481 Exam 2

The ALARA Principle stands for?

"As Low as Reasonably Achievable"

✓Supertoxic - > 15,000 mg/kg -5,000-15,000 mg/kg -500-5,000 mg/kg -50-500 mg/kg -5-50 mg/kg - < 5 mg/kg

- < 5 mg/kg

✓Practically nontoxic - > 15,000 mg/kg -5,000-15,000 mg/kg -500-5,000 mg/kg -50-500 mg/kg -5-50 mg/kg - < 5 mg/kg

- > 15,000 mg/kg

✓In 2020, the percentage of fatal occupational injuries were caused by: _____% Transportation incidents ____% Violence and other injuries by persons or animals ____% Contact with objects and equipment _____% Falls, slips, trips _____% Exposure to harmful substances or environments _____% Fires and explosions -2 -37 -15 -14 -17 -15

-37 -15 -15 -17 -14 -2

Critical Limits for each CCP food out of the danger zone, between ____ to ____ degrees F

-41 -135

Slightly toxic - > 15,000 mg/kg -5,000-15,000 mg/kg -500-5,000 mg/kg -50-500 mg/kg -5-50 mg/kg - < 5 mg/kg

-5,000-15,000 mg/kg

Extremely toxic - > 15,000 mg/kg -5,000-15,000 mg/kg -500-5,000 mg/kg -50-500 mg/kg -5-50 mg/kg - < 5 mg/kg

-5-50 mg/kg

✓Very toxic - > 15,000 mg/kg -5,000-15,000 mg/kg -500-5,000 mg/kg -50-500 mg/kg -5-50 mg/kg - < 5 mg/kg

-50-500 mg/kg

✓Moderately toxic - > 15,000 mg/kg -5,000-15,000 mg/kg -500-5,000 mg/kg -50-500 mg/kg -5-50 mg/kg - < 5 mg/kg

-500-5,000 mg/kg

Ensure that the ____ are under control by regular monitoring / verification of ____ i.e. checking + recording temp. at regular intervals

-CCP's -CLs

✓Priority #1 -Use Engineering Controls with minimal dependence on human action to moderate the hazard. More reliable than administrative practices. -Eliminate the Hazard in such a way as to eliminate the need for human action to avoid it. -Use Administrative Practices to reduce risk by dependence on appropriate human behavior (well trained)

-Eliminate the Hazard in such a way as to eliminate the need for human action to avoid it.

Hierarchy of Controls order: -PPE -Engineering Controls -Elimination -Administrative Controls -Substitution

-Elimination -Substitution -Engineering Controls -Administrative Controls -PPE

✓_____ the actions taken -Problem -Risks -Option(s) -Implement -Evaluate

-Evaluate

✓______ (take action on) the option(s) -Problem -Risks -Option(s) -Implement -Evaluate

-Implement

Workplace health & safety inspections are conducted by ____. States may inspect if their standards & enforcement are _____ effective as federal (can never be less than, must meet or exceed federal)

-OSHA -at least as

✓Identify & decide which _____ best address the risks -Problem -Risks -Option(s) -Implement -Evaluate

-Option(s)

✓Identify & define the associated _____ -Problem -Risks -Option(s) -Implement -Evaluate

-Risks

Risk Priority Number (RPN) = ____ x ____ x _______

-Severity -Occurrence -Detection

✓Which is not true of a Public Health Assessment? -A product of a PHA is the level of health threat (1 of 5 categories) -The ATSDR issues a Public Health Advisory if a public health hazard or an indeterminate public health hazard exists -A product of a PHA is the Public Health Consultation that focuses on one particular public health question -An outcome of a PHA may be further research to characterize the site and exposure -An outcome of a PHA may be practical ways to prevent, reduce or stop the exposure

-The ATSDR issues a Public Health Advisory if a public health hazard or an indeterminate public health hazard exists

