7.2 Economic sectors and patterns.

Industries impacted by Industrial Revolution

1. Iron: Watt's steam engine 2. Coal: discovered after wood shortage 3. Transportation: canals and railroads 4. Textiles: Richard Arkwright (1768) 5. chemicals: John Roebuck and Samuel Garbett (1746) 6. Food processing: Nicolas Appert (1810)

Weber's four key variables

1. transportation 2. labor 3. Market 4. Resources

types of industrial transportation

1. trucks: quick and cheap (for short distances) 2. trains: take longer, but no stops 3. ships: cheap but slow 4. air: most expensive, but fastest

bulk-reducing industry (weight-losing, raw material-oriented, raw material-dependent)

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs. LOCATE FACTORIES near source of raw materials - EX: iron or copper ore, wood products

bulk-gaining industry (weight-gaining, market-oriented, market-dependent)

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs. LOCATE FACTORIES near market - EX: soft drinks

tertiary economic activity

Economic activity associated with the provision of services - such as transportation, design, marketing, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs. - most people in the US labor force today

Alfred Weber (1868-1958)

Location of Industry - Least Cost Theory Agglomeration - People and activities concentrate in a location where they can share facilities and services

Least Cost Theory

Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.

quaternary economic activity

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

quinary economic activity

Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management (CEOs, etc.), high-level politicians

break-of-bulk point

a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another

primary economic activity

economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-- such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture dominated the US economy until the Civil War

secondary economic activity

economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector--also includes building - significant labor growth in US from 1840s to 1960s