(8) Adv Nutrition- Undernutrition and Overnutrition
what is overnutrition a direct cause of? -what is the cause of overnutrition?
-abnormal/excessive fat accumulation--> direct cause of OW and OB -due to overconsumption of nutrients, usually excess intake of dietary energy
describe the types of undernutrition: -acute malnutrition -chronic malnutrition -acute and chronic malnutrition
-acute malnutrition: wasting/thinness -chronic malnutrition: stunting/shortness -acute and chronic malnutrition: underweight for height
how can z scores be used to evaluate person's health? -what types of Z scores indicate a severe or moderate condition?
-can use health statistics to calculate person's health score (distance from the mean) -severe z<-3, moderate -3 to -2
describe the characteristics of acute/chronic malnutrition
-low weight/too thin for age -can be caused by ST or LT starvation and underweight can be stunted/wasted or both
define malnutrition, undernutrition, and overnutrition
-malnutrition- non-adequate nutrition- eating too much or too little, or eating unbalanced diet that does not contain right quantity or quality of nutrients -undernutrition- insufficient of dietary energy, usually including definitions of other macronutrients and micronutrients -overnutrition- overconsumption of nutrients that usually includes excess intake of dietary energy
what is MUAC? why is it useful?
-middle upper arm circumference -proxy indicator for total body fat, can be easily measured and used to assess wasting/severe acute malnutrition -relatively constant in kids 6 mos-5 years
what are some of the main methods used to assess undernutrition?
-nutritional intake (diet history) -nutritional status- anthropometric or biochemical indicators (growth failure in kids or biomarkers in blood and urine) -functional indicators: look for muscle atrophy, thyroid enlargement...
framework of undernutrition: -what are some immediate causes? -underlying causes? -socioecon/pol causes?
-physiological-growth, pregnancy, infections -household or community level diet quality -social determinants of health- living conditions
describe the characteristics of severe acute malnutrition
-protein-energy malnutrition- condition where there is lack of dietary protein and calories in same individual--> energy conservation by reducing growth and internal processes
describe characteristics of chronic malnutrition
-stunting/shortness -caused by chronic. LT insufficient food intake -child has normal body proportions but looks younger -can lead to severe irreversible physical and cognitive damage
describe some of the immediate causes of undernutrition
-undernutrition--> weakened immune system, increased susceptibility to infection and disease -diseased state--> increased need for nutrients, but intestinal damage and infection can lead to malabsorption or loss of nutrients -LT consequences: reduced mental capacity, impaired mental development and inadequate growth, higher maternal mortality
what is the waist-hip ratio tell us in obese ppl?
-waist:hip ratio reflects the distribution of both subcutaneous and intraabdominal fat -apple shape: W:H ratio is large -pear shape: W:H ratio is lower, less risk
describe the characteristics of acute malnutrition
-wasting/ thinness -can be caused by acute/short term insufficient food intake- maybe due to starvation or severe disease -rapid weight loss/failure to gain weight -wasting of fat/muscle to produce energy -can lead to death quickly if untreated
what are the basic steps that should be taken when treating severe undernutrition?
-stabilization (~7 days)-treatment of life threatening conditions -rehab (several weeks) - correction of weight deficit, gradual feeding therapeutic foods, high energy
what is the leading global cause of morbidity and deaths?
malnutrition
what is kwashiorkor, describe appearance marasmus?
kwashiorkor- predominately protein deficiency, bloated appearance and distended abdomen marasmus- predominately deficient in calories, severe wasting, wrinkled skin
