9 Weeks Exam (Biology)

The voc. is in 'MY SETS' it will be in the ADVANCED BIOLOGY folder. The lab equipment isn't in here and the microscope isn't either.

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10. Describe the dark reaction:

1. Carbon dioxide is split, providing carbon to make sugars 2. The ultimate produt is glucose 3. While this system depends on the prodducts from the light reactions, it doesn't directly require light energy 4. Includes place in the storma

8. Describe the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. Where does it occur?

1. Water is split giving off oxygen 2. Depends on sunlight for activation energy 3. Light is absorbed by chlorophyll a switch that excites the electrons in the chlorophyll molecule 4. Electons are passes through a series of carriers and ATP is produced 5. It takes place in Thylahoids

4. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? (Write in chemical equation and word form.)

6CO2+6H2O+energy-->6O2+C6H12O6

19. What does the electron transport chain create?

A large number of ATP molecules

3. What is ATP, and why is it important to organisms?

ATP is the primary energy currency of cells. It is used to fuel the activities of the cell (or the organism).

State one of the basic theories of biology and explain why you find it most interesting.

All living things are made of cells. This is true most of the times becasue anything that is alive is most likely to have cells.

State the 3 sections on an amino acid.

Amino group Carboxylli group

List all the kingdoms.

Archae bacteria Eubacteria Protistia Fungi Plantae Animalia

This kingdom has cell walls with no peptidoglycan.

Archaebacteria

Another name for 'cell death'

Autolysis

2. What type of organisms carry out photosynthesis?

Autotrophs

State the domains

Bacterial Archaea Eukarya

21. What will happen if oxygen is no longer available?

Both the electron transport chain and Krebs cycle will shut down.

6. What are the products in photosynthesis?

C6H12O6 (glucose)+O2 (oxygen)

5. What are the reactants in photosynthesis?

CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water)

State the 4 biologicals

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

This surrounds ALL cells

Cell membrane

1. How do our bodies (and other organisms) obtain energy for their life functions (name the specific process)?

Cellular respiration: By breaking down molecules to gain energy and break down rich molecules

7. Where does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplasts

This is NEVER found in an animal or bacteria cell.

Cholorplast

DNA is spread out and appears as?? in nonliving cells

Chromatin

This organelle helps the cell from bursting

Contractile vacuole

Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

Cytoplasm

Microtubles and microfilaments are found inside the???

Cytoskeleton

This 2 word term means that a water is lost in combining 2 or more carbon componds.

Deydration Synthesis

This term is defined to be where living things become more and more complex as it goes from celular level to organ system.

Emergent properties

This term is the disipline of identifying and classifying organisms.

Faxonomy

This heterotrophic eukaryote has chitan in its cell wall.

Fungi

This control cell characteristics

Genes

7. What happens during glycolysis?

Glucose is split in half and a small amount of energy is released and captured in ATP.

6. Where does glycolysis occur?

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

Theses organelles have both a trans and cis shipping face

Golgi bodies

This has a carbohydrate tail to serve as markers in cell recognition

Gylcoproteins

Term that means 'attracts water'

Hydrophilic

9. The light independent reaction is also known as the Calvin Cycle. Describe the light independent reaction of photosynthesis. Where does it occur? What are its reactants and products?

In thylahods Reactants: H2O and O2 Products: ATP and NADPH2

This membrane provides increased surface area for more chemical reactions to take place

Inner membrane

This type protein is embedded completely through the membrane

Integral protein

4. Cellular respiration is basically like which other process, in reverse?

It is like photosynthesis in reverse.

20. What is required for the electron transport chain to operate?

It must have oxygen to function.

22. Where does the electron transport chain occur?

It occurs in the mitochondria of cells.

11. What is the net energy yield at the end of glycolysis?

It takes place in the mitochondria of cells.

12. Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

It takes place in the mitochondria of cells.

These organelles digest food and get rid of the waste products

Lysosomes

This generates ATP

Mitochondria

This organelle contains the DNA in chromosomes

Necleus

State the 5 items used to define a living thing.

Organized Respond Develop Adapt to environment Habitat

2. In the above animation example, what are the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration as the bison eats the grass?

Output! ATP (energy), carbon dioxide, water Input! sugar, oxygen

Another name for 'protein factories' of the cell

Ribosomes

The function of this organelle is the synthesis of cel products and transport

Rough ER

This organelle makes cell products for inside the cell (be specific)

Smooth ER

8. Briefly summarize how the bicyclist analogy helps you understand glycolysis

Sometimes you have to exert a little energy to get to the top of a hill, but once you're at the top you can coast down and acquire more energy.

23. What drives the protons (H+ ions) across the mitochondrial membrane to form ATP?

The concentration gradient (more H+ ions on one side causes them to cross the membrane).

17. What happens at the very end of the Krebs cycle (the final outcome)?

The cycle's starting molecule reforms, and then the cycle repeats one more time.

14. What is the first outcome of the Krebs cycle?

The first outcome is the production of a molecule with six carbon atoms.

Explain what is special about the structure of a phospholipid regarding the cell.

The phospholipids are amphipathic which means that one part of the structure is polar and th other is nonpolar.

13. In the first series of reactions for the Krebs cycle, what are the products from the original two pyruvate molecules?

The products are two carbon dioxide molecules, two NADH molecules, and two Acetyl CoA molecules.

10. What are the products of glycolysis?

The products are two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of water, two NADH molecules and four ATP molecules.

15. What is created (what are the products) during the second outcome of the Krebs

The products during the second part of the Krebs cycle are two NADH molecules and two carbon dioxide molecules.

5. What are the three basic steps of cellular respiration?

The three basic steps are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

16. What are the three products of the third phase of the Krebs cycle?

The three products are one ATP molecule, one NADH molecule, and one FADH2 molecule.

18. NADH and FADH2 enter the electron transport chain after being created during the Krebs cycle. What is their role in the electron transport chain, and what happens after they fulfill their role?

They donate their extra electrons to the electron transport chain and go back to their original state, NAD+ and FAD. Then, they go back to participate in the Krebs cycle again.

3. What is photosynthesis?

To obtain energy directly from the sun and store it in organic compounds (glucoes) to make food

9. Summarize the process of glycolysis.

Two ATP molecules are added to a glucose molecule. The glucose now has two extra phosphates, making it unstable and causing it to split in half. Then, three reactions yield energy. First, the two glucose halves both attach to a high-energy phosphate group. The glucose then donates high-energy electrons and hydrogen ions (protons) to electron carries called NAD+. This results in NADH molecules that are high-energy electron carriers. These NADH molecules are used later in cellular respiration. Then, glycolysis continues and more bonds between the glucose molecules are broken. Energy is recaptured by attaching phosphate groups to molecules of ADP, which creates energy-rich ATP. In addition, two water molecules are produced. Finally, two more ADP molecules take the last two phosphate groups and make two more ATP molecules. The glucose is now two pyruvate molecules.

1. What is chemosynthesis? What types of organisms carry out chemosynthesis?

Using inorganic ccompounds to make food instead of sunlight; Autotrophs carryout the process

This organelle is a fluid-filled sac for storage

Vacuole

State the 3 things to consider to formulate questions in science.

You must be able to pose or come up with questions, refine questions, and evaluate questions that are asked.