6th grade Social Studies Standards

Modern Era: 1700 to the present socialism

a way of organizing a society in which major industries are owned and controlled by the government rather than by individual people and companies

Modern Era: 1700 to the present fascism

a way of organizing a society in which a government ruled by a dictator controls the lives of the people and in which people are not allowed to disagree with the government : very harsh control or authority

Importace of the individual

']]l/.\\p =[]'/putting people first people- Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual.[1][2] Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance[3] and advocate that interests of the individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social group,[3] while opposing external interference upon one's own interests by society or institutions such as the government.[3] Individualism is often contrasted with totalitarianism or collectivism.[4]

trade routes and impact on the rise of cultural centers and trade cities:Genoa 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

-An easily accessible location that made it the center for trade and commerce -In the middle of major trading route, so it had a lot of contact between other trading areas -Crusaders poured in from England and France to Genoa on a quest for land -set up trade at major trading points at the shore of this city Trade and Commerce set the stage for the Renaissance, by giving citizens an opportunity to take advantage of the wealth around them. This lead to advances in technology, new systems, etc. Without the wealth, people wouldn't have been able to create these kinds of things. This abundance in wealth was also used by the head (leader or government), to possibly improve the quality of their navy and army.

rise, decline, and cultural achievements Mayan 1900 B.C. /B.C.E to 700 A.D. /C.E.

-Central Amer. -serpent God -Concept of 0 -built complicated looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from mica, a minera -365 day calendar -tracked cycles of sun moon and planets -invented writing system and books -Chocolate, herbal meds, basketball -built lots of cities had schools, libraries, hospitals, sport arenas, -Spanish arrived, they left their cities, deforestation, disruption of trade routes

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800: The defeat of the Aztec and Incan empires by the Spanish,

-Cortés recognized an opportunity to weaken the Aztecs by allying with groups that the Aztecs oppressed. With the help of his new allies, Cortés defeated Montezuma's forces. Cortés then turned on his allies. By 1521, he had destroyed the Aztec Empire. -When Christopher Columbus and his crew encountered Maya people in 1502, the Maya civilization had greatly declined. After 900, conflicts within the Maya lands had resulted in divisions that caused the civilization to fall from its former height. In 1523, Cortés sent Pedro de Alvarado to conquer the Maya in Guatemala. The Maya fought back valiantly. By the mid-1500s, Spanish cities were founded in the Maya lands. -The Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro invaded the Incan Empire in 1532, seeking riches. The Inca had already had some contact with Europeans, and many had died of European diseases. The empire was also weakened by a civil war between two ruling brothers. Pizarro manipulated the two sides, eventually defeating both. The Spanish took over all the Incan lands within 40 years, taking vast quantities of gold, destroying the cities, and nearly erasing an entire civilization.

rise, decline, and cultural achievements Aztecs 1900 B.C. /B.C.E to 700 A.D. /C.E.

-Tenochtitlan in Mexico -eagle perched on a cactus -settled in Texaco - had corn, chocolate, vanilla, tomatoes, rubber, sewage systemsuspension bridges, pyramids, -much more than spain -Spanish Cortez gold wanted it -Spanish brought horses, wheeled vehicles, steel weapons, Cannons, disease, immunity,

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800: outcomes of European colonization on the Americas and the rest of the world.

-Vikings 1000 BC, -native Americans already present -leith erikson -Columbus 1492 bahamas, -Marco Polo's famous journey to Cathay signaled Europe's "discovery" of Chinese and Islamic civilizations.

Rrise, decline, and cultural achievements Roman 1900 B.C. /B.C.E to 700 A.D. /C.E.

-large powerful lasted hundreds of years - many religions and countries within roman empire paying taxes -roads, Aqueducts, local beliefs respected -too big to defend borders so made western and eastern -fall of rome strength of west half failed 476AD -Eastern=Byzantine empire(greek orthodox church) -4 cent- christianity huge, even emperors were - grew less tolerance of other religions -300-500AD great migration period - Lots of barbarian tribes invaded - spending more money, taxes raise, no one wanted to fight so they hired invaders to protect -Eastern fell in 1453 Caesar- dictator Rome conquered everything

rise, decline, and cultural achievements Inca 1900 B.C. /B.C.E to 700 A.D. /C.E.

-south america -chilie to columbia -largest empire -andaes mts -peace Sun and Rain Gods -Pachacuti famous ruler- stayed and fought- to inca inca empire- embraced sun and light itself to conquer mummy warriors -fought chunkas- -warriors -overtaken by Spanish and diseased brought by spanish

millennium

a period of 1,000 years : a period of a thousand years counted from the beginning of the Christian era

Modern Era: 1700 to the present popular sovereignty

: a doctrine in political theory that government is created by and subject to the will of the people : a pre-Civil War doctrine asserting the right of the people living in a newly organized territory to decide by vote of their territorial legislature whether or not slavery would be permitted there

Climate: Gulf Stream

A major contribution of the Gulf Stream system is its warming effect upon the climates of adjacent land areas. In winter the air over the ocean west of Norway is more than 40° F (22° C) warmer than the average for that latitude, one of the greatest temperature anomalies in the world. The prevailing westerly winds carry the warmth and moisture of the ocean to northwestern Europe, giving Bergen, Nor., at 60° N latitude, an average high temperature for its coldest month of 34° F (1° C), while Reykjavík, Ice., 4° of latitude farther north, has a 31° F (0° C) average for its coldest month. In southwestern England the climatic modification produced by the current is reflected in the extraordinary mildness of the winters at this northern latitude, including the growing of winter vegetables and flowers and the presence of subtropical vegetation and lemon trees in southern Devonshire. Along the western margins of the North Atlantic, however, where the winds are predominantly from the shore, the Gulf Stream has little effect. Halifax, Nova Scotia, nearly 1,000 miles south of Bergen, averages only 23° F (-5° C) during its coldest month.

elements of Roman representative democracy are present in modern systems of government.

