social drama
Harry Wardman and Row Homes
An immigrant in the 1890s whose claim to fame was the design and creation of the Row House. His idea wwas providing single-family homes for cheap Row houses: - Housed 10% of federal employees - Eventually went Bankrupt - Allowed for children - less discrimination - Added porches (eyes on the streets and jane jacobs) -----Jane Jacobs concept of "eyes on the street", informal surveillance of the urban environment and sidewalk interactions. Enhanced trust. Presence of others contributes to atmosphere of safety - refrenced his ideas from row home models in England - Kitchens in the back. - He was known for reacting to the market and adapting
Lakewood
Another 1940s/50s development that was similar to Levitt. This development was built more slowly and includeed plans for sewers, waste management etc. Plans also included a mall and supermarket Plan famous for outsourcing city services Just north of Long Beach 17,000 homes built Horizontal development Different contractors for each task Detailed plans for sewers, waste management was constructed with the media, and had an entire plan of marketing from breaking ground to full homes is indicative of a planned environment that offered straightforward ranch-style architecture and tree-lined streets surrounded by large traffic arteries on all sides.
Mia Birk
Background in energy conservation, used as a lens to understand urbanism Smart growth, complete streets, transit, open space, parks, bicycling and walking infrastructure Served as City of Portland Bicycle Program Manager Healthy, energy conscious, traffic reducing solution Learned from European precedents Leader in bicycle planning field Wanted to create solution to obesity problem in Portland Increasing biking roads/trails to increase this method of transportation Thereby reducing traffic congestion City invested millions into biking trails Helps save the region $155,000,000 per year in obesity-related healthcare
Vertical vs horizontal living
Building up (density) vs building outwards (sprawl) Idea that horizontal living can create the possibility of frequent eye contact and promotes a better sense of community amongst residents Connection to Jane Jacobs' sidewalks idea Can connect to container environments Various other connection ALL IN VERTICAL LIVING LECTURE Vertical Living: The Good and Bad Public housing origins Le Corbusier Swiss born french based Went on a pilgrimage in europe and grand plans Thought it was unefficeinet Proposed towers to alleviate the ground The radiant city Sun, space, and greenery Most influential architect in the modern era Utopic ideal Unite in Marseille Concrete block levitated form ground 337 apartments and a pool on the rooftop In the 1940's How much of vienna is zoned single family 0% Auto vogner Wall comes down and he creates a ring straza Excitement in vienna ⅗ residents live in a social construct housing like this Federal expenditures They prioritize wealthy homeowners Our systems are set up for suburbia 1949 housing act Chavez Ravine, Pre 1950 Project deemed rebuilt for public housing Was hispanic working class population All residents were forced out of their house Housing plan didn't go through with the city So instead they built the dodgers stadium there Those that were evicted didn't get anything The federal government came in full force Public policy housing shift Section 8 rental market Allows low-income tenants to rent market rate homes from private landlords by using a federally-funded subsidy
Orange County (China)
City in China made to look and feel like Orange County, CA American suburban architecture, urban design, and amenities China's version of Orange County has sold all 143 of its first-phase units.The idea for building a piece of the California Dream on the Wenyu River was born in the real California in the late 1990s. A Chinese developer named Zhang Bo was tooling around Orange County when he got that "if you build it, they will come" feeling-real estate-developer's intuition. He and a friend decided to go into business together and their company, SinoCEA-a fifty-fifty joint venture with China's one-party state-got to work. Peasants were shipped in from the Chinese hinterlands to build modern homes with the medieval construction techniques of the country's manual-labor force. And though construction is now complete, during my visit, a crew is at work, renovating the clubhouse pool. Pushing wheelbarrows and wielding pickaxes in this Disneyfied landscape, they conjured up nothing so much as the Seven Dwarves.
