a.

"We did not have a tractor industry. Now we have one. We did not have an automobile industry. Now we have one. In the output of electric power we were last on the list. Now we rank among the first. In the output of oil products and coal we were last on the list. Now we rank among the first.And as a result of all of this our country has been converted from an agrarian into an industrial country." (Joseph Stalin, Soviet Union, 1933) The economic development Stalin describes above was achieved primarily through which of the following? A) Government control of the national economy B) Foreign investment from Western Europe C) Extensive trade with the United States D) Creation of private companies by Russian entrepreneurs

A) Government control of the national economy.

Which of the following was the major long-term political effect of the Great Depression? A) Governments began to take a more active role in economic life. B) Labor unions in industrialized states dominated political life. C) Philanthropic organizations provided relief for disadvantaged children D) Governments created policies to restrict international trade.

A) Governments began to take a more active role in economic life.

Which of the following was a major long-term effect of the global economic depression of the 1930s? A) Governments began to take a more active role in their economies. B) Global warming was accelerated by increased burning of fossil fuels. C) Land-based empires such as the Ottoman Empire became stronger. D) Individuals such as Gandhi developed the practice of nonviolence.

A) Governments began to take a more active role in their economies.

"In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the financial and military powers of the countries involved. Money and soldiers are not for the protection of existing principles; they are the instruments for the creation of principles where none exist. There are those moralists who would sit and wait for the day when all wars would end. Yet in my opinion the Western nations are growing ever stronger in the skills of war. In recent years, these countries devise strange new weapons and day by day increase their standing armies. One can argue that that is truly useless, truly stupid. Yet if others are working on being stupid, then I must respond in kind. If others are violent, then I too must become violent. International politics is the way of force rather than the way of virtue—and we should accept that." (Yukichi Fukuzawa, Japanese intellectual, Commentary on the Current Problems, 1881). Ideas similar to those expressed in the passage would contribute most directly to which of the following? A) Japanese imperialist policies in East and Southeast Asia in the first half of the twentieth century B) Japanese government attempts to mobilize public opinion by promoting the veneration of the emperor in the 1930s and 1940s C) Japan's policy of demilitarization after the end of the Second World War D) Japan's "economic miracle" in the 1960s and 1970s

A) Japanese imperialist policies in East and Southeast Asia in the first half of the twentieth century.

A historian researching the motives of the perpetrators of the Holocaust would find which of the following sources most useful? A) Letters and publications written by Nazi leaders before the Second World War B) The diary of Anne Frank, written by a Jewish girl who lived in hiding from the Nazis during the Second World War C) Reports of Adolf Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch, his 1923 attempt to take over the German government D) Field reports from American, British, and Russian generals published after the Second World War

A) Letters and publications written by Nazi leaders before the Second World War.

"I belong to those scientists who consider that the drying up of the Aral Sea is far more advantageous than preserving it. First, in its zone, good fertile land will be obtained. . . . Cultivation of cotton alone will pay for the existing Aral Sea, with all its fisheries, shipping, and other industries. Second, the disappearance of the Sea will not affect the region's landscapes." Which of the following best describes the cause of the developments described in the passage? A) Soviet efforts to modernize their economy through government control B) Soviet reaction to the economic crisis of the Great Depression C) Protests against the environmental effects of economic development D) Scientific breakthroughs in transportation and communication

A) Soviet efforts to modernize their economy through government control.

"The way in which the nuclear weapons that we are now developing are first used will be of fateful importance. Our primary objective once the war is over should be to reach an international agreement on the total prevention of nuclear warfare. From this perspective, using nuclear weapons against Japan may easily destroy all our chances of success. A demonstration of the new weapon might best be made, before the eyes of representatives of all nations, in a desert or on a barren island. Then America could argue, 'We are ready to renounce the use of these weapons in the future if other nations join us in this renunciation and agree to the establishment of an efficient system of international control.' If an international agreement is not concluded immediately after the first use of nuclear weapons, this will mean a flying start toward an unlimited armaments race. However, once an international peace agreement is achieved, then the technology and materials accumulated in the process of developing the weapon can be used for important peacetime developments, including power generation and mass production of radioactive materials. In this way, the money spent on wartime development of nuclear technology may benefit the peacetime development of the national economy." (James Franck, German-born scientist developing nuclear weapons technology for the United States, report to the United States government, 1945) Which of the following developments during the Second World War would Franck most likely have cited as evidence to support his arguments in the passage? A) Nazi scientists were working frantically to develop nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction that could save the Nazi regime from defeat. B) Allied firebombing in Germany and Japan had caused massive devastation and civilian casualties, and atomic weapons were vastly more powerful than those used in firebombing. C) German scientists such as Franck were critical to helping the United States develop nuclear weapons, and some of those scientists wanted the weapons used on Germany rather than Japan. D) Some United States allies were largely unaware of the United States attempt to develop nuclear weapons.