A representative democracy, like the government of the United States, is a government whose citizens vote for representatives. These representatives create and change the laws that govern the people.

interconnections of people, places and events in the economic, scientific and cultural exchanges of the European Renaissance that led to the Scientific Revolution,

Alcheme- study of Gold, Newton-Scentific Method, known as enlightenment, -renissance emphasized knowledge and education

Petition of Right (1628)

An important document setting out the rights and liberties of the subject as opposed to the prerogatives of the crown (ie. Charles I). This action favouring the common man was championed by Sir Edward Coke (1552-1634), a prominent parliamentary adversary of the crown. His sparkling resume included public service as Speaker of the House of Commons, Attorney General, Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas and Chief Justice of the King's Bench.

religious institutions 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

Christianity, in the form of the Catholic religion- Disputes of the Crusades led to the split between the Eastern and Western Christian Churches, called the Great Schism of 1054. The practises of the Catholic religion were questioned and the beliefs of men such as Martin Luther (1483 - 1546) prompted a new religion called Protestantism which led to a further split in the Christian Church referred to as the Protestant Reformation.

trade routes and impact on the rise of cultural centers and trade cities:Naples 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

Aquaducts(greeks), underground, water storage, and tunnels, low in elevation, had to get water from underground, wwII-intence bombing, saved people, urgeoning city filled with artistic virtuosos like Domenico Morelli and Gioacchino Toma. The Neapolitan Academy of Fine Arts was founded by Charles III of Bourbon in 1752. There was also a significant revival of interest in neoclassicism, as this was the time when the caving expeditions at Herculaneum and Pompeii were taking place. This gave artists in the present information about their classical roots which they infused into the work of the day, giving the Renaissance art that came out of Naples at the time, a distinctive and unique characteristic. The city of Naples was also highly influential in the realm of music during the Renaissance, offering innovations such as the mandolin and romantic, six-string guitar. The facts about Naples Italy indicate that this is a city that has endured a long history. They have a treasured past and the city is now a well preserved area that the rest of the world can visit and appreciate.

trade routes and impact on the rise of cultural centers and trade cities:Tenochtitlan 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

Aztec, Lake Texaco, that a pivotal moment in the city's economic history was its capture of the nearby city of Tlatelolco in 1474. He notes that Tlatelolco was a "trade city" and that the "union of these two cities made the site of Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco the economic and political center of the Valley of Mexico."- roads created were used for trade, exclusively traded Tourquois in US

Climate: North Atlantic Current

Characterized by warm temperature and high salinity, the North Atlantic Current is sometimes concealed at the surface by shallow and variable wind-drift movements. The current often mixes with northern cold polar water to produce excellent fishing grounds near islands and along the coast of northwestern Europe. The combination of the warm current and prevailing westerly winds helps maintain a mild climate in northwestern Europe. Major branches of the current include the Irminger, Norway, and Canary currents.

scientific inquiry based on observation and experimentation 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E. "p0-ho70;p---y7p[;;;

Charlemagne-tried to reestablish knowledge as a cornerstone of medieval society. -Robert Grosseteste, one of the major contributors to the scientific method,first proposed by Aristotle. influenced Galileo and Roger Bacon -William of Ockham, in the 14th century, proposed his idea of parsimony and the famous Ockam's Razor, still used by scientists to find answers from amongst conflicting explanations. -Jean Buridan challenged Aristotelian physics and developed the idea of impetus, a concept that predated Newtonian physics and inertia. -Thomas Bradwardine investigated physics, and his sophisticated study of kinematics and velocity predated Galileo's work on falling objects. Oresme proposed a compelling theory about a heliocentric, rather than geocentric, universe, two centuries before Copernicus, and he proposed that light and color were related, long before Hooke. -looked at science and said proved over and over -it claimed no God can tell you what nature is

Crusades: impact on Jews and Muslims in Europe and the Middle East,400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

Christian knights waged a religious war against the Muslims in Jerusalem in an attempt to reclaim the Holy Land.

Fall of Rome Contributions and continuation 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

Concrete, mortar , cement, roadway system, entertainment, Aqueducts and viaducts, Thermal baths, central heating and floor heating, Wine-making, Roman alphabet, Latin language and descendants + influence on other European languages, Roman legal system, The Republic & Senate (inspiration for modern democracies), The Julian Calendar (including current names of the months), Festivals, The 3 course meal

Cause and effect: decline of Greek city-states,

Conflict and competition between city-states broke down a sense of community in Greece. Constant war divided the Greek city-states into shifting alliances; it was also very costly to all the citizens. There was increasing tension and conflict between the ruling aristocracy and the poorer classes.Greek colonies around the Mediterranean knew about Greek culture but were not necessarily loyal to Greece.The neighbouring states were increasing in power and were more unified than the city- states of Greece.Philip of Macedonia, to the north of Greece, had a strong military and a unified monarchy which gave him the power to eventually conquer the Greek city-states (338 BCE).Over time, Rome was increasing in size, power, and trade. By 146 BCE Romans had conquered the Greek city-states.Greece didn't really decline as a culture because the Macedonians (Alexander the Great) and the Romans both adopted and spread Greek culture.Different city-states had completely different forms of government and ways of life (e.g., Sparta and Athens).The people became lazy because they were more interested in living the good life than in waging war against their enemies.