✓Priority #3 -Use Engineering Controls with minimal dependence on human action to moderate the hazard. More reliable than administrative practices. -Eliminate the Hazard in such a way as to eliminate the need for human action to avoid it. -Use Administrative Practices to reduce risk by dependence on appropriate human behavior (well trained)

-Use Administrative Practices to reduce risk by dependence on appropriate human behavior (well trained)

✓Priority #2 -Use Engineering Controls with minimal dependence on human action to moderate the hazard. More reliable than administrative practices. -Eliminate the Hazard in such a way as to eliminate the need for human action to avoid it. -Use Administrative Practices to reduce risk by dependence on appropriate human behavior (well trained)

-Use Engineering Controls with minimal dependence on human action to moderate the hazard. More reliable than administrative practices.

______ by ______ to assess the need for Personal Protective Equipment & identification of the sources of hazards to workers (anyone familiar in safety or risk management process)

-Walk-through survey -safety officer

Fault Tree Analysis examines a hazardous event and work _____ to find the ____ of events necessary for it to occur. Either can be quantitative if probabilities are known for each event in the sequence

-backwards -sequence

✓Extremely toxic -more than 1 quart -between pint and quart -between ounce and pint -between teaspoonful and ounce -between 7 drops and teaspoonful -less than 7 drops

-between 7 drops and teaspoonful

Moderately toxic -more than 1 quart -between pint and quart -between ounce and pint -between teaspoonful and ounce -between 7 drops and teaspoonful -less than 7 drops

-between ounce and pint

✓Slightly toxic -more than 1 quart -between pint and quart -between ounce and pint -between teaspoonful and ounce -between 7 drops and teaspoonful -less than 7 drops

-between pint and quart

Very toxic -more than 1 quart -between pint and quart -between ounce and pint -between teaspoonful and ounce -between 7 drops and teaspoonful -less than 7 drops

-between teaspoonful and ounce

Detection - _____ 1, to _______10

-certain to detect -impossible to detect

Usually, ATSDR (does/does not) collect its own environmental sampling data but reviews information provided by _____ and/or their contractors, potentially responsible parties, & the public

-does not -federal / state government agencies

EPA works with_____ to assure compliance with _____ i.e. inspect public water treatment plants, industry air pollutant emissions, discharging wastewater facilities, hazardous waste management facilities

-federal, state & tribal regulators -Safe Drinking Water Act, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, RCRA

HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point is a process used by the ____ to prevent hazards from becoming ____ associated with ____ i.e. food borne illness, basic HACCP process: (seven steps)

-food industry -risks -food

Probability - _____ 1, to ______ 10

-in several years -multiple times daily

✓Supertoxic -more than 1 quart -between pint and quart -between ounce and pint -between teaspoonful and ounce -between 7 drops and teaspoonful -less than 7 drops

-less than 7 drops

✓Practically nontoxic -more than 1 quart -between pint and quart -between ounce and pint -between teaspoonful and ounce -between 7 drops and teaspoonful -less than 7 drops

-more than 1 quart

Aspects may be ranked based on criteria considered ____ important to the facility, with the ____ rankings being ____ enough to target for action

-most -highest -significant

Aspects having ____ impact on the environment, may be significant enough to require the setting of a goal or objective for correction with a target for a given quantity of reduction or abatement of the impact

-negative

Severity - _____ 1, to _____ 10

-not noticeable -death

OSHA Standard ____Non-mandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment Selection

1910 Subpart I App B

✓EPA estimates _____ uncontrolled toxic waste sites exist in the U.S., if just _____ of these had epidemiological studies + quantitative risk assessment of potential harm to the surrounding communities, @ $_____ million / study = $_____ billion (we're not willing to spend it) -3,000 -6 -2 -33,000

33,000 3,000 2 6

A safety and health management system for industry includes ____ essential components