B) Allied firebombing in Germany and Japan had caused massive devastation and civilian casualties, and atomic weapons were vastly more powerful than those used in firebombing.

The figures are from a report of the Togo colonial government to the Ministry of Colonies in Paris. The table best supports which of the following conclusions? A) European powers did not provide financial support for the maintenance of their colonies. B) European powers maintained colonies despite global war and economic depression. C) Europeans migrated and established settler communities in Africa. D) Revenue from cash crops accounted for the majority of "other income" in French African colonies.

B) European powers maintained colonies despite global war and economic depression.

"The way in which the nuclear weapons that we are now developing are first used will be of fateful importance. Our primary objective once the war is over should be to reach an international agreement on the total prevention of nuclear warfare. From this perspective, using nuclear weapons against Japan may easily destroy all our chances of success. A demonstration of the new weapon might best be made, before the eyes of representatives of all nations, in a desert or on a barren island. Then America could argue, 'We are ready to renounce the use of these weapons in the future if other nations join us in this renunciation and agree to the establishment of an efficient system of international control.' If an international agreement is not concluded immediately after the first use of nuclear weapons, this will mean a flying start toward an unlimited armaments race. However, once an international peace agreement is achieved, then the technology and materials accumulated in the process of developing the weapon can be used for important peacetime developments, including power generation and mass production of radioactive materials. In this way, the money spent on wartime development of nuclear technology may benefit the peacetime development of the national economy." (James Franck, German-born scientist developing nuclear weapons technology for the United States, report to the United States government, 1945) Which of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have most likely cited to explain the limitations of Franck's arguments in the first and second paragraphs? A) The United States use of nuclear weapons against Japan might provoke the Soviet Union into becoming Japan's ally. B) Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, suicidal nationalism in the Japanese population, making Japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons. C) The United States use of nuclear weapons against Japan would likely force the United States into a prolonged occupation of Japan in order to ensure the economic redevelopment of the country. D) Japanese military actions in the Pacific, though often brutal, did not justify the use of nuclear weapons against Japanese cities with large civilian populations.

B) Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, suicidal nationalism in the Japanese population, making Japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons.

Which of the following twentieth-century developments most directly weakened European colonial states and contributed to the changes between the two maps? A) The decline of European economies during the Great Depression B) Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia during the Second World War C) Competition between Great Britain and France D) The conquest of Spanish imperial territories by the United States

B) Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia during the Second World War.

The image can best help explain which of the following differences between the Nazi program of genocide and other acts of genocide in the early twentieth century? A) The Nazis persecuted specific ethnic and religious groups because they viewed them as threats to the state. B) The Nazis industrialized the killing process, allowing them to commit murder on a massive scale. C) The Nazis attempted to conceal their atrocities from the larger international community. D) The Nazis committed their crimes during the course of a major international conflict.

B) The Nazis industrialized the killing process, allowing them to commit murder on a massive scale.

Poster from the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1934. Poster text: "Raise the Flag of Lenin, It Gives Us Victory!" Banners at bottom read: "Long live the invincible party of Lenin!" "Long live the great guide of the international proletarian revolution, Comrade Stalin!" Which of the following best describes the likely intent of the poster? A) To build support for Soviet participation in institutions of international governance such as the League of Nations B) To build support for centrally directed economic modernization programs in the Soviet Union C) To promote Soviet free-market economic policies and participation in international trade agreements D) To promote resistance to the prevailing political and economic order in the Soviet Union

B) To build support for centrally directed economic modernization programs in the Soviet Union.

"When the proposal to proclaim the equality of races was rejected by the Peace Conference at Versailles, Viscount Makino, the Japanese representative, made it known that Japan would reintroduce the proposal. Obviously, Japan feels that this issue is momentous for the sake of humanity and the peace of the world. Of the non-white countries, Japan has taken the lead in adopting the best parts of European civilization. Japan codified her laws, and reformed her police and judicial systems, her military and naval forces, thus placing herself almost on an equal footing with that of the European countries. Some whites regard the development of Japan as an unjustifiable encroachment upon their own rights. It is, of course, true that there are still peoples in this world who are so backward in civilization that they cannot at once be admitted into the international family on an equal footing. What they need is proper guidance and direction. When they have reached a certain stage of civilization, they should be given an equal place and rank in the family of nations. Although most Asiatic nations are fully peers of European nations, yet they are discriminated against because of the color of the skin. The root of this discrimination lies in the perverted feeling of racial superiority entertained by the whites. If the present situation continues, there is every likelihood that the peace of the world will be endangered." (Okuma Shigenobu, Japanese member of parliament and former prime minister, "Illusions of the White Race," article published in a Japanese journal, Tokyo, 1921) Shigenobu's point of view regarding Western attitudes toward Japan as expressed in the passage is significant in that similar ideas were used by members of the Japanese government during the period between the First and the Second World Wars to justify: A) engaging in war with Russia over influence in Manchuria B) militarizing the Japanese state and expanding its territories in Asia C) overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate and establishing the Meiji dynasty D) introducing reforms that industrialized Japan's economy