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800Missionary activities

During the Middle Ages, Catholic monks carried Christianity to central and northern Europe. Missionaries from the Byzantine Empire brought Orthodox Christianity to Russia. In Asia, medieval missionaries made converts as far away as India and China. But Christianity soon died out in most of Asia. By the late 1400s, it was mostly a European religion. The period between about 1500 and 1750 brought a dramatic change. During this time, Christianity became the first religion to spread around the world.

Spread of Christianity through Russia and Europe 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

East-West Split (Schism)-Also in the 11th century (1054), the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodoxy Church (Constantinople) officially split, excommunicating one another. Although the seeds of division were planted centuries previous to official split in 1054, the hard break was primarily a result of claims of primacy and jurisdiction, where both Churches battled for supremacy. After the split, the Roman and Eastern churches would both grow powerful within their respective spheres. However, the Roman Catholic Church would gain the advantage after the Eastern Orthodoxy church came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century. This would result in the widespread subdivision of Eastern Orthodoxy (Greek, Serbia, Russian, etc.), Roman Catholic western Catholic Eastern Byzantine church-Greek orthodox Russia Istanbul =ottoman turks(muslims) took over contantinople, byzintine empire(Christianity) as final fall of rome

Magna Carta (1215)

England's King John was facing down a possible rebellion by the country's powerful barons. Under duress, he agreed to a charter of liberties known as the Magna Carta (or Great Charter) that would place him and all of England's future sovereigns within a rule of law. Though it was not initially successful, the document was reissued (with alterations) in 1216, 1217 and 1225, and eventually served as the foundation for the English system of common law. Later generations of Englishmen would celebrate the Magna Carta as a symbol of freedom from oppression, as would the Founding Fathers of the United States of America, who in 1776 looked to the charter as a historical precedent for asserting their liberty from the English crown.

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800The American and French Revolutions and the spread of democratic ideals

Enlightenment thinkers in Britain, in France and throughout Europe questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change. The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. The American and French Revolutions were directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals and respectively marked the peak of its influence and the beginning of its decline.

trade routes and impact on the rise of cultural centers and trade cities:Machu Pichu 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

Incas- andes mt in peru -trade hub, roads created were used for trade sun rain Gods

Other Tragedies led to decline of Medieval Society 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

Famine, Mideaval Warm Period, little ice age, along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare, Soil exhaustion, overpopulation, wars, and epidemic diseases - Spanish Inquisition End of dark ages

elements of Greek direct democracy are present in modern system

For about 100 years, Athens had a direct democracy, or a government in which all citizens vote on rules and laws. We owe them a lot! It is one of their finest gifts! Direct democracy decides on issues, not on people. In this view, recall elections and the direct election of representatives (e.g. direct elections for mayors or the president) do not belong to direct democracy. Direct democracy means power sharing: sometimes people choose to decide an important question directly themselves. But the bulk of legislation continues to be done by parliament. Direct and representative democracy are interdependent and complementary. Direct democracy empowers people, not governments. The distinction between top-down and citizen-initiated procedures is crucial. Plebiscites are popular vote procedures which citizens cannot initiate, and whose use lies exclusively within the control of the authorities. This distinction between plebiscites and referendums is fundamental for a proper understanding of direct democracy. The distinction is frequently not made, often leading to considerable confusion in the debate about direct democracy.

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800Scientific Revolution,

Galileo, Kepler and Leibniz. Its roots are usually traced to 1680s England, where in the span of three years Isaac Newton published his "Principia Mathematica" (1686) and John Locke his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1689)—two works that provided the scientific, mathematical and philosophical toolkit for the Enlightenment's major advances. Locke argued that human nature was mutable and that knowledge was gained through accumulated experience rather than by accessing some sort of outside truth. Newton's calculus and optical theories provided the powerful Enlightenment metaphors for precisely measured change and illumination.

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800Henry VIII's break with Parliament and the Catholic Church

In England, the Reformation began with Henry VIII's quest for a male heir. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could remarry, the English king declared in 1534 that he alone should be the final authority in matters relating to the English church. Henry dissolved England's monasteries to confiscate their wealth and worked to place the Bible in the hands of the people. Beginning in 1536, every parish was required to have a copy. After Henry's death, England tilted toward Calvinist-infused Protestantism during Edward VI's six-year reign and then endured five years of reactionary Catholicism under Mary I. In 1559 Elizabeth I took the throne and, during her 44-year reign, cast the Church of England as a "middle way" between Calvinism and Catholicism, with vernacular worship and a revised Book of Common Prayer

Trade in US

In use used rivers, and roads

impact of industrialization and urbanization trade and cultural exchange between Europe and the Americas and the rest of the world.

It increased foreign trade. The value of exports doubled from 1877 to 1900; imports rose, too, but less rapidly. Industrial progress revolutionized the marketing of goods and transformed the office world, now filled with clerical workers, bureaucrats, and middle managers. It also transformed homes by introducing indoor plumbing, electric lights, and household appliances. Overall, industrialization made available labor-saving products, lower prices for manufactured goods, advances in transportation, and higher living standards.