4

✓In the 8D Method of cause analysis, which is out of sequence? -1D-establish the team, 2D-describe the problem, 3D-prevent escalation of the problem -4D-use 5 Why root cause analysis, 5D-take corrective action -6D-verify effectiveness of preventive action and congratulate the team, 7D-prevent recurrence of the problem, 8D-validate the corrective action by monitoring the problem -None of the above are out of sequence

6D-verify effectiveness of preventive action and congratulate the team, 7D-prevent recurrence of the problem, 8D-validate the corrective action by monitoring the problem

✓Which is not true of EPA's 7 Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication? -Accept and involve the public as a legitimate partner -Listen to the audience -The first goal of risk communication is to establish trust and credibility -Disagreements with other credible sources have little effect on risk communications -Prepare a limited number of positive key messages in advance for the media

Disagreements with other credible sources have little effect on risk communications

EPCRA stands for?

Emergency Planning & Community Right-To-Know Act

EMS stands for?

Environmental Management System

✓Which is not true of audience analysis? -Baseline analysis is the information related to reading ability and hostility level -During times of stress, reading level tends to drop about 4 grade levels -Midline analysis is baseline plus socio-economic, demographic and cultural information -Comprehensive analysis attempts to identify motivations and mental images necessary in trying to change behavior -Face to face meetings are the worst way to pre-test your message

Face to face meetings are the worst way to pre-test your message

In the PACE-EH process, after determining the community capacity and characterizing the community will be the assembling of the state agency personnel that will be defining the goals and objectives. -True -False

False

Risks considered exotic and rare are perceived as less risky than familiar and common risks. -True -False

False

✓Do not worry about making sound bites for the media as they will make their own. -True -False

False

✓Risk communicators must come to the conclusion that the public cannot understand science. -True -False

False

✓Significant aspects of an EMS are always related to a regulatory requirement. -True -False

False

✓Which is not a goal of PACE-EH? -Have community based representatives that lobby for local environmental health ordinances -Have Health Department staff that dominate meetings with the local community -Community members are engaged in the identification of environmental health issues -Health Department staff educate about the importance of science based decision making -Provide policy-makers community-driven findings about environmental health issues

Have Health Department staff that dominate meetings with the local community

HACCP stands for?

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point

✓Which is not true of the 5 main stages of an EMS, as defined by the ISO 14001 standard? -Top management commits to environmental improvement and establishes a company environmental policy -Identify environmental aspects of the operation that can have a negative impact on people and/or the environment -Determine the significant aspects by criteria considered most important by the company -For each significant aspect, set objectives (environmental goals) and targets (quantified requirement) -Internal communication information must flow only top-down from management

Internal communication information must flow only top-down from management

ISO stands for?

International Organization for Standardization

Which is not true of Tips from EPA about communicating with the media? -The news media is a tool for reaching a large audience quickly -Most would rather receive a disturbing message from the media that from someone telling them personally -Use carefully defined messages, and repeat those messages over and over to the news media. -The media wants you for a crisis or a story that involves you

Most would rather receive a disturbing message from the media that from someone telling them personally

Which law requires an environmental assessment to be done to determine whether a FONSI will be issued or an EIS is to be done and citizens are invited to participate in developing reasonable alternatives? -LEPC -NEPA -OSHA -CERCLA -EPCRA

NEPA

NACCHO stands for?

National Association of County & City Health Officials

NCEH stands for?

National Center for Environmental Health

✓Which is not true of a Public Health Assessment? -Are conducted at Superfund sites -Are conducted at sites petitioned by concerned communities, physicians or agencies -PHAs identify the conditions of exposure to hazardous substances -Only ATSDR collects the environmental samples -PHAs use existing medical, toxicological and epidemiological studies to evaluate health effects of exposures

Only ATSDR collects the environmental samples

Many EMS are based on the _____ cycle

Plan-Do-Check-Act

✓Which of the following is correct prioritization of risk reduction strategies for the workplace? -Priority #1 is Eliminate the Hazard, Priority #2 is Use Engineering Controls, Priority #3 is Use Administrative Practices -Priority #1 is Use Administrative Practices, Priority #2 is Eliminate the Hazard, Priority #3 is Use Engineering Controls -Priority #1 is Use Engineering Controls, Priority #2 is Use Administrative Practices, Priority #3 is Eliminate the Hazard -None of the above are correct

