4.4 Guided Reading Maritime Empires Link Regions

What is chattel slavery?

A system in which individuals were considered as property to be bought and sold.

Describe the hacienda system

A system that arose when landowners developed agriculture on their lands- wheat, fruits, vegetables, and sugar. They used coerced labor to work the fields

Describe mercantilism. How did it serve as a contributing cause of European exploration and conquest?

A system that most European states were adapting. It was an economic system that increased government control of the economy through high tariffs and the establishment of colonies.Spain's main purpose of having colonies was to supply as much gold and silver as possible. To increase national wealth in a mercantilist system, states colonized a country to export more than it importanted.A percentage of overseas silver production went directly to the Spanish crown, This profit was used to build up the military and establish foreign trade.

What is indentured servitude?

Arrangements through which servants were contracted to work for a specified period of years in exchange for a passage.

Compare Europe's role in trade with Asia vs. trade with the Americas.

Asian trade frequently exchanged silver and gold for luxury goods such as silk and spices. While newly developed colonial economies in the Americas often depend on agriculture.

What territories did Spain conquer/control?

Colonies in Mesoamerica and South America, parts of North America north of present day Mexico. Pedro Menendez de Aviles established a fort in St. Augustine on the east coast of Florida in 1565. However Spain was unable to control all of North America because of the French, British, and Dutch settlements.

What changes and continuities occurred regarding Indian Ocean trade during the Early Modern period?

Continuities: merchants continued to pay for the right to use certain ports and passageways and develop trade links through traditional networks. Change: the portuguese used their military superiority to take control of trade, creating a string of armed trading posts along the trade routes of the indian ocean.

What were the impacts (social, cultural, and demographic) of the Atlantic Slave Trade?

Demographic: The physical migration of captives had significant impacts on the demographics of both their African homes and the countries of their capacity. In order to keep the population continuing in the country of capacity they had to export more enslaved people; this resulted in a century long decline in population in Africans home countries. Social: Slavery resulted in a migration of status, from free person to enslaved, setting up social classes that remain influential in post-slavery countries. It also disrupted family organization, since families were often separated, and more men were taken then women. Polygyny also became more common this was because people were treated as commodities, famlies gatherings were determined more by supply and demand than by familial bonds of kinship. Culture: People with African roots helped shape and enrich the language and culture of the societies in which they were brought to. The mixing of ethnic groups resulted in new groups of multiracial people such as mestizos and mulattos.

Describe the different types of labor systems in the Early Modern period.

Enslaved: Was in the Americas and in Africa. The workers did domestic labor and agricultural labor. They were considered property and had few to no rights. Serf: Located in Asia and Europe. They performed subsistence farming and most of the yield belonged to the lord. They were attached to the land and were not free to move at will. They had little to no legal protection. Indentured Servant: Was in all regions of the world. Servants performed domestic labor and field work. Employers paid for transport to a new location. Servants worked without pay for up to seven years. Free Peasants: Was located in Asia and in Europe. Performed farming and craft labor. They worked on their own land, sometimes owned their own business, paid taxes to the lord, and paid tithes to the church. Nomad: Was found in Europe, Asia, and in Africa. Performed animal breeding, pastoralism, and herding. They did nor own land permanently but rather used land temporarily. However, they had the freedom to move around. Guild Member: Found in Europe. They were skilled in craft labor. The workers also organized to set standards for quality and price. This form of labor started as an apprentice But they could eventually work independently.

Why did Europe develop empires?

European nations were largely driven by political, religious, and economic rivalries.

What empires had claims to India?

European rivalries fueled by politics, economics, and religious motives all established trading posts in India. The British East India Company had begun a commercial relationship with the Mughal Empire in the 17th century, while Portugal controlled a coastal trading post in the southwestern state of Gao, and France controlled Pondicherry, a city southeastern of Tamil Nadu.

Describe the competition between France and Britain.

France and Britain continued eagerly competing for dominance in North America. As British settlers moved into former Dutch territories in Upper New York, they began to form ties with the Powerful Iroquois, due to them being in conflict with the French for over a century. Britain's plan was to frustrate the French trade interests. However this plan failed when Iroquois began to realize the British Posed more of a threat than the French. In a shift of alliances the Iroquois and French signed a peace treaty known as the Great Peace of Montreal (1701). In the same war that Britain drove French out of India, the British drove the French out of Canada ( French and Indian War)

How did Francisco Pizarro conquer the Inca Empire?

His crew attacked the Incas and captured their ruler. Pizarro then offered to release their leader (Atahualpa) if the Incas would fill a large room with gold. The Incas compiled but the Spanish killed Atahualpa anyways. By 1572 the Spaniards had completed their conquest of the Inca empire.

How did the Treaty of Tordesillas divide the world?

In 1494 Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between them. Spain reserved all lands to the west of a meridian that went through eastern South America.While Portugal reserved all the land east of the line. This arrangement put Brazil under Portugal rule while Spain claimed the rest of the Americas

How did the discovery of silver impact Spain and the New World?