English Bill of Rights (1689) as documents to place limits on the English monarchy and how they have affected the shaping of other governments.

It is one of the basic documents of English constitutional law, alongside Magna Carta, the 1701 Act of Settlement and the Parliament Acts. It also forms part of the law of some other Commonwealth nations, such as New Zealand. A separate but similar document applies in Scotland: the Claim of Right.

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800and the influence on world religions resulting in the assimilation of religious groups.

It was also a time of religious (and anti-religious) innovation, as Christians sought to reposition their faith along rational lines and deists and materialists argued that the universe seemed to determine its own course without God's intervention. Secret societies—the Freemasons, the Bavarian Illuminati, the Rosicrucians—flourished, offering European men (and a few women) new modes of fellowship, esoteric ritual and mutual assistance. Coffeehouses, newspapers and literary salons emerged as new venues for ideas to circulate.

Modern Era: 1700 to the present Liberalism

John Locke (1632-1704) laid much of the groundwork for the Enlightenment and made central contributions to the development of liberalism. Trained in medicine, he was a key advocate of the empirical approaches of the Scientific Revolution. In his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding," he advanced a theory of the self as a blank page, with knowledge and identity arising only from accumulated experience. His political theory of government by the consent of the governed as a means to protect "life, liberty and estate" deeply influenced the United States' founding documents. His essays on religious tolerance provided an early model for the separation of church and state.

benefits and challengesAtomic energy,

May 1945- Okanowa, Japan- shipped europe solider Developed in New Mexico Aug 6th, Hiroshema, 1945 2nd bomb nagasaki Pros- It prevented a massive amount of United States civilians from possibly losing their lives, along with soldiers. 2. The drop of atomic bomb triggered Japan to surrender and this ended the war faster. 3. It showed to the rest of the world that America is superior because of their possession of Atomic weapons. 4. This incident saves thousands of lives of American soldiers. 5. Talks of peace where much easier to develop due to the fear the bomb dropping caused the rest of the world. Cons 1. When other countries realized that America held this type of power, they began the race to develop their own. 2. Thousands of innocent Japanese people died from the impact of the bomb, millions more where affected by the residual radiation. 3. Millions of dollars where spent to develop and effectively test the Atomic bomb. 4. Many cities had already been completely destroyed from fire bombing, people believed it was unnecessary to drop the atomic bomb. 5. Japan was very close to surrendering anyways, dropping of the bomb added insult to injury in a major way. 6. It created a great amount of animosity and anger between the two nations, that still exists today. 7. No one can control the means on how the bomb caused devastation and the people that will be killed. 8. The incident has revealed the power that a nuclear weapon can do giving them the idea to utilize this weapon for battle.

Mountain ranges, rivers, deserts, in Europe and US

Mexican Plateau, Tibetan Plateau, Central Siberian Plateau, and the Kimberley Plateau in Australia. Some major plains and river valleys on the earth's surface include the Great Plains and the Coastal Plain of North America, the Northern European Plains, the West Siberian Plain, the Indus Valley, the Gangetic Plain and the Brahmaputra Valley in India, the North China Plain, and the Nullarbor Plain in Australia. Some of the world's largest deserts include the Sahara, Kalahari and Namib deserts in Africa, the Arabian Desert, the Thar Desert, the Gobi Desert and the Takla Makan Desert in Asia, the Sonoran Desert in North America, the Atacama Desert in South America, and the Simpson Desert and the Great Sandy Desert in Australia. Beside the above mention landforms valleys, lowlands, hills etc. are also other major physical features of the world. Pacific Ocean, encompassing the Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea; the Atlantic Ocean, encompassing the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Baffin Bay, the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea; and the Indian Ocean encompassing the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea, the Andaman Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the Gulf of Aden, the Gulf of Oman, and the Great Australian Bight. important rivers in the world include the Mississippi and the Missouri in North America, the Amazon and the Orinoco in South America, the Nile, Niger, Congo and the Zambezi in Africa, the Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, and the Volga in Europe, the Euphrates, Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Hwang Ho, Yangtse Kiang, Amur, and the Mekong in Asia, and the Murray and Darling Rivers in Australia. lakes and inland seas featured on the physical map of the world include the Great Lakes of the USA and Canada like Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Superior, Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, Lake Titicaca in South America, Lake Chad, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Malawi in Africa, the Black Sea in Europe, the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal in Asia and Lake Eyre in Australia.

Black Death 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

Mongals, thrown dead bodies, from ports, to sicily, by rats and fleas vomit (the bubonic plague) killed some 20 million people in Europe—30 percent of the continent's population. It was especially deadly in cities, where it was impossible to prevent the transmission of the disease from one person to another. cough up lungs or bleed from everywhere turned to mary for prayer Cities started growing, trash, fecal, Jews were blamed then came the rats

the importance of the individual 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

Muhammad- last profit for Jews, Charlemagne- Father of Europe, Leonardo da Vinci- last supper, mona lisa, Johannes Gutenberg- moveable type creator-printing press played a key role in the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment., Genghis Khan- mongolian tribe- hand empire- most descendants in the world, Urban II(pope- for crusaders), St. Augustine- just war, original sin, freedom and christianity together, Thomas Aquinas=science against religion, Innocent III-pontiffs in history. He asserted control over Europe and worked hard to prevent the selling of church offices by temporal authorities. Innocent used excommunication as his chief weapon. During the period, nothing was worse than being excommunicated which meant someone could not go to heaven. Additionally, he launched the failed Fourth Crusade to aid Constantinople's defense and declared Muslims heretics., St. Francis (1181-1226): Francis was known to venerate poverty and nature.