Broccoli City
City revitalization attempt to make the city more ecological Urban farming initiative in Michigan Signified shift to sustainability focus in cities as well as health focus for residents' wellbeing Connection to urban acupuncture
climate gentrification
Climate gentrification alters real estate markets in some coastal areas by increasing the prices of areas on higher ground, which pushes out longtime residents High-income households are moving away from low-lying coastal areas as sea levels rise Vacancies leave the poorer inhabitants to populate areas that are in a more environmentally compromised area Miami climate gentrification The coast is in a real precarious point 6 feet of sea level rise 1 trillion dollars of real estate in the united states will be underwater Including 1 in 8 homes in florida Champlain Towers Biggest issue was salt water penetration The national Malls Tidal Basin Floods every year due to tourism and erosion Built to be resilient Tsunami house in washington state
Container Environments
Concept by victor gruen who created the shopping mall Idea of people having all the amenities they need in one space in an effort to keep them from leaving Southdale Shopping Mall (first mall with AC) Ultimately strayed from his vision Changes in consumer society: 19th century: Local stores, initial department stores 20th century: Franchises and branch stores centralized shopping and eating Late 20th/21st: Taking tops off malls and container environments search Current trends: Store designs, AI and social media monitoring, consumerism curtailment Psychology of mall Not putting fish next to the luxury store Being very aware of tenants Communal connection to space Recycling shipping containers to quickly and easily create structures Connects to modular construction because the containers are brought to the site and positioned/set up to how the builder wants them Environmental friendliness Creative an outdoor experiences for guests
William Levitt
Created Levittown -- the first "cookie cutter" suburb -- was an American real estate dealer. His innovations of providing affordable housing popularized the type of planned community building later known as suburbia. Levitt appealed to post-war America by using advertisements that employed patriotism and anti-communist rhetoric ("No man that owns a home and a lot can be a communist"). Father of the american suburb "No man who owns a house and lot can become a communist" Each house looked the same Its what kids draw When asked what pic of house Potato fields on long island Cookie cutter The levits Fathers and sons Built 17000 houses in an instant suburb People waited on lines for hours to dourt house 6990$ The houses were cheaper than renting Federal housing For veterans Mom dad children Houses were too small for grandparents Needed to maintain the middle (the government needed too) 10 million people released from armed services So they needed housing Construction bargaged worked with house System to mass produce housing on site using pre fabricated parts 1 house every 16 minutes Housing can be reproduced to a few steps Each family had one of two models in a variety pf styles, with latest appliances Washing machine Refrigerator Both ahead of their time It has no town center 7 village greens each with a retail strip A pool was a signifyer of some kind of prosperity They were selling a whole lifetsyle Suburbs became available to "everyone" Because property covenants about Levittown excluded all whites If one african american family moved in white customers would not They would build 3 more levittown Federally backed mortgages
CLT
Cross laminated timber. An engineered wood building system of solid, prefabricated structural panels made from lumber that is stacked in alternating directions and bonded with adhesives. They are lightweight, structurally efficient, and gaining in popularity in the United States. Advantages of being lightweight, very strong, and sustainable Improved Fire Resilience The future of building, especially in smaller multi-family residences
Calvino's Sophronia
Descibes a city that is divided int two very different experiences. Partially temporary in nature, with the flashiest things always ready to pick up and move to the next location Note: Gentrification The ability for wealth to make decisions Boyle Heights Two half-cities One is the "dream state" with whimsical and childish things like roller coasters and carousels The other is made of realistic things Dream state is temporary, the other is permanent Temporary one can be dismantled and taken away when there is somewhere better and they would be transplanted there Commentary on gentrification and the ability for wealth to make decisions Relates to discussion of boyle heights Commentary on hollowing out of urban cores, movement of capital interests and deserting of communities
