9.1 and 7.1

Great Schism

Definition: The spilt of the Eastern and Western Christianity. Details: The Eastern branch became the Greek Orthodox. The Western branch became the Roman Catholics. They split because of the debate of using icons. Why Significant: The two different forms of Christianity were rivals. The people of this religion did not treat each other as branches of the same faith.

Caesaropapism

Definition: When a ruler rules and is seen as an equal to God. Details: Justianian ruled with absolute power as an autocrat. He even made himself rule over the church. He thought he was similar to God as well. Why Significant: Even though this is wrong, Caesaropapism gave Justinian more power. Since he was similar to God, people would be afraid to disobey his commands.

Hagia Sophia

Definition: A Christian church that turned into a mosque built originally by Justinian. Details: When Constantinople fell to the Turks, Constantinople became Istanbul. The Turks made their own mosque out of the church Hagia Sophia. The Turks were muslim. Why Significant: Because of the Turks' new mosque, Istanbul becomes a great center of Muslim culture. The Hagia Sophia is now a museum today.

Franks

Definition: A Germanic tribe that conquered current France and other nearby lands in the 400s Details: The Franks extended their power to other lands and conquered Gaul. They had a culture that was very different from the Romans. A Frank king named Clovis gained the alliance of the pope. Why Significant: The Franks may have stopped the spread of Islam to the Western world since they fought against the Muslims in the Battle of Tours.

Battle of Tours

Definition: A battle fought in 732 that was Christians fighting against Muslims. Details: A Muslim army crossed into France. Therefore, a man named Charles Martel gathered Frankish warriors to fight against the Muslims. Why Significant: The Christians won the battle. The Muslims did not spread further into Western Europe.

Vikings

Definition: A group of people from Scandinavia that were sailors and raiders. Details: These people broke the last threads of unity in Charlemagne's kingdom. They looted and burned communities along the coasts and rivers of Europe. Why Significant: Despite the chaos that they caused, the Vikings made a colony in North America, opened trade routes, and settled land.

Clovis

Definition: A man that was a king of the Franks who conquered Gaul. Details: He conquered Gaul in 486. He ruled over his new lands and with Frankish custom while preserving Roman legacy. He also converted to Christianity. Why Significant: Since Clovis became a Chrisitian, he made Christianity the official religion of the Franks. He earned the support of the Franks, the pope, and the Christian Church of Rome.

Justinian's Code

Definition: A massive collection of Roman laws that were revised and organized by Justinian. Details: This code is also known as Corpus Juris Civilis and Body of Civil Law. The laws included laws passed by Roman assemblies or decreed by Roman emperors. There was also legal writings of Roman judges and a handbook for students. Why Significant: Justinian's Code will reach many places and impact different lands. The code was used by people in Western Europe, monarchs, and legal thinkers. The legal thinkers made the international laws that we use today.

Pope Leo III

Definition: A pope that asked Charlemagne for help against rebellious nobles in Rome. Details: Charlemagne had Leo's opponents arrested. In return, Leo had Charlemagne crowned the Emperor of Romans. Why Significant: By crowing Charlemagne, he showed his idea of an untied Christian community. He also sowed the seeds for desperate power struggles between future popes and Germanic emperors.

Autocrat

Definition: A sole ruler with complete authority. Details: Justinian ruled with complete authority and absolute power. He was even considered similar to God and was ruler over the church. Why Significant: He ruled over everything in his empire. Everything was under his control. This way, he could be positive that everything in the Byzantine empire was going the way he wanted it to.

Treaty of Verdun

Definition: A treaty made by Charlemagne's grandsons. Details: This Treaty was made after Charlemagne died in 814. His grandsons battled for power. Why Significant: The Byzantine empire was spilt into three regions. One was for each of his grandsons.

Justinian

Definition: An emperor of the Byzantine empire. He helped make the empire reach its peak. Details: He rebuilt the great city. He made Constantinople grander than ever. He had a dream of reuniting the East and West Roman Empires. He conquered a lot of Western Roman land that was ruled by barbarians. He also made Justinian's Code. This was a organized and revised version of the Roman laws. He ruled with absolute power, made the empire have a great economy, and built a powerful army. Why Significant: Justinian's Code will reach many places and impact different lands. The code was used by people in Western Europe, monarchs, and legal thinkers. The legal thinkers made the international laws that we use today. Since Justinian made Constantinople so great, it will last even after the "fall" of Rome.

Theodora

Definition: Emperor Justinian's wife Details: Before she was married, she was a dancer. Justinian liked her dancing and decided to marry her. Why Significant: She helped Justinian in ruling. She was an advisor and coruler and even pursued her own policies.

Missi Dominici

Definition: Officials assigned by Charlemagne Details: He assigned these officials to assist him in keeping control of these provincial rulers Why Significant: These officials listened to the complaints and grievances of the people and check on roads. They also made sure that justice was being done.

Charlemagne

Definition: The grandson of Charles Martel who became the king of the Franks in 768. Details: Charlemagne united Western Europe when he made an empire reaching across current France, Germany, and part of Italy. He is also known as Charles the Great. He became the emperor of Holy Rome by the pope on Christmas of 800. Charlemagne improved the education, had a great bureaucracy, and made a strong government. Why Significant: He had a great legacy. Charlemagne extended the Christian civilization to Northern Europe. He also blended the culture of Germanic, Roman, and Christian traditions.

Aachen

Definition: The location of Charlemagne's court. Details: He brought a lot of the best scholars of Europe to the Palace School there. Why Significant: Charlemagne used education to unite his kingdom. He wanted to set out to revive Latin learning.

Constantinople

Definition: a city that sat at a crossroads of land and sea routes. Details: the wealth of Constantinople came from trade. This city became the new capital and became the vital center of the Roman Empire. Constantinople was made by Emperor Constantine. Constantinople was originally the city Byzantium. Why Significant: Constantinople will be the center of the Roman Empire. It became a center of trade in Europe. It had an excellent harbor as well. Constantinople blended Greek, Roman, and Christian culture. Since Constantinople was originally called Byzantium, the eastern Roman Empire will be called the Byzantine empire.

Icons

Definition: Holy pictures Details: The Christians used icons of Jesus, Mary, and the saints in their worship. Why Significant: A Byzantine emperor banned the use of icons in the 700s since he believed this disobeyed the commandment of worshipping graven images. Therefore, violent battles were fought in the empire because of the ban. Eventually, two branches of Christianity were created.