8th Grade Physical Science Final Exam All Science Quizlets (Chapters 1-7, 2nd Semester Book)

What is a force?

A force is simply a push or a pull.

What happened to the Columbia?

A highly successful mission of the Columbia began on January 16, 2003. After a flawless mission, the orbiter came back into the atmosphere the morning on February 1. As it came over the state of California, pieces began breaking off and burning up as they traveled through the atmosphere. It continued to drop pieces over Texas and Louisiana, making retrieving all the parts for investigation a difficult task. The primary cause of this disaster was the intense friction of re-entry into the atmosphere. (If you want to read more on this, go to page 17 of your book.)

Russia was also the first country to put what into space?

A human. This was on April 12, 1961. His name was Yuri Gagarin.

What is a rate?

A rate is something that changes over time.

What was the first thing that mankind ever sent into space?

A satellite called Sputnik, launched by the Soviet Union. All the satellite did was send a radio signal back to mission control in Russia.

What is acceleration defined as?

Acceleration is defined as the rate of change in velocity.

What happened on Apollo 13?

After one of their oxygen tanks exploded, a series of problems caused this mission not to land on the moon. They used the moon's gravity to slingshot around the moon while they stayed in the lunar module as a lifeboat. The people of mission control worked around the clock to get them home safely. (Come see the movie in the Physical Science room on 1/27/15 at 3:30 PM.)

Why did Kennedy want to go to the moon?

Because he believed it was important for national security, for supremacy in scientific exploration, and for national pride.

What happened on Apollo 2-6?

Because of the investigation of the Apollo 1 fire and the desire to make things safer, these missions were unmanned testing missions.

In his motivational moon speech, what did John F. Kennedy say?

By the end of May, John F. Kennedy shocked the world by announcing that America would commit funding to NASA with the goal of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth before the end of the decade.

What is an electromagnetic force?

Electromagnetic force exists between charged particles. It can be attractive if the charged particles have opposite signs or repulsive if they are the same. It is the most common of the universal forces. It exists between every charged particle and every other charged particle. Every proton inside the nucleus of an atom repels every other proton but is also attracted to every electron in the atom. The electrons repel each other, but they also attract the protons of other atoms. It determines what kind of bond is made between atoms. On a larger level, it gives water molecules attraction for each other, a concept known as surface tension. It creates static cling, causes tape to stick, and makes your hair frizzy. It can even start fires. This force causes so many things in our lives that we will have an entire chapter about it later.

Velocity is a _______.

rate

What is a field force?

Field forces are forces that are exerted over an area around the source of the force, and they do not require physical contact.

What is more useful than finding your instantaneous velocity and putting them all together?

Finding your average velocity.

What is Newton's Third Law, in incomplete terms?

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

What is your frame of reference?

For our minds to make sense of motion, we unconsciously compare the moving object to something we assume to be stationary. This comprises our frame of reference. A frame of reference is needed, or we cannot make sense of moving objects. We are always comparing the motion of one object to another object or set of objects.

What can forces do?

Forces can speed a mass up, slow a mass down, change the direction a mass is moving or change the shape of a mass. (Forces cause acceleration.)

What is a good way to think of "frame of reference"?

Frame of Reference: Think of a photo frame as something that defines the limits of a picture. The frame of reference in physics helps you define the limits of calculations you can make with motion.

Orbit

Going a full circle around a body. Low earth orbit requires a minimum speed of 17,000mi/hr.

Space shot

Going into space and back quickly following the path of a missile, without going into orbit.

What is gravitational force?

Gravitational force is exerted by all masses and is always a force of attraction. The more mass a body has, the more gravitational force it will exert. It is, however, the weakest of all the field forces. It is pitifully weak compared to the others. In spite of its weakness, it is responsible for a number of important things. It holds us to the ground, brings us back down when we jump, holds the atmosphere in place, and keeps the planets orbiting around the sun.

What is the rate of velocity?

In the case of velocity, it is the rate of change of distance.

What does inertia mean?

Inertia means resistance to change.

What is the speed you are going at any given moment?

Instantaneous velocity.

What is the formal definition for velocity?

It is the rate of change of distance over time.

What happened on Apollo 12?

It landed at a precise location in the "Ocean of Storms". It was supposed to broadcast color television, but the camera was damaged. They brought back the Surveyor 3 probe that had been on the moon for two years.

What does the ∆ symbol mean?

It will always mean "change in" when you see it in a math equation. Since the velocity is changing, you have to know how much it is changing in order to figure out the rate. Any time you want to know the difference between two changing things, you should subtract the final value from the first.