Edward Killingsworth
Designed hotels including the El Paso Hilton, and wanted his work to be timeless. The design for the hotel was based on locational proximity to the airport with massive parking, and it featured an H shaped pool for Hilton. First hotel connected to an industry "Beautiful nothing" (grace, lightness, weightless) Creative marketing of properties Sought to cater to lifestyle and contemporary living Emphasis on monumentalism, or at latest the visual impact of the hotel's spaces Emphasis on being seen Helped bring hospitality into the mainstream and transformed how americans thought of hotels
Belair at Bowie
Development in Marlyand by Levitt and Sons in the '60s and '70s. This development featured large, single family homes. Levitt and Sons: Created by Abraham Levitt and his sons to develop affordable homes for working-class Americans post WWII. Most notable: Levittown- featured tons of uniform homes with tree-lined streets and amenities like swimming pools, parks, and shopping. Move from building one home to COMMUNITY BUILDING. Expanding his market for the middle class He owned a lumber mill Also incorporated Televisions into houses Started the incorporation of the laundry room "The price we say, is the price you pay" Houses catered to different lifestyles with Attached Garages
Transit-oriented development (TOD)
Development that attempts to focus dense residential and retail development around stops for public transportation, a component of smart growth. Portland The future of urban planning New and old side by side Does everything right Transit oriented development Designing communities around public transit Street car brought this part to life Aging loft buildings were like oyster shells Plan was by preserving the old industrial buildings Jane jacobs Get people on the streets 24 hours a day 7 days a week Loveld streetlife and sidewalk valet Pearl district was small blocks and narrow streets Safer to be mixing with traffic then a specific lane
minimum house
Hise's design for the home that could be constructed as "community builders" emerged. This design streamlined the construction process and cut costs to try to increase homeownership The design was resourceful and featured a two bedroom, one-bath design in 624 SF Catered towards FHA-financing size and a small family, good for working-class starter home Innovations in subdivision design Improved financial markets Industrialization of house assembly Expanded transportation system
Pruitt-Igoe
Housing project built in St. Louis, Missouri has been regarded as one of the most infamous failures of public housing in American history, and on of he icons of urban renewal. Very poor conditions and failure to maintain highly populated affordable housing units Poverty, crime, and racial segregation All buildings demolished in the 70s. Caused many poor residents to be displaced. Represents a failure in urban renewal, public policy, and affordable housing. Designed by the same architect who designed the world trade center. New buildings with spacious grounds Everything looked new Yet lears later it was all gone "Hell on earth" Saint Louis low cost housing unit Eventually was destroyed What happened to st louis Mass destruction in an economy that was dying Being penalized for being poor This caused so much anger When imploded in was "the end of modernism" Was demolished because there was no social order Eventually something has to give
Well-tempered cities
Idea of John Maynard Keynes Social implications of macroeconomic systems Goal of a well-tempered city is to provide opportunity for all residents and reduce their suffering, improving their well-being - Cities should focus on the well-being of residents, not efficiency or economic growth - Efficiency and economic growth has not proven to improve population happiness Poverty has a contagious, negative effect on life in the city through psychological effects like PTSD and anxiety Paradox of unhappy growth The distribution of economic growth is critical to the happiness of a nation High levels of growth seem to make people less happy, not more happy. Rapid growth brings instability and inequality Those who believe in a better future are more likely to work hard and invest in themselves and their family Example of FHA policies regarding the ability of African Americans to obtain mortgages, this widened the wealth gap between white people and black people and stripped generations of family from the opportunity to build wealth.