access to health care in the European Union (EU)

Over the past decade, infectious disease and mortality rates in the Newly Independent States in Eastern Europe have risen, and life expectancies have decreased. These indicators of poor health reflect people and systems struggling to adapt after the political, social, and economic upheaval of independence. Where the Soviet system reached virtually every citizen with free health care through workplace-based networks, now individuals must proactively access the care they need—behavior change that is made more difficult by stressful economic conditions and a breakdown of the health system. In many cases, the services patients would seek are not available: facilities, equipment, and supplies are lacking, and health care providers' skills need updating. Women in Eastern Europe. PATH has been helping strengthen health systems in the region since the mid-1990s. Photo: PATH. Since the mid-1990s, we've been tackling pressing health issues in Eastern Europe—in countries such Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. Our office in Kyiv, Ukraine, serves as the hub of our activities in the region. The health topics we address include HIV and AIDS, tuberculosis, women's health, vaccines and immunization, and avian influenza.

interconnections of people, places and events in the economic, scientific and cultural exchanges of the European Renaissance that led voyages of discovery 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

Portuguese map makers, called cartographers, incorporated information provided by travelers and explorers into their work. Shipbuilding also improved during the Renaissance,The success of the expedition led by Christopher Columbus, who, at least officially, was the first European to set foot on the soil of America, has all too often made us forget the multiple expeditions during the Middle Ages, over land or by sea, as well as the discoveries of the explorers. In particular, there was the fabulous odyssey of Marco Polo, the Venetian merchant who followed the silk road to China, the mystical voyage of Saint Brendan and the Norse or Viking settlement in Newfoundland. The voyage of Columbus would encourage Europeans to seek a passage to the East in order to exploit the riches attributed to this region. However, at the dawn of the Renaissance, many unfounded beliefs still held currency. In fact, although since Antiquity it was known that the Earth was round, the Catholic Church and a number of scientists continued to assert that the planet was flat and rectangular. Gaps remained in geographical knowledge. Certain explorers still believed in the existence of mythical countries, such as the kingdom of Prester John thought to be located in Ethiopia, or that of King Solomon, which concealed, according to legend, countless riches.

Biomes: Rainforests

Rainforests usually occur in regions where there is a high annual rainfall of generally more than 1,800 mm (70 inches) and a hot and steamy climate.

new approaches in the fine arts and literature 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

Renaissance art depicted religious images, including subjects such as the Virgin Mary, or Madonna, and were encountered by contemporary audiences of the period in the context of religious rituals. portray light and shadow, as well as the physical relationship between figures-humans, animals and objects alike-and the landscape around them.

trade routes and impact on the rise of cultural centers and trade cities: Florence 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

Renaissance began here, self governed indent state, artist guilds governed state, banking, not a port city, Venice closest, republic Gov-election, its central location allowed for trading on each side, important cities: Florence, Genoa, Venice, Naples

Leonardo da Vinci 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

Renissance Art Leonardo's best-known works, including the "Mona Lisa" (1503-05), "The Virgin of the Rocks" (1485) and the fresco "The Last Supper" (1495-98), showcase his unparalleled ability to portray light and shadow, as well as the physical relationship between figures-humans, animals and objects alike-and the landscape around them.

trade routes and impact on the rise of cultural centers and trade cities:Venice 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

Republic Gov, Middle ages the byzantine provided exotic trade goods from Asia and Islamic groups Controlled most of the shipping ports -Established trading posts - Along with the goods they also brought back knowledge and ideas (mostly Greek and Roman) -Venice's main role in the renaissance was trading with foreign countries and improving the knowledge level of citizens. Venice brought italy a lot of merchandise to support there strong economical stand point. They were able to do this by constructing multiple trading posts and trading with groups like Arabs. But venice didn't just contribute to trading -traded with Contantinople -greatest trading center in europe -Renissance- Roman stuff had a rebirth Water transport

decade

a period of 10 years; especially : a 10-year period beginning with a year ending in 0

century

a period of 100 years : a period of 100 years counted from the beginning of the Christian era

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800Council of Trent

The Council of Trent, which met off and on from 1545 through 1563, articulated the Church's answer to the problems that triggered the Reformation and to the reformers themselves. refocus towards catholic old ideas

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800the rise of Calvinism and Lutheranism

The Swiss Reformation began in 1519 with the sermons of Ulrich Zwingli, whose teachings largely paralleled Luther's. In 1541 John Calvin, a French Protestant who had spent the previous decade in exile writing his "Institutes of the Christian Religion," was invited to settle in Geneva and put his Reformed doctrine—which stressed God's power and humanity's predestined fate—into practice. The result was a theocratic regime of enforced, austere morality.

Functions: United Nations (UN).

