7-11 Exam (Ch 8 Heart & Blood Vessels)

2 Types of Cardiac Muscle Cells:

Conducting, Contractile

venous return

The amount of blood returned to the heart by the veins

Angioplasty

Use of "stent" to widen a narrow section of a coronary artery....an alternative to bypass surgery

semilunar valves

Heart valves located between the ventricles and the two major arteries of the body (pulmonary and aortic) that prevent blood from returning to the ventricles after contraction;

systole

period when either the ventricles or the atria of the heart are contracting;

diastole

Period of the cardiac cycle when a heart chamber is relaxed

What do the contractile cells do:

Produce contractions

What does the Diastole phase do?

Relaxation

what causes the conduction of the diastolic depolarization?

SA node

main artery

aorta

_____________ carry blood away from the heart, and _____________ carry blood toward the heart.

arteries veins

As the blood travels through the circulatory system, the greatest drop in pressure occurs in: a) arteries b) arterioles c) capillaries d) venules

b) arterioles

A pacemaker is used to correct: a) coronary artery disease b) cardiac arrhythmias c) heart murmurs d) hypertension

b) cardiac arrhythmias

When the heart becomes weaker and less efficient at pumping blood, the blood may back up in the veins and cause a condition known as ________. a) myocardial infarction b) congestive heart failure c) stroke d) ventricular fibrillation

b) congestive heart failure

A heart attack occurs as a result of: a) prolonged hypotension b) narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries c) improper closure of semilunar valves d) disruption of the cardiac conduction system

b) narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries;

Which vein(s) carry oxygenated blood? a) superior vena cava and inferior vena cava b) right and left pulmonary veins c) aorta d) both a) and b)

b) right and left pulmonary veins

Which of the following would be an appropriate homeostatic response to a drop in blood pressure below what is normal? a) heart rate decreases b) vasoconstriction of arterioles c) force of cardiac contraction decreases d) both a) and b)

b) vasoconstriction of arterioles

Name the 3 types of blood vessels?

Arteries, Capillaries and Veins

What does the Systole phase do?

Contraction

What do the conducting cells do:

control and coordinate heartbeat

Which of the following is/are involved in regulating blood pressure? a) heart b) baroreceptors c) cardiovascular center in medulla oblongata d) all of the above

d) all of the above

When the coronary arteries become clogged and blood flow to the heart is reduced, a person may experience cramping chest pain upon exertion, prior to a full-blown heart attack. This condition is called ________. a) cardiac arrest b) myocardial infarction c) stroke d) angina pectoris

d) angina pectoris, Angina pectoris is due to insufficient blood flow and may signal an impending heart attack;

why are valves important in veins?

one-way valves permit only one-way blood flow They keep blood moving in the correct direction (towards the heart)

arteries carry what?

oxygenated blood

pulmonary circuit

that part of the vascular system that takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart

capillary exchange

the movement of substances between blood and interstitial fluid, >2-way movement of fluid across capillary walls (water, oxygen, glucose, amino acids, lipids, minerals, antibodies, hormones, wastes, CO2, ammonia

capillary

the smallest type of blood vessel. The site of exchange between the blood and tissue cells.

systemic circuit

the system of blood vessels that transport blood to all cells of the body except those served by the pulmonary circuit;

venous pumps

these are necessary for flow through veins, particularly against gravitational pressure, helps control blood flow back to r. atrium, correct amount

name the tissues that compose these arteries, capillaries and veins:

thin-layer, endothelium, is a flattened squamos epithelial cells. Outside this, is the layer of smooth muscle, and the outer side of this is tough connective tissue;

What do arteries do?

transport blood AWAY from the heart

atrioventricular (AV) valves

valves located between the atria and their corresponding ventricles which prevent blood from flowing back into the atria when the ventricles contract;

what about capillaries?

where blood exchanges substances with tissues, thin-walled vessels, very narrow

atrium

One of the two chambers of the heart that receive blood from veins and deliver it to the ventricles;

Sinoatrial (SA) node

-fastest depolarizing/ fastest rate of autorhymicity -overdrive suppression -native pacemaker of the heart -activated by AP originating in the SA node before they are able to reach threshold at their own lower rate

What is the percent of blood plasma in centrifuged blood?

55%

What is the percentage of blood compared to total body weight?

8%

Define a myocardial infarction.

A medical emergency when some of the heart's blood supply is suddenly and severely reduced, causing the myocardium to die due to lack of O₂

What type of tissue is blood classified as:

Blood is considered a connective tissue because it has a matrix. The living cell types are red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, and white blood cells, also called leukocytes . The fluid portion of whole blood, its matrix, is commonly called plasma.

What does blood transport?

Blood transports substances needed anywhere in the body: oxygen from the lungs, nutrients from the digestive system, hormones from the endocrine system, waste products of cellular metabolism away from body tissues to the organs that help eliminate them from the body.