Jane Adams
Jane adams came up with the notion of a whole house If you educate the immigrant population Your community will benefit Economics will prosper with the language to acclimate into society Started the garbage wars group Inspection of meat and milk Creation of the FDA Municipal Housekeeping militant women who believed that a woman's place was in the home, but that the home was larger than just four walls, they believed a woman's home was her city and that it was the responsibility of women to keep their cities safe and clean Advocate for children being educated and not working in factories Helped establish labor laws and eliminate 12-hour work days Relation to the family room, household as women's domain Discussion of the family dynamic and how it has changed over time, how the american family has used land and space along with children
Radiant City
Le Corb's design for a futuristic city consisting of evenly spaced cruciform skyscraper arranged in blocks without roads; emphasized density of living and access to green space Emphaszied tall, high density housing. And green space and parks Criticized for empahasizing efficiency over community and social interaction Influence seen on public housing projects in the U.S. Sun, space, and greenery
Unite d'Habitation, Le Corbusier
Le'Corbusier's post WWII social housing design for a "vertical garden city." The site consists of 337 apartments in a single building. The building was designed to provide a model for urban living, with each apartment featuring a private terrace and access to a communal rooftop garden. The building is often cited as a landmark example of modernist architecture and has been influential in the development of the Brutalist architectural style. Today, the building is mostly used for offices and businesses. The architect called the building La Cité Radieuse, or "the radiant city", and it has successfully accommodated a mix of uses ever since completion. Its 337 apartments can accommodate 1,600 residents, but it also boasts two shopping streets, a hotel and a rooftop terrace. Ultimately created social isolation as it didn't connect with the surrounding neighborhood Important to integrate housing into urban fabric Once again connections to Jane Jacobs and Lewis Mumford here some apartment have been chnaged to stores and art galleries large windows and abstact design
Tactical Urbanism
Low cost, temporary changes in the built environment, usually in cities intended to improve local neighborhoods and city gathering places Ideas include: - Temporary parks -bike lanes -community gardens shutting down streets during covid for walking at biking to get outside re-use of space for the human urban acupuncture jane adams was a proponent
Cliff May and the Ranchos
May was an architect practicing in California best known and remembered for developing the suburban post-war "Dream home" and the mid-century modern development on the edge of long beach Single-story, open-plans often with interior courtyards and always open to the outdoors Marketing and sales brochures Prefabricated panels used to speed and cheapen the construction process Improvements in transportation technologies allowed for housing developments in the suburbs A postwar tract, called Lakewood Rancho Estates, the brainchild of designer Cliff May and architect Chris Choate, is indicative of a planned environment that offered straightforward ranch-style architecture and tree-lined streets surrounded by large traffic arteries on all sides. considered by some to be the father of the modern ranch home, these homes offer open floor plans and clean, modern style. The community today is like a car, you mess with it change it fix it up
Adolf Loos
Ornament is a crime and all ornamentation must be rejected Viennese architect known for favoring stark, white facades over elegant of beautifully embellished buildings. He is best known for Steiner House, which was a departire from the elaborate style of the era. Don't incorporate anything that is not necessary or not true to what it actually is Authenticity Every design element should be purposeful and honest His opposition to ornament extended to anything that could not be justified for its rational function
Architecture at Happy hour
Podcast by a professor at Clemson that explores how architecture impacts the built environment and social change Goodall reading about climate gentrification and the redevelopment of New Orleans post Katrina Materiality and sustainability
Cradle to Cradle
Recycling and reusing so if natural disasters happen you can rebuild with the same resources Brad Pitt 75 homes were realized It was his attempt to rethink and help the 9th ward Natural disasters are increasing Any development from 1000 ft of the coast needs to go under the coastal commission Oil spills were the catalyst to change something for the positive Prop 20 Connection to the 9th ward in new orleans, where a sea wall broke. Recycling and reuse in mind - closed, circular system Movements toward sustainability in development A process of constant recycling and reusing, with the goal of creating a closed-loop system in which waste from one process becomes the raw material for another. The idea is to create a sustainable system in which waste is eliminated and resources are conserved. This approach is particularly relevant in the context of disaster preparedness, where the ability to rapidly rebuild and reuse materials can be critical. (IE post-Katrina rebuilding of row houses).