B) militarizing the Japanese state and expanding its territories in Asia.

Article XI The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and Navy. Article XIII The Emperor declares war, makes peace, and concludes treaties. Japan's 1889 constitution Article IX Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war . . . and the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes. In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces . . . will never be maintained. Japan's 1947 constitution The differences in the passages above are most likely a result of which of the following? A) Ideological struggles between communist and capitalist political parties B) The Japanese emperor's acceptance of Enlightenment ideals C) Demilitarization imposed by the United States after the Second World War D) The persistence of mass antiwar protests in Japan

C) Demilitarization imposed by the United States after the Second World War.

Which of the following most directly explains the Nazis' ability to carry out the policies of extermination shown in the image? A) Jews in many regions of Europe had been restricted to certain occupations and had to live in ghettos until the nineteenth century. B) Many European Jews emigrated to Palestine after the First World War following the establishment of a Jewish homeland in the region. C) Local populations collaborated with the regime either out of racial prejudice, fear, or hopes for material gain. D) Nazi officials used propaganda to convince local populations that German occupation would benefit and liberate them.

C) Local populations collaborated with the regime either out of racial prejudice, fear, or hopes for material gain.

In the background, a group of British civilians, mostly women, are watching the troops pray. The situation shown in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of twentieth-century warfare? A) States used propaganda to intensify patriotism in times of war. B) States used new industrial technologies to fight wars that were deadlier and more expensive. C) States made full use of their populations and material resources to fight total wars. D) States increasingly mobilized their citizens for warfare regardless of gender or class.

C) States made full use of their populations and material resources to fight total wars.

The primary rationale for Japan's territorial acquisitions in Southeast Asia during the period 1933-1942, as reflected in Map 2, was most similar to the primary rationale for which of the following? A) The Ottoman Empire's conquest of the Middle East and North Africa B) France's conquests in central and southern Europe under Napoleon C) The British East India Company's takeover of other European states' colonial possessions in India D) The Qing dynasty's expansion into Central Asia

C) The British East India Company's takeover of other European states' colonial possessions in India.

1. Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens. . . . 10. The scientific material available to us at present does not justify the conclusion that inherited genetic differences are a major factor in producing differences between the cultures and cultural achievements of different peoples or groups. . . . 14. The biological fact of race and the myth of "race" should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes "race" is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of "race" has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years it has taken a heavy toll in human lives and caused untold suffering. 1. According to present knowledge there is no proof that the groups of mankind differ in their innate mental characteristics, whether in respect of intelligence or temperament. 2. There is no evidence that race mixture as such produces bad results from the biological point of view. 3. All normal human beings are capable of learning to share in common life, to understand the nature of mutual service and reciprocity, and to respect social obligations and contracts. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), statement about the "science of race," 1949 The declaration's mention of a "heavy toll" in the third paragraph was most likely a reference to which of the following? A) The casualties of the First World War B) The deaths that occurred as a result of the use of nuclear weapons during the Second World War C) The deaths that occurred during the Holocaust D) The mass violence that occurred under communist leaders, such as Mao Zedong

C) The deaths that occurred during the Holocaust.

"The way in which the nuclear weapons that we are now developing are first used will be of fateful importance. Our primary objective once the war is over should be to reach an international agreement on the total prevention of nuclear warfare. From this perspective, using nuclear weapons against Japan may easily destroy all our chances of success. A demonstration of the new weapon might best be made, before the eyes of representatives of all nations, in a desert or on a barren island. Then America could argue, 'We are ready to renounce the use of these weapons in the future if other nations join us in this renunciation and agree to the establishment of an efficient system of international control.' If an international agreement is not concluded immediately after the first use of nuclear weapons, this will mean a flying start toward an unlimited armaments race. However, once an international peace agreement is achieved, then the technology and materials accumulated in the process of developing the weapon can be used for important peacetime developments, including power generation and mass production of radioactive materials. In this way, