8.1 Studying and Encoding Memories

Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This BEST illustrates the use of:

hierarchical organization.

People do NOT automatically process information about:

names

While taking his statistics exam, Charles is trying to remember a statistical formula that he studied the night before. However, he cannot seem to recall the correct information. Charles is failing to _____ information from his long-term memory.

retrieve

People _____ information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, people encode the place on a page where certain material appears.

automatically process

The extensive rehearsal necessary to encode nonsense syllables BEST illustrates:

effortful processing

As one is reading this right now, one is consciously processing the meaning of the words in _____ memory.

working

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize _____ percent of the slides they had seen before.

90

Tarik has a chemistry test in 2 days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and frequently reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information for storage

distributed practice

Jamal's brother often pretends to listen to what Jamal is saying when his brother is really focused elsewhere. When Jamal asks him, "What did I just say?" his brother can sometimes repeat Jamal's last few words. This MOST likely reflects his _____ memory.

echoic

As opposed to automatic processing, _____ processing refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious work.

effortful

When Lisa earns a perfect score on a(n) _____ test in history, she passes a _____ test of memory.

essay; recall

The memory of facts and experiences that people consciously know and can easily recite is known as:

explicit memory

Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. However, the longer he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the difference in:

explicit memory and implicit memory.

Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory:

helps one to understand how memory works.

Walking past a classroom's open door, Michael overhears an instructor say, "In the next unit, we will explore how information is acquired, stored, and retrieved for later use." Michael realizes that the next unit must be about:

memory

If one has NOT studied well for a test, in which format is one likely to get a higher score?

recognition

Joe is happy to hear that the test will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a good chance to pass by using:

recognition

Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, _____ memory is MOST important.

working

One's archive of accumulated learning is called:

memory

Amelia remarks that she needs to learn the textbook's section on the structures of the brain for an upcoming test. Brian responds that he could not remember the function of the hippocampus on a test the preceding day. Amelia is making reference to the memory process called _____. Brian is referring to the memory process called _____.

encoding; retrieval

Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although she was not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because:

it is easier to relearn, that is, to learn the material for a second time.