Rustbelt and Sunbelt cities
Rustbelt- Kind of fading out (Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh) --Cities whose once strong industrial cores have been hollowed out by the departure and outsourcing of key industries. The effects of agglomeration economies cause the labor and positive externalities once attached to this industry to leave in search of other hubs. These industries (often manufacturing, like Detroit's auto industry) are tremendously important to the city's economy and population - Detroit and the auto-industry Sunbelt- Very popular for weather, cost of living (pheonix, Las Vegas, San Antonio, Atlanta, Tampa) --High-growth regions popular for favorable climate and recent growth trends. Nearly half of the US population is concentrated in cities in these states. Growth bolstered by retiring generation of baby boomers Air conditioning allowed for the more recent growth of these areas --Half of U.S. population
Regenerative hospitality
Seeks to improve and not jusy sustain on the systems around in Focuses on: Eneregy and water conservation waste reduction renewable resources -supporting local communities -700,000 huers hotel Boutique experiences catering to values and lifestyle more than simply a place to stay. The idea of a hotel being an experience to stay not just a bed aspirational business approach that focuses on creating net-positive impact on the environment, the community and the wider society. Regenerative hospitality focuses on sustainability and environmental responsibility, prioritizing not only the protection and preservation of the natural environment and the local ecosystem but also an active contribution to the regeneration of it.
Housing Types
Social - People across income spectrums can live in government built and run housing (ie Viennese model) Public - Low-income housing built and run by the government (ie Carl Mackley apartments) Affordable - Lower-income units are mixed in with market-rate units but priced lower for those who are under a certain threshold (ie the typical route in the US right now can also refer to differnt housing types such as the starter home, ranch homes, modern homes, single-family, aprtments, carl macnamey
Urban Acupuncture
Socio-environmental theory that advocates for small-scale interventions to transform a larger urban context Sites are selected through analysis of aggregate factors Requires collaboration between developers, designers, and the community Goal is to relieve stress in the built environment Examples: Pop-up shops Bike Lanes Community Gardens Public Art Acupuncture metaphor used for the ability to relieve sources of stress or congestion through specific and intentional intervention at certain sites
Peripheral urbanism
The development and growth of the areas on the periphery of a city. AKA suburbanization or ubran sprawl Peripheral urbanization refers to the auto-constructed modes of production of urban space that have three primary defining characteristics First, they operate with a specific temporality: long-term processes that create spaces that are always in the making Second, they frequently unsettle official logics of legal property, formal labor, state regulation, and market capitalism Third, they generate new modes of politics through practices that produce new kinds of citizens, circuits, and contestation. Cities produced through peripheral urbanization are usually highly unequal and the quality of different parts of the urban space varies. Package of amenities for live, work, and play without the need to drive. Home as the spatial core. Decentralized and expanding
Bullock Wilshire
The first department store in los angeles outside of the city core. Started in 1929 and closed in 1994 It was very succesful for attacting people to a luxurious experience that was comfortable (tea room, Valet), and made the option of living outside the city possible Allowed for sprawl
Irvine Vision
The irvine companys vision is to create a development where people stay throughout the different stages of their lives and can move into new homes for each stage. The companies developments have different home types and styles for different life stages (starter homes, larger homes, Smaller empty-nester homes) Jump another generation (1910, 1950, now 1970/1980). Community builders (Levitt) now master planned communities. Irvine is a classic example of still being the most innovative market in US. Irvine Master Plan: The plan was developed for three distinct topographies on The Ranch: -The Coastal Sector, with 35,000 acres including UC Irvine; -Valley Sector, with 22,000 acres of flat land that make up The Ranch's central area -Mountain Sector, with 36,000 acres that cover. The Ranch's northeastern section. Environmental perception and legibility Social mix through market segmentation Design for the car- landscape that lead to shopping ares Four key focuses Metropolitan Field City centers were dotted in a largely urbanized landscape. It has a structure that permits multiple paths