At one point, Kennedy proposed to "team up" with the Russians in getting to the moon, rather than competing with them. What happened to make this decision void?

JFK was assassinated. The Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, was prepared to say "yes" to the proposal, but he changed his answer to "no" because he didn't trust Lyndon B. Johnson (the president after JFK).

What was inside the Saturn V rocket?

Most of the rocket was used to hold the fuel for the launch. Part of it was also an instrument unit which contained the guidance system to keep them pointed in the right direction.

What was the first name for the United States' national space program?

National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA). It was changed to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

What is a net force?

Net force is the imbalance of all forces acting on a mass.

Is anything in the universe actually stationary?

No.

Do velocity and speed mean the same thing?

No. In physics, they mean different things.

*NEVER WRITE A NUMBER WITHOUT A UNIT!!!*

OK

Go to (*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHtvDA0W34I*) to view Felix Baumgartner's free fall.

OK

Make sure you do practice problems.

OK

Note: If speed is decreasing, vf will be greater than vi. This will give a negative value for acceleration.

OK

What happened in the Apollo 1 fire?

On January 27, 1967, the three astronauts of Apollo 1 were in the capsule for this test. One of the issues they were trying to address was a communications problem. The people at mission control were having trouble hearing everything the astronauts said, and they wanted to diagnose and solve this problem before the February launch. While they were working on it, someone at mission control heard Ed White say the words, "We have a fire in the cockpit." They heard screams and the cracking of the cockpit hull.

What happened on Apollo 11?

On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin walk on the moon while Michael Collins orbits in the command module. After landing, Buzz Aldrin marked the occasion by taking communion. When Neil Armstrong took his first step, he said, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

Formula for average velocity:

v=(d/t)

How can we calculate the average velocity?

That means the average velocity can be calculated as the rate of the total distance over the entire time it takes to get there.

Give a summary of the Gemini program.

The Gemini program was developed to achieve rendezvous, docking, and EVA. There had to be a second person for these missions to be possible. The larger Titan II rocket was able to launch a larger capsule with more capability for long term flights. One of the Gemini missions stayed in space for over 13 days, establishing that man could stay weightless for the amount of time it would take to get to the moon and back without critical medical problems.

What is the name of a very advanced telescope?

The Hubble Telescope is a very advanced telescope. (But it is not a space station.)

What is the main fuel tank?

The space shuttle requires a lot of fuel to get to the 17000 mi/hr needed to achieve orbit. After the solid rocket boosters were jettisoned, the main fuel tank provided the rest of the thrust needed to get to that speed. It contained liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, which were supplied together to react in the shuttle engines. This part was not re-usable and was dropped from the shuttle to break up in the atmosphere, leaving only some small pieces to fall in the ocean.

What is a space shuttle?

The space shuttle was a reusable vehicle designed to be used for low earth orbit missions and could carry a seven person crew for work in space. It consisted of three main parts, the orbiter, the solid rocket boosters, and the main fuel tank.

What does the Second Law say about force?

The statement "the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it" means that the more force that is applied, the greater the acceleration will be. Imagine you have two identical baseballs. One batter is a small child who hits the baseball with a small amount of force. The other is a major league slugger who hits it with a great deal of force. Common sense tells you that the major league hitter will be able to accelerate the ball at a higher rate.

What were the small goals that we had to achieve in order to get to the moon?

1. Achieve orbit around the earth. 2. Study the effects on the human body of staying in space for 2 weeks or longer. 3. Rendezvous and dock two spacecraft together. 4. Send a person out of the spacecraft and get him back into it. 5. Land precisely. 6. Achieve orbit around the moon.

What four factors caused the Apollo 1 fire?

1. Arc from frayed wires 2. High pressure oxygen environment 3. Flammable materials 4. Manual hatch (Please, if you want more information on these factors, go to page 14 in your book. I just didn't include all the information here because it would be too cumbersome.)

Here are some great movies about space (that actually have some basis on science):

1. Interstellar (PG-13) 2. Gravity (PG-13) 3. The Martian (PG-13) 5. Apollo 13 (PG)

Steps to doing a formula based word problem:

1. List your knowns and unknowns. 2. Write the equation that matches your knowns and unknowns. 3. Substitute the variables. 4. Do the math. 5. Box your answer with the variable.

What kinds of research are being done regarding going to Mars?

1. Radiation 2. Microgravity 3. Medical 4. Phycological (Please, if you want more information on this research, go to page 19 in your book. I just didn't include all the information here because it would be too cumbersome.) (You will be writing an essay on whether or not we should go to Mars.)

What three factors caused the Challenger disaster?

1. Solid rocket boosters 2. Cold weather 3. Frozen rubber cracks (Please, if you want more information on these factors, go to page 16 in your book. I just didn't include all the information here because it would be too cumbersome.)

What was NASA assigned to do?

1. The expansion of human knowledge in space. 2. The improvement of space vehicles. 3. The development of vehicles that are able to exist in space. 4. The establishment of studies that have to do with space and aspects outside of our atmosphere. 5. The preservation of the United States as a leader in space exploration.

What is the formula for newtons (the unit of force)?

1N=1kgm/s^2

What is the First Law of Motion, stated in longer (but more easier to understand) terms?

An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by a net force, and an object in motion will stay in motion in a straight line at a constant velocity unless acted on by a net force.

Give some information about Mir.

After the dissolving of the Soviet Union, Russia was still interested in pursuing space goals. In 1986, they launched the space station Mir (Russian for Peace) under the newly formed Russian Federal Space Agency. This was a fairly successful station that remained in orbit until 2001. While it was a Russian owned station, astronauts from twelve other countries, including the United States, did serve there on various missions. The Mir would likely have stayed in service longer if plans had not been made for a massive space station made jointly by the space programs of five nations.

What happened on Apollo 14?

Alan Shepard returns to space for the first time since being the first American in space. It was the first to broadcast color television from the moon. It was the first to do scientific testing on moon rocks. Alan Shepard hit a golf ball on the surface.

Who was the first American in space?

Alan Shepard. His 15-minute space-shot was accomplished on May 5, 1961.

Give some information about Skylab.

America's first station was called Skylab. It was constructed of Saturn V rocket parts, revamped for lab work and living quarters. During the time it was in service, nine astronauts worked there on three separate visits. While it was short lived, important work was done on Skylab. This image shows some of the experiments that were done during that time.

What is Newton's First Law of Motion?

An object will persist in its state of motion in the absence of an outside force.

What are the two types of forces?

Contact and field forces.

What is a strong nuclear force?

Even though it is the strongest of the field forces, the strong nuclear force acts over an extremely short distance (a femtometer, which is about the diameter of an atom's nucleus) and is always attractive. It is 137 times stronger than the electromagnetic force. It is this force that holds the nucleus together when the electromagnetic force is causing all of the protons to push each other apart.

EVA (aka Spacewalk)

Extra Vehicular Activity - when an astronaut left the spacecraft

What is the first formula for Newton's Third Law?

F1 = -F2

What is the second formula for the Second Law?

F=ma

What does the Second Law say about mass?

Mass can be thought of as a measure of inertia. The more mass something has, the more it resists change in its motion. Imagine trying to bowl with a baseball; you wouldn't knock over very many pins. Weirder still, imagine trying to play ping pong with a baseball. It would be quite difficult to use the paddle to accelerate the ball back across the table. The second part of Newton's second law, which states "the acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to the object's mass" means that if the same force is applied to different masses, the one with more mass will accelerate less.

What happened to the Challenger space craft?

Public interest in space exploration had decreased, so NASA decided to put a civilian on the 25th shuttle launch. They chose a high school history teacher, Christa McAuliffe, from among over 11,000 applicants for the program. She trained for six months and prepared lessons that would be broadcast live from space. The publicity worked, as students all over America gathered in school auditoriums on January 28, 1986, to watch the launch live on CNN. Seventy three seconds into the Challenger launch, a puff of smoke was observed coming out of the side, followed quickly by the explosion of the entire craft. The nation went into mourning.

What happened on Apollo 1?

Sadly, Apollo 1 never launched. The three astronauts died in a fire during a launch pad test. We will look at it in more detail in section 4.

What is the First Law of Motion, stated in layman's terms?

Simply stated, this means that a mass will continue to do whatever it is already doing unless a force causes it to change.

Distance

Since we tend to use the metric system in science, you are usually going to see distance expressed in meters (m) or some multiple of meters, such as kilometers (km), centimeters (cm), or millimeters (mm). You may also see it in standard units, such as miles, feet, or inches.

Give a summary of the Mercury program.

The Mercury program was used to quickly reach some of the smaller goals. They used Redstone rockets to launch one man, achieving orbit, perfecting communications, and studying the impact on the astronaut as flights became longer.

What is Newton's Second Law of Motion?

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the object's mass.

What was the top section of the Saturn V rocket made of?