Priority #1 is Eliminate the Hazard, Priority #2 is Use Engineering Controls, Priority #3 is Use Administrative Practices

✓Identify & define the _____ -Problem -Risks -Option(s) -Implement -Evaluate

Problem

PACE-EH is an acronym for: -Protocol for Aiding Costly Expenses in Environmental Health -Protocol for Assessing Community Excellence in Environmental Health -Pathway for Assessing Citizen Eagerness in Environmental Health -Pathway for Aiding Comfortable Endeavors in Environmental Health

Protocol for Assessing Community Excellence in Environmental Health

PACE-EH stands for?

Protocol for Assessing Community Excellence in Environmental Health

✓Which is much more common? -qualitative risk assessment -quantitative risk assessment

Qualitative risk assessment

Which is not true of the Public Health Security & Bioterrorism Preparedness & Response Act of 2002? -Requires a stockpile of vaccines be maintained to respond to bioterrorism and public health emergencies -Requires the identification of rapid pathogen detection methods -Requires the Public Health Service to keep a list of biological agents and toxins of severe threat to public health -Gives FDA high priority to inspect imported food -Requires all U.S. public water supplies, no matter the population served, to assess vulnerability to terrorist attack

Requires all U.S. public water supplies, no matter the population served, to assess vulnerability to terrorist attack

✓Which is not true in regard to organizational constraints to effective risk communication? -Risk communication usually receives a greater proportion of funds than risk assessment -Too many levels of administration can slow down the release of information to the public -Risk communicators need to tell all information, but public affairs staff may want only the positive side stated -Inadequate planning and scheduling can result in the need to reschedule meetings which make the public suspicious

Risk communication usually receives a greater proportion of funds than risk assessment

CERCLA is also know as?

Superfund

SARA stands for?

Superfund Amendment & Reauthorization Act

✓By U.S. Public Health Law, which may quarantine individuals from foreign countries or moving state to state that are infected with a communicable disease such as cholera or plague? -Public Health Service -FDA -Surgeon General -Secretary of HHS

Surgeon General

Which of the following states: Public health is the paramount concern and all other concerns are of secondary importance? -The Precautionary Principle -The Principle of Sound Science -The ALARA Principle -The Principle of Reasonable Relationship

The Precautionary Principle

✓In regard to the Wabasso, Florida PACE-EH process, which is not true? -The local health department addressed all of the problems on its own -After the process, a survey revealed most of the community had an improved sense of well-being -After the process, a survey revealed most of the community had increased their outdoor physical activity -After the process, a survey revealed that most of the community had trust in the government to address their concerns

The local health department addressed all of the problems on its own

Which is not true of the Lava Cap Mine Site Public Health Assessment? -The California Department of Health Services completed the PHA -The failure of a dam caused the release of mine tailings into the watershed -Sources of exposure to arsenic were dust or dirt in homes and drinking water -There was a low to moderate risk of cancer from the arsenic -The necessary action was to clean up all tailings with arsenic from the watershed

The necessary action was to clean up all tailings with arsenic from the watershed

✓Which is not true of industry self-inspection or audit? -HACCP is used by the food industry to identify potential hazards and determine the operational steps necessary to minimize them -An event tree analysis examines all possible event sequences necessary for a hazard to occur (what might happen) -A fault tree analysis works backwards to find the sequence of events necessary for a hazard to occur -To get the likelihood of a hazard occurring, you simply add together all of the independent event probabilities in sequence that lead to it

To get the likelihood of a hazard occurring, you simply add together all of the independent event probabilities in sequence that lead to it

An industrial health & safety officer can prioritize transportation incidents in the workplace and Use Administrative Practices to reduce risk by dependence on training and appropriate human behavior. -True -False