and activities, with many cores rather than a singular core Departs from traditional model of city which focuses on a single core Environmental Perception and Legibility Legibility means that an environment's parts can be recognized and can be organized into a coherent pattern. Highly legible city seems well formed, unique, and remarkable, valued by insiders and outsiders Social mix through market segmentation Different housing unit designs Planning for the car Identifiable residential and industrial districts surrounded by loose grid of landscaped arterials leading to concentrated and convenient shopping areas. The interiors of village contained numerous traffic-calming features with extensive pedestrian paths Multi Family was built before single family Social heterogeneity based on professions but aimed primarily at middle-class residents Irvine Started development in the 1970's Community builders now master planned communities 8x the size of manhattan Classic example of being the most innovative mass housing market in U.S. History of irv Irvine family had thousands of acres of land The federal government is expanding infrastructure for freeways They dont want to give up their land Sold land to UCI Justified employment and bringing people in Their idea was to retain land scape and greenscape They push to keep people active Fantastic amenities Countuning growing population
Micro Units
Tiny apartment units seen in Hong Kong, where housing costs are the highest PSF globally. Some micro units are designed to be modular and comfortable, and some are literally "cage Homes". In new york city and san francisco, homes under 220 SF include a bed, living room, bathroom, and kitchenette Demonstration of paying for a location rather than size Attempt to address housing crisis
Artwashing
Using art to clean up your reputation Artwashing is when the artist community moves into an area and basically kickstarts the gentrification of the area. example: Defend boyle heights seeks to scare off potential artist form moving in (fight with laura owens) Portland pearl district ----Weird Wave Coffee Boutique coffee cafe To help revitalize the neighborhood core Displacement, gentrification, or destination culture
ca coastal commission (CCC)
Was created after the Santa Barbara Oil Spill and is a state agency whose mission is to protect, restore, enhance, and conserve the coastline environment. Heavy regulations on construction along CA Shoreline Increased benefits for underserved coastal communities Deteres negative impacts of receding shoreline due to climate change through enhanced building regulations Natural disasters are increasing Any development from 1000 ft of the coast needs to go under the coastal commission Oil spills were the catalyst to change something for the positive Prop 20 The public has a right to fully participate in decisions affecting coastal planning conversion Shore Hotel in Santa Monica Bought two old hotels and tore them down There was an after the fact demolition that happened without the proper The coastal commission is very powerful Miami climate gentrification The coast is in a real precarious point 6 feet of sea level rise 1 trillion dollars of real estate in the united states will be underwater Including 1 in 8 homes in florida Champlain Towers Biggest issue was salt water penetration
Broadacre City
What city plan was developed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1922 and featured every home situated in 1 acre parcels? Vision of low-density, sprawling city which would provide ample room for individual and family - Automobile oriented -More focused on familes and access to education that indivisuals - Each home would have a plot of land for farming -indivisualism and self sufficiency
Row houses/tenements
cheap overcrowded housing for poor and immigrants in cities Designed by Harry Wardman that was used to house nearly 10% of federal employees. The idea was to create cheap single-family homes. Kitchens were placed at the back to prevent fires and keep everything sanitary Narrow multi level dwelling units in densely populated areas. No yards Narrow alleys to separate them Idea of being built and sold in 1 day
Conrad Hilton
developed and marketed chain of full service hotels (before chains were well established) Conrad Hilton Primarily worked with edward Killingsworth Birth of the hotel on large scale Opened first hotel in texas Mainstreamed the idea of hospitality form and function, And appealed to the general population Hotel projects that were climate controlled "King of innkeepers" Namesake behind Hilton hotels Utilized media and advertising for his projects Helped bring hospitality into the mainstream through marketing and appeals to lifestyle and experiences rather than sustenance shelter H-shaped pool in El Paso - Large parking lots - Next to airports
Victor Gruen