The actual spacecraft sitting at the top was made of three sections. The command module was where the astronauts manned the controls during take off and splashdown. The service module, which had more space, was where they lived during the trip. The lunar module was a lightweight craft used for actually landing on the moon.

Give some information about the International Space Station.

The first component of the International Space Station (ISS) was launched in 1998. It is massive, containing 15 pressurized modules in which astronauts can live and work. It is so large that it can be seen with the naked eye if a person knows what they are looking for at the appropriate time. It has been continuously occupied for fourteen years by astronauts from 15 different nations. Much research has been done in multiple scientific fields during that time.

What happened to the orbiters?

The five orbiters flew for 30 years, beginning in 1981. They performed 135 missions during that time. They were retired in 2011, having had their service life extended several times.

What could Newton's Second Law also be called?

The law of acceleration.

What could Newton's First Law also be called?

The law of inertia.

What could Newton's Third Law also be called?

The law of interaction.

Give a summary of the Apollo program.

The massive Saturn V rocket used in the Apollo mission was the most complex and massive vehicle man had ever attempted to make. It was three hundred feet tall, carrying enough fuel to carry three men, the lunar module, and the command module 250,000 miles to the moon. We will look at the Apollo program in more detail.

What are solid rocket boosters?

The solid rocket boosters were called solid because they carried solid fuel, which burned for the first two minutes of launch. When they were released, their parts were recovered from the ocean, refurbished, and used again. In fact, some parts from the very first shuttle mission were still being used thirty years later on the last shuttle mission. The solid rocket boosters provided about 80% of the thrust needed for launch.

What is the orbiter?

The space shuttle orbiter is the part that orbited the earth with the astronauts in it, carried cargo into space, docked with the space station, re-entered the atmosphere, and landed on wheels on a runway. It was taken back to Florida on the back of a 747 because it was too powerful to fly within the earth's atmosphere. "There were a total of six named orbiters, named for antique sailing ships. Five of these orbiters actually flew in space. They were Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavor. The first orbiter, Enterprise, was only used for testing within the atmosphere, so it was designed without engines or a heat shield.

What is a weak nuclear force?

The weak nuclear force acts only at extremely close distances, as little as one percent of the diameter of the nucleus. It is responsible for some types of radioactive decay (specifically beta decay) and the break down of some subatomic particles. It is stronger than gravity, the weakest field force, but because it acts over only tiny distances, we do not experience it in our daily lives.

What are contact forces?

They are forces that result from contact.

What happened on Apollo 16?

They continued to do geological research and perform scientific experiments on the moon.

What did they do with the left over parts of the Saturn V rocket?

They created the Skylab space station, which was put together in 1973.

What happened on Apollo 15?

This crew landed in the Hadley Apennine Mountain range on the moon and did extensive geological research. They were the first to drive the lunar rover, which allowed them to explore farther distances from the lunar module.

Velocity

This means the velocity unit will be the distance unit over the time unit. You will see meters per second (m/s), kilometers per hour (km/hr), miles per hour (mi/hr) and the like.

What happened on Apollo 9?

This mission spent 10 days in Earth orbit. It tested that the lunar module could fly and dock. It was first to test the Portable Life Support System, which meant an astronaut could space walk without being attached to the ship.

What happened on Apollo 7?

This mission went into high earth orbit to test the larger rocket and was the first to broadcast live television.

What happened on Apollo 10?

This was a rehearsal for the landing. Apollo 10 orbited the moon, released the lunar module, descended to 8.4 miles from the moon's surface, and docked with the command module. (They did everything but land!)

What happened on Apollo 8?

This was the first manned mission to take the craft all the way to the moon. It went into lunar orbit on Christmas Eve and broadcast the astronauts reading from Genesis Chapter 1 live.

What happened on Apollo 17?

This was the last manned moon mission and the first to launch at night. There were supposed to be three more, but Congress cut the funding. This mission carried the first professional scientist, Jack Schmidt, into space. He was able to provide a professional eye to the geological research.

Time

Time is usually measured in seconds (s), but it can also be in minutes (min), hours (hr), or years (yr).

Rendezvous

Two ships launched separately meeting up with each other at a specific time.

Docking

Two ships linking together and traveling as one unit.

What is velocity?

Velocity is a speed with a direction.

What is Newton's Third Law, stated in more complete terms?

When one object exerts force on another object, the second object responds with equal force in the opposite direction.

Another formula for finding acceleration:

a=((vf-vi)/t)

Formula for finding acceleration:

a=((∆v)/t)

What is the first formula for the Second Law?

a=(f/m)