True

✓A basic principle of PACE-EH is that leadership by Health Department agency personnel is strengthened and enhance by community collaboration. -True -False

True

✓An EMS should perform internal audits to identify any deviation or nonconformity by root cause analysis from which to identify any necessary preventive or corrective action to be taken. -True -False

True

✓In a risk communication event, whenever you make a negative statement, follow it up with positive statements. -True -False

True

✓Key to safety culture of an industry is senior management and all managers being committed to safety, being concerned and caring about workplace hazards. -True -False

True

✓During a Walk-through Survey by a Safety Officer to assess the need for Personal Protective Equipment, what types of sources of hazards to workers should be identified? -motion -high temperature -chemical exposure -light radiation -all of the above

all of the above

Health threat to children is considered first, due to their _____, making them particularly vulnerable to exposures (detoxifying organs still developing, more time outside, play in dirt)

behavior, size & growing bodies

✓Which is the basic risk management process? -evaluate, implement, identify options, identify risks, define the problem -take action, define the problem, focus on options, evaluate actions -define problem, identify risks, focus on options, take action, evaluate actions -define problem, focus on options, take action, define risks, evaluate actions

define problem, identify risks, focus on options, take action, evaluate actions

Other potentially high-risk groups also receive special attention:

developing fetuses, the elderly (immune suppressive issues, improperly functioning immune system), the chronically ill, & people with higher exposure potential

Local & State Health Departments inspect ______ (mosquito habitats with standing water, location with large amounts of decaying organic matter, accumulation of garbage or refuse for rats and vectors of diseases)

food establishments, swimming facilities, private sewage disposal systems, health nuisances

Industry needs to assess the_____ hazard situations that exist in an occupational or educational process, & to match the protective devices to the particular hazard

foot, head, eye, face, & hand

Inspection by governmental agencies can____ the potential risk for public hazards

identify, rank & assess

Public Health Assessment includes the _____, if it is an urgent health threat, ATSDR issues a Public Health Advisory to alert the public to actions needed to be taken immediately to eliminate the threat

level of health threat

FDA inspects facilities that ______, may contract with states to inspect (on behalf of FDA)

manufacture, process, pack & store food

When adequate exposure information is not available, ATSDR (may/may not) collect environmental & biologic samples

may

Public Health Consultation focuses on ___ particular public health question e.g., a specific exposure pathway, substance, health condition (gastrointestinal or oral cancers)

one

✓Which is not an advantage of involving the public in the decision-making process when governmental agencies create rules regarding environmental health issues? -the decisions made are more likely to last -the governmental agency gains credibility -fewer lawsuits to obstruct the agency -public involvement requires very little time by the agency

public involvement requires very little time by the agency

✓Which is not true of risk communication? -communicate early to include those who need to be involved -communicate often enough to keep the public informed -communicate fully to create public awareness and agency credibility -public perception is always based on unbiased, objective analysis

public perception is always based on unbiased, objective analysis

✓Which of the following will usually not lead to a hostile audience? -audience concerns are ignored -change -terms used are too technical -the message is too positive -the organization is credible

the organization is credible

✓Which is not considered a qualitative risk assessment? -Listing of chemical mixtures capable of adverse effect -Associating a hazard with an exposure -Associating a general level of risk with a level of adverse agent -Calculation of excess lifetime cancer risk for PCBs

Calculation of excess lifetime cancer risk for PCBs

CDC stands for?

Centers for Disease Control

CERCLA stands for?

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, & Liability Act

If exposure evaluation shows people have or could come into contact with hazardous substances, _____ scientists evaluate whether contact may result in harmful effects

ASTDR

ATSDR stands for?

Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry

CCP stands for?

Critical Control Points

✓Which law requires the assessment of the release of hazardous substances at inactive waste sites and requires community input to determine acceptable ways of cleanup? -LEPC -NEPA -OSHA -CERCLA -EPCRA

CERCLA