It revived economic fortunes for both the individual explorers and Spain. Mercury was used to separate silver from its ore and increased the profitability of silver mining. By the end of the 16th century, the cities of Zacatecas, in Mexico, and Potosi, in the Andes mountains became a thriving center of silver miners. Spanish prospector needed labor which led to the indeginous population doing all the super dangerous work.

Describe the encomienda system.

It was a system created to gain access to gold and other resources of the Americas. Encomenderos, or land owners, compelled indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter, as landowners required serfs in Europe's manorial system.

Compare China and Japan's paths to isolationism.

Japan: Japan was partially isolated from the rest of the world. The government still allowed some Dutch merchants to live on the small islands in the Nagasaki border. They continued trade with China but mostly through regional lords who were far from the capital city with easy access to the sea to Korea, Taiwan, and Okinawa. The government also banned most foreign books, and prohibited Japanese people from traveling abroad. China: Ming tried to restrict outside influence on China after Zheng He's voyages. The Ming prohibited private trade, destroyed some dockyards, limited the size of ships that could be built, and began to reconstruct the Great Wall. They re-emphasized Confucianism and reinvigorated the traditional exam system.

What was the impact of the growth of the plantation economy?

Led to an increased demand for slaves in the Americas.

What was the Kingdom of Dahomey's role in the slave trade?

Local rulers traded enslaved people for gunpowder and cannons. This gave certain governments military advantages. The kingdom of Dahomey raided other villages to enslave people, and then sold them to European merchants.

How did the Portuguese enter Indian Ocean trade? What was the impact of their entry?

Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama invaded Swahili city-states of East Africa. The Pourtagusse took over trade in Kilwa Mombasa, and other city-states by sending heavily armed ships and building fortresses. This takeover threw the region into a devastating decline.

Why did Japan limit European trade? How did the Japanese view Europeans?

Since Portuguese and Dutch traders and missionaries in the 16th century thousand of Japanese converted to Christianity. Some christian were intolerant of other faiths and destroyed Buddhist shrines. This led the Japanese government in 1587 to ban christian worship services. Over the next 40 years more steps were taken to persecute Christians and limit foreign influences. By 1630 the government had expelled nearly all foreigners, banned most foreign books, and prohibited Japanese people from traveling abroad.For more than two centuries Japan was partially isolated.The Japanese people thought that hey we're through with the "uncouth" Europeans.

Why did Africa become the primary source of slaves in the Early Modern period?

Since indigenous captives and indentured servants were not ideal workers.This led to African leaders along the coast realizing their kingdoms could benefit economically from the slave trade. African rulers were willing to hand over individuals from the lower rungs of their society like prisoners of war, servants, or criminals.

What did slavery look like prior to European exploration of the Americas?

Slavery existed in Africa before Europeans sought labor for investment in America. Many societies shared land but individuals established wealth and power by showcasing not only their land but their slaves.

Who were conquistadors?

Spanish explorers and conquerors

How did the British East India Company conquer India?

The East India Company established small forts on the coasts that focused solely on making a profit through trade. As EIC began to expand it took advantages of the tensions between Muslim and Hindus in India and began to increase it's political power through treaties with local rulers. With the help of European-trained Indian private forces the EIC moved inland expanding its influence. Ultimately Britain intervened in India politically and militarily to such an extent that it controlled much of the subcontinent.

Compare and contrast the Indian Ocean slave trade and the Atlantic Ocean slave trade.

The Indian ocean slave trade suffered different fates. People often worked in seaports as laborers in the shipping industry and as household servants. Some even worked as sailors or soldiers. In the Indian Ocean slave trade people often lived in towns or cities, this gave them the oppurtunity to develop their own communities and the opportunity to work alongside free laborers. Those who ended up in Islamic communities had the right to marry. This led to the Indian Ocean having African words, musical styles, and customs can be found in Oma, India and elsewhere.

Describe the Middle Passage.

The Middle Passage was a journey across the Atlantic. These journeys were gruesome; slaves were crammed into a dark section of a cargo ship. They were given little water, food, or even room for movement. It was given the name Middle passage because it was the middle part of the captives' journey. Africans tried to rebel but uprisings were crushed.

How did the encomienda system differ from the hacienda system?

The encomienda system was developed in order to gain access to gold and other resources in the Americas. While the hacienda system arose because of agriculture and deals with food. The hacienda used corce labor while the Encomienda system persuaded them with food and shelter.

What served as the foundation of the maritime empires?

The exploration of European states were the foundation of maritime empires.

What is Hispaniola?

The name that Columbus gave to the island now occupied by Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

How did Portugal set up trading post colonies?

The prince was interested in navigational technology therefore he financed expeditions along Africa's Atlantic coast He cooperated with local rulers which led to the Portuguese having the first trading post then other European states on Africa's coast.

How did Hernan Cortes conquer the Aztec Empire?

The spread of European diseases caused their population to plummet. Which allowed the empire to collapse quickly when they were attacked by Spanish forces.

What is a barracoon?

They are holding pens in West Africa that kept the captive africans who were swept away from their families.

What was the British Global Network?

Trading ports in West Africa set up by Britain. These posts set the way for globalization as each post became a node, an intersection of multiple points serving as a trade center for goods from many parts of the world.