he brought about the emergence of shopping centers; after the war, he designed the first suburban open-air shopping center, then the first ever enclosed shopping mall in the country! gruens vision grew into the malls we know today, with large amounts of dedicated parking space and specifics like 2 floors, clear railings, and putting resturaunts off to the side to eliminate odors Vibrant and social places that would serve as community centers "people flow like water" Cant get anywhere without a car Where things would exceed best We need to accommodate cars Most amount of people, most amount of entrances People flow like water Placement of stores Project Millirons Having cars parked on roof He never used 3 stories Bad psychology of going up buildings But what is wrong with Victor Gruen? He wanted his projects to be the center of attention with residential arround it He allowed the sprawl to occur Southdale shopping center Ac and heating in a controlled environment In minnesota so ity had to Somethings he added to the interior Floors and womens comfortability On the inside there is a pond Not just a place to shop at but to shop and enjoy Gruen later regretted the whole project, which was not as anti-car as he wanted
Fredrick Law Olmsted
leader of the "City Beautiful" movement and designed central park Central park Olmstead plans for central park No cultural attractions No competitive sports Emerald necklace Olmstead connecting the green space in the cities FL Olmsted, Jr. - Worked with burnham to revitalize DC - Planner, farmer, author, landscape designer, landscape architect. Yosemite, lots of preservation and natural parks. Parks in Buffalo, Chicago, Milwaukee, Montreal. Remembered as "Olmsted Brothers". Create Yosemite Park. - Focused on green space. Has a 3 part process for park planning (1925). An assessment of need, a selection of land appropriate for parks, detailed park plan. - Comprehensive and coordinated system of large parks with connecting parkways, neighborhoods, playgrounds, and regional recreation areas - Emerald necklace of parks - chamber of commerce (oligarchy that ran LA) didnt agree Readings: Davis week 9 Exploration of the death of the southern california dream/ideal "The things that make los angeles most attractive are the very ones that are first to suffer changes and deteriorate through neglect" - Batholomew & Olmsted LA chamber of commerce commissioned Olmsted Brothers (Olmsted's landscape architecture firm) an Harland Bartholemew & Associates for a plan for the Los Angeles region Included parks, parkways, reservations, playgrounds, and other public amenities "Eden By Design: The 1930 Olmsted-Bartholomew Plan for the Los Angeles Region" Chamber of commerce intentionally limited the distribution and publication of the report The power of institutions (FHA, Chamber of Commerce, Southern Pacific Railroad, community organizations, etc) to shape the urban environment Pressure from these institutions caused committee members to withdraw support for the Olmsted project
Fritz Burns and Westchester, CA
related to a specific industry, the aircraft industry and need for ww2 Built during the rise of the community building in LA after FHA policy was enacted, backing this type of single-family construction Developed 788 units in LA that emphasized the workplace residence link as it was only 2 miles from the aircraft facility - link to the hise reading - Offered residents "bare bones" and allowed them to customize certain features of their houses in an attempt to lessen homogeneity Building tens of houses a day Hise and FritzBurns Was able to build Greg hise on the ward family Used to live in oregon Was given the house a prize Was able to move into the first home and were basically an advertisement Importance of the model home Designing a town from scratch He thought home were thoughts of engineers and housing Volume Suburban urban growth and mass production of housing, like the levits on east coast Customizable housing
environmental justice
the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. Extent to which everyone enjoys the same degree of protection from environmental and health hazards, with access to decision making processes to have a healthy environment
Fort Worth Plan
was to counter decentralization , make fort worth the most livable city in texas by promoting orderly growth and development, safe construction and neighborhood vitality. gruen hope was to recreate a vieanna experience in downtowns, ringstrasse CBD central business disctrict city goals: safest city, improve mobility and air quality, createa nd maintain a clean attractive city, eco base and future workforce, sustainable, job opportunities Large-scale master plan created by Victor Gruen for the city of Fort Worth's new Central Business District Idea that the pedestrian is in the car and then immediately in the mall Highway proximity and ample parking 2-level shopping (mezzanine for aerial views) Building the outside environment in a self-contained interior environment Did not reflect the true nature of the city because of congestion Highways circle the city in fort worth (attempting to keep residents in)