The United Nations came into being in 1945, following the devastation of the Second World War, with one central mission: the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN does this by working to prevent conflict; helping parties in conflict make peace; peacekeeping; and creating the conditions to allow peace to hold and flourish. These activities often overlap and should reinforce one another, to be effective. The UN Security Council has the primary responsibility for international peace and security. The General Assembly and the Secretary-General play major, important, and complementary roles, along with other UN offices and bodies.

the Chernobyl nuclear disaster on Russia

The accident destroyed the Chernobyl 4 reactor, killing 30 operators and firemen within three months and several further deaths later. One person was killed immediately and a second died in hospital soon after as a result of injuries received. Another person is reported to have died at the time from a coronary thrombosisc. Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) was originally diagnosed in 237 people on-site and involved with the clean-up and it was later confirmed in 134 cases. Of these, 28 people died as a result of ARS within a few weeks of the accident. Nineteen more subsequently died between 1987 and 2004 but their deaths cannot necessarily be attributed to radiation exposured. Nobody off-site suffered from acute radiation effects although a large proportion of childhood thyroid cancers diagnosed since the accident is likely to be due to intake of radioactive iodine falloutd. Furthermore, large areas of Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and beyond were contaminated in varying degrees. See also sections below and Chernobyl Accident Appendix 2: Health Impacts. The Chernobyl disaster was a unique event and the only accident in the history of commercial nuclear power where radiation-related fatalities occurrede. However, the design of the reactor is unique and in that respect the accident is thus of little relevance to the rest of the nuclear industry outside the then Eastern Bloc. However, it led to major changes in safety culture and in industry cooperation, particularly between East and West before the end of the Soviet Union. Former President Gorbachev said that the Chernobyl accident was a more important factor in the fall of the Soviet Union than Perestroika - his program of liberal reform.

manorial system 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

The court is the judicial basis, Life on a manor is the medieval version of a relationship which occurs, between landlord and peasant, in any society where a leisured class depends directly on agriculture carried out by others.

rise, decline, and cultural achievements Greek 1900 B.C. /B.C.E to 700 A.D. /C.E.

The first democracy originated in classical Greece. The Greek word demokratia means "rule by the people." -conflicts-first between the Greeks and the Persians, then between the Athenians and the Spartans- -Herodotus, the physician Hippokrates and the philosopher Socrates. -Led by Athens and Sparta, the Greek city-states were engaged in a great war with the Persian Empire -ekklesia, or Assembly, the sovereign governing body of Athens. -officials were sworn to act "according to the laws what is best for the people." -defined by logic, pattern and order, and they have in common a faith in humanism above all else, philosophy

rise of nation-states headed by monarchs in Europe from 1500 to 1700.

The nation-state developed fairly recently. Prior to the 1500s, in Europe, the nation-state as we know it did not exist. Back then, most people did not consider themselves part of a nation; they rarely left their village and knew little of the larger world. If anything, people were more likely to identify themselves with their region or local lord. At the same time, the rulers of states frequently had little control over their countries. Instead, local feudal lords had a great deal of power, and kings often had to depend on the goodwill of their subordinates to rule. Laws and practices varied a great deal from one part of the country to another. The timeline on page 65 explains some key events that led to the rise of the nation-state. In the early modern era, a number of monarchs began to consolidate power by weakening the feudal nobles and allying themselves with the emerging commercial classes. This difficult process sometimes required violence. The consolidation of power also took a long time. Kings and queens worked to bring all the people of their territories under unified rule. Not surprisingly, then, the birth of the nation-state also saw the first rumblings of nationalism, as monarchs encouraged their subjects to feel loyalty toward the newly established nations. The modern, integrated nation-state became clearly established in most of Europe during the nineteenth century.

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800: the rise of trading empires

The rise of Western Europe after 1500 is due largely to growth in countries with access to the Atlantic Ocean and with substantial trade with the New World, Africa, and Asia via the Atlantic. This trade and the associated colonialism affected Europe not only directly, but also indirectly by inducing institutional change. Where "initial" political institutions (those established before 1500) placed significant checks on the monarchy, the growth of Atlantic trade strengthened merchant groups by constraining the power of the monarchy, and helped merchants obtain changes in institutions to protect property rights. These changes were central to subsequent economic growth.

Cause and effect:Holocaust

The twin goals of racial purity and spatial expansion were the core of Hitler's worldview, and from 1933 onward they would combine to form the driving force behind his foreign and domestic policy mass murder of some 6 million European Jews (as well as members of some other persecuted groups, such as Gypsies and homosexuals) by the German Nazi regime during the Second World War. To the anti-Semitic Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, Jews were an inferior race, an alien threat to German racial purity and community. After years of Nazi rule in Germany, during which Jews were consistently persecuted, Hitler's "final solution"-now known as the Holocaust-came to fruition under the cover of world war, with mass killing centers constructed in the concentration camps of occupied Poland.

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800Columbus' search for India

When the traditional land and sea routes to Asia were cut off by the rise of the Ottoman Empire, European traders looked for new ways to India and the lands beyond — not just for pepper but for other lucrative spices, and for silks and opium.

Functions: World Court

World Court, popular name of the Permanent Court of International Justice, established pursuant to Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. The protocol establishing it was adopted by the Assembly of the League in 1920 and ratified by the requisite number of states in 1921. By the time of its dissolution in 1945 (when its functions were transferred to the newly created International Court of Justice), the court had 59 member states. Established at The Hague, the court was empowered to render judgments in disputes between states that were voluntarily submitted to it and to give advisory opinions in any matters referred to it by the Council or the Assembly of the League. Its functions, thus, were judicial rather than, as in the case of the older Hague Tribunal, purely arbitral and diplomatic. It also differed from the Hague Tribunal in having a permanent group of judges instead of a panel from which judges might be selected to hear a particular dispute. The court originally had 11 judges and 4 deputy judges, but in 1931 its composition was changed to 15 regular judges. Judges were elected for nine-year terms by the Council and the Assembly concurrently; they were selected from a list of nominees of the Hague Tribunal regardless of nationality, except that not more than one citizen of a country might sit on the bench at any one time.

nation-state

a form of political organization in which a group of people who share the same history, traditions, or language live in a particular area under one government

Modern Era: 1700 to the present communism

a way of organizing a society in which the government owns the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) and there is no privately owned property

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800 origins, developments and innovations of the Industrial Revolution

began in Britian, Spinning machines(fabric)-started revolution, factory Steam engine, factory system, urbanization, changing role of women and child labor, crowded, social progress, not dictated by social class, technology and knowledge spread to ordinary people, housing and polluted, unsanitary living conditions in which disease was rampant. Conditions for Britain's working-class began to gradually improve by the later part of the 19th century, as the government instituted various labor reforms and workers gained the right to form trade unions.