Name the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle:

Systole, Diastole

artery

a blood vessel that conducts blood away from the heart and toward the capillaries

ventricle

a general term for a cavity. In the heart, one of the two chambers that receives blood from an atrium and pumps it into an artery. In the central nervous system, one of the four hollow cavities in the brain.

vein

a thin-walled blood vessel that returns blood toward the heart from the venules

All of the following statements are TRUE about arteries EXCEPT ________. a) arteries have one-way valves b) arteries are under higher pressure than veins c) arterial walls have a thicker layer of smooth muscle than found in venous walls d) arteries carry blood away from the heart

a) arteries have one-way valves (they do not);

Which of the choices represents the order of vessels through which blood passes after leaving the heart? a) artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein b) artery, capillary, arteriole, venule, vein c) vein, venule, capillary, arteriole, artery d) artery, vein, capillary, arteriole, venule

a) artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein;

Semilunar valves prevent blood from flowing ________. a) backward into a ventricle b) backward into an atrium c) backward into a vein d) backward into an artery

a) backward into a ventricle, the atrioventricular valves are the ones that prevent blood from back flowing into the atria;

Which of the following statements describing hypertension is FALSE? a) Hypertension is easily diagnosed because of its many observable symptoms. b) Hypertension is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. c) In hypertensive people, blood vessels become less able to stretch during cardiac systole. d) The heart experiences greater strain in hypertensive individuals.

a) hypertension is easily diagnosed because of it's many observable symptoms, this is the correct answer, because it's false, hypertension is called the silent killer because it usually has no symptoms;

A person's resting blood pressure is 190/90 mm Hg. What condition is present? a) hypertension b) embolism c) stroke d) arrhythmia

a) hypertension, pathologically elevated blood pressure;

Hypertension is caused by all of the following EXCEPT ________. a) periodic elevated blood pressure levels b) hardened arteries c) high salt intake in the diet d) narrowed blood vessels

a) periodic elevated blood pressure levels;

All of the following are part of the cardiac conduction system except: a) the chordae tendineae b) the Purkinje fibers c) the sinoartrial node d) the atrioventricular bundle

a) the chordae tendineae

precapillary sphincter

band of smooth muscle that controls blood flow into individual capillaries

what are the three components of whole blood when centrifuged?

blood plasma, white blood cells, platelets;

congestive heart failure

buildup of interstitial fluid, blood backs up in the veins, causing fluid congestion, out of breath

When listening to a patient's heart with a stethoscope, a physician hears an abnormality in the "lub DUB" sounds of the heart valves. He has detected ________. a) an embolism b) hypertension c) a heart murmur d) an arrhythmia

c) a heart murmur, murmurs are abnormal sounds made by the operation of a heart valve.

Which of the following behaviors will NOT decrease your risk of cardiovascular disease? a) not smoking b) regular exercise c) avoiding all stress d) maintaining low blood cholesterol levels

c) avoiding all stress

In which blood vessels does most of the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and body tissues occur? a) arteries b) coronary arteries c) capillaries d) veins

c) capillaries, the bulk of the primary function of the cardiovascular system, the exchange of nutrients and wastes, occurs in the microscopic capillaries;

Homeostatic regulation of the cardiovascular system is designed to maintain ________. a) constant cardiac output b) constant venous blood pressure c) constant arterial blood pressure d) constant blood volume

c) constant arterial blood pressure; constant blood pressure is the most important variable to control in the cardiovascular system;

Which of the following represents the order of structures beginning inside the ventricle and traveling outward? a) pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, endocardium b) epicardium, myocardium, endocardium, pericardium c) endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, pericardium d) endocardium, pericardium, myocardium, epicardium

c) endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, pericardium;

Blood flows from the right ventricle to the ________. a) aorta b) left ventricle c) pulmonary arteries d) right atrium

c) pulmonary arteries; blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries and transported to the lungs for gas exchange;

Which of the following might be treated appropriately by administering clot-dissolving drugs? a) hypertension b) hypotension c) pulmonary embolism d) a hemorrhagic stroke

c) pulmonary embolism;

The cardiac conduction system initiates and delivers an electrical impulse that begins in the ________. a) atrioventricular bundle b) Purkinje fibers c) sinoatrial node d) atrioventricular node

c) sinoatrial node (SA node), referred to as the pacemaker of the heart;

An ECG measures ________. a) the pumping action of the heart b) blood volume c) the electrical activity of the heart d) blood pressure

c) the electrical activity of the heart

Which of the following statements regarding the cardiac cycle is false? a) when the ventricles contract, the atrioventricular valves close b) when the ventricles relax, the semilunar valves close c) when atria contract, the semilunar valves open d) when the atria contract, the atrioventricular valves open

c) when the atria contract, the semilunar valves open

Which blood vessel is best suited for exchange of gases and nutrients with the surrounding tissue?

capillary

Which of the following might cause the heart rate to increase from 68 beats/min to 120 beats/min? a) epinephrine b) stimulation via parasympathetic nerves c) stimulation via sympathetic nerves d) both a) and c)

d) both a) and c) epinephrine and stimulation via sympathetic nerves;

The systemic circuit delivers ________. a) oxygenated blood to the heart b) deoxygenated blood to the lungs c) oxygenated blood to the lungs d) oxygenated blood to the body

d) oxygenated blood to the body;

veins carry what?

deoxgynated blood

what about veins?

from the capillaries, blood flows back to the heart through venules (small veins), same as arteries, have 3 layers of tissues, much thinner than arteries, but larger diameter of lumen. lower pressure of blood in veins than arteries, allow them to stretch to accommodate large volumes of blood at low pressure

sinoatrial (SA) node

group of specialized myocardial cells in the wall of the right atrium that initiates the heartbeat. Also called the pacemaker of the heart;

heart failure

heart weaker, less efficient at pumping blood

Heart failure, ventricular damage?

lack of adequate blood flow to peripheral tissues and organs

sizes of arteries?

large arteries closer to the heart, thick layer of muscle, able to withstand high pressure generated by heart, further away from heart, arteries smaller, thinner in diameter

what is the homeostatic regulation of the cardiovascular system?

maintaining a constant arterial blood pressure

myocardium

middle and largest layer of the heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle.

where is the SA node located?

right atrium