Galileo Galilei 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

father of modern science, Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made major contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy, cosmology, mathematics and philosophy. He invented an improved telescope that let him observe and describe the moons of Jupiter(after medici), the rings of Saturn, the phases of Venus, sunspots and the rugged lunar surface. Challenged Church dogmas, reconcile scripture with science based, church felt threatened, it was only source of church and warned to stop, he got bolder, he had to stand trial and give up copernican ideas. rest of life under house arrest- heliocentric ideas

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800Papal reform,

foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life to returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focus on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. The Council of Trent Pope Paul III (1534-1549) initiated the Council of Trent (1545-1563), a commission of cardinals tasked with institutional reform, to address contentious issues such as corrupt bishops and priests, indulgences, and other financial abuses. The Council clearly rejected specific Protestant positions and upheld the basic structure of the Medieval Church, its sacramental system, religious orders, and doctrine. It rejected all compromise with the Protestants, restating basic tenets of the Catholic faith. The Council clearly upheld the dogma of salvation appropriated by Christ lived out by faith and works. Transubstantiation, during which the consecrated bread and wine were held to become (substantially) the body and blood of Christ, was upheld, along with the Seven Sacraments. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as indulgences, pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually vital as well.

William Shakespeare 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

greatest English-speaking writer in history and known as England's national poet, wrote at least 37 plays and a collection of sonnets, established the legendary Globe theater and helped transform the English language.

Functions: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

he North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO /ˈneɪtoʊ/; French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, in which the always-American Supreme Allied Commander also resides. Belgium is one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe, the newest of which, Albania and Croatia, joined in April 2009. An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70 percent of the global total.[4] Members' defense spending is supposed to amount to 2 percent of GDP.[5]

Modern Era: 1700 to the present nationalism

how WW1 happened, pride for country, they were willing to accept slader, gov. makes plea to people on why they should fight, diverse people brought to empires that they don't share same ideas and beliefs, they kill people they don't agree with who they works with at other times

Crusades: Increased contact between European and non-European peoples,400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

killed people that were not christians, islamics were killed, muslims, peagan's killed, they would turn around kill others -Seliks took Jerselum mideval knights were brutal, catholic church tried to deter with relics and demand to obey truce of God. -9 crusades for Jerusalem -move from wrongs of Christians to humanism of the Romans =goal=to repel muslims and retake Holy Lands, Christians won, then muslims and then muslims provailed again. Crusades led to decline of feudalism

Lochs in Scotland

lake, lying in the Highland council area, Scotland. With a depth of 788 feet (240 metres) and a length of about 23 miles (36 km), Loch Ness has the largest volume of fresh water in Great Britain. It lies in the Glen Mor—or Great Glen, which bisects the Highlands—and forms part of the system of waterways across Scotland that civil engineer Thomas Telford linked by means of the Caledonian Canal (opened 1822).

trade routes and impact on the rise of cultural centers and trade cities:Teotihuacan 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

lost trade alliances with neighboring cities because of fighting, rivers not good for trading

Modern Era: 1700 to the present conservatism

many Americans embraced a new conservatism in social, economic and political life during the 1980s, characterized by the policies of President Ronald Reagan. Often remembered for its materialism and consumerism, the decade also saw the rise of the "yuppie," an explosion of blockbuster movies and the emergence of cable networks like MTV, which introduced the music video and launched the careers of many iconic artists.For many people, the symbol of the decade was the "yuppie": a baby boomer with a college education, a well-paying job and expensive taste. Many people derided yuppies for being self-centered and materialistic, and surveys of young urban professionals across the country showed that they were, indeed, more concerned with making money and buying consumer goods than their parents and grandparents had been. However, in some ways yuppiedom was less shallow and superficial than it appeared. Popular television shows like "thirtysomething" and movies like "The Big Chill" and "Bright Lights, Big City" depicted a generation of young men and women who were plagued with anxiety and self-doubt. They were successful, but they weren't sure they were happy. At the movie theater, the 1980s was the age of the blockbuster. Movies like "E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial," "Return of the Jedi," "Raiders of the Lost Ark" and "Beverly Hills Cop" appealed to moviegoers of all ages and made hundreds of millions of dollars at the box office. The 1980s was also the heyday of the teen movie. Films like "The Breakfast Club," "Some Kind of Wonderful" and "Pretty in Pink" are still popular today. At home, people watched family sitcoms like "The Cosby Show," "Family Ties," "Roseanne" and "Married...with Children." They also rented movies to watch on their new VCRs. By the end of the 1980s, 60 percent of American television owners got cable service-and the most revolutionary cable network of all was MTV, which made its debut on August 1, 1981. The music videos the network played made stars out of bands like Duran Duran and Culture Club and made megastars out of artists like Michael Jackson (1958-2009), whose elaborate "Thriller" video helped sell 600,000 albums in the five days after its first broadcast. MTV also influenced fashion: People across the country (and around the world) did their best to copy the hairstyles and fashions they saw in music videos. In this way, artists like Madonna (1958-) became (and remain) fashion icons. As the decade wore on, MTV also became a forum for those who went against the grain or were left out of the yuppie ideal. Rap artists such as Public Enemy channeled the frustration of urban African Americans into their powerful album "It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back." Heavy metal acts such as Metallica and Guns N' Roses also captured the sense of malaise among young people, particularly young men. Even as Reagan maintained his popularity, popular culture continued to be an arena for dissatisfaction and debate throughout the 1980s.

Crusades: changes in technology 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

medical/surgical, language, books rebirth of trade architecture, laws, courts

Sierra Madre Mountains

mountain system of Mexico. It consists of the Sierra Madre Occidental (to the west), the Sierra Madre Oriental (to the east), and the Sierra Madre del Sur (to the south). These ranges enclose the great central Mexican Plateau, which itself is a part of the system—although the northern portion of the plateau also is considered to be part of the Basin and Range Province in the United States—and is broken by blocks of mountain ranges and large ephemeral drainage basins called bolsones ("pockets").

impact of immigration patterns in Canada,

population is increasing- workers are cheaper

Nicholas Copernicus 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

propose that Earth and other planets revolve around the sun.

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800Reformations and their effects on European and American society.

reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church's ability to define Christian practice.

Volga River,

river of Europe, the continent's longest, and the principal waterway of western Russia and the historic cradle of the Russian state. Its basin, sprawling across about two-fifths of the European part of Russia, contains almost half of the entire population of the Russian Republic. The Volga's immense economic, cultural, and historic importance—along with the sheer size of the river and its basin—ranks it among the world's great rivers.

Michelangelo 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

sculptor, painter and architect widely considered to be one of the greatest artists of the Italian Renaissance period—and arguably of all time. His work demonstrated a blend of psychological insight, physical realism and intensity never before seen. His contemporaries recognized his extraordinary talent, and Michelangelo received commissions from some of the most wealthy and powerful men of his day, including popes and others affiliated with the Catholic Church. His resulting work, most notably his Pietà and David sculptures and Sistine Chapel ceiling paintings, has been carefully tended and preserved, ensuring that future generations would be able to view and appreciate Michelangelo's genius.

Canadian Rockies

segment of the Rocky Mountains, extending southeastward for about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from northern British Columbia, Canada, and forming nearly half the 900-mile (1,500-km) border between the provinces of British Columbia and Alberta. The Mackenzie and Selwyn mountains farther north along the border between the Northwest and Yukon territories are often included in the Canadian Rockies. To the west, the Rocky Mountain Trench (a geologic depression) separates the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies from the Columbia Mountains, which include the Cariboo, Selkirk, Monashee, and Purcell mountains and are also often considered part of the Rocky Mountain system.

ocean currents and winds influence climate differences on Europe and the Americas.

stream made up of horizontal and vertical components of the circulation system of ocean waters that is produced by gravity, wind friction, and water density variation in different parts of the ocean. Ocean currents are similar to winds in the atmosphere in that they transfer significant amounts of heat from Earth's equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in determining the climates of coastal regions. In addition, ocean currents and atmospheric circulation influence one another.

biomes of Europe and the Americas

temperate deciduous forest biome type includes the deciduous forest biomes of Asia, Europe, and North America. "Major life zone" is the European phrase for the North American biome concept.

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800 principle of separation of church and state,

the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, drafted by James Madison, declares that Congress "shall pass no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." Madison's friend and mentor Thomas Jefferson was proud of his role in drafting and winning assent to Virginia's religious liberty law (1786). In a letter of 1802, he referred to the need for a "high wall of separation" between church and state. Both men considered religious liberty not just a convenient political response to the actual diversity of denominations in the new Republic but as a natural right.

Feudal system 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

the king granted large pieces of land called fiefs to noblemen and bishops. Landless peasants known as serfs did most of the work on the fiefs: They planted and harvested crops and gave most of the produce to the landowner. In exchange for their labor, they were allowed to live on the land. They were also promised protection in case of enemy invasion. -Levels kings Knights Merchants Pheasants serf Land no currency Move in social clas

rise of kingdoms and empires 400 A.D./C.E. - 1500 A.D./C.E.

viking-Scandinavians left their homelands to seek their fortunes elsewhere. pirates, raiders, traders and settlers on much of Britain and the European continent, as well as parts of modern-day Russia, Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland. Common ancestry or patriotism

Cause and effect:the destruction of the Aztecs

weren't the first people ever to sacrifice humans, the fact that they did and the incredible number they sacrificed led to the hatred of some of the surrounding peoples. The powerful city-state of Tlaxcala was one of these. Many of their own had been sacrificed, and in the end they joined the Spaniards to fight the Aztecs. It may be that the Spanish simply were an excuse to start what was already an inevitable civil war. -Disease played a huge part in the fall of the Aztec empire -But Cortes still used clever tactics in the final siege that, in combination with his native allies and the epidemics of disease, brought about the fall of the Aztec empire. -

Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1800Columbian exchange and slavery

widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade (including African/American slave trade) after Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage.[1] Although unlikely to be intentional at the time, communicable diseases were a byproduct of the Exchange.

absolute locations with GPS

with latitude and longitude

relative Location with GPS

with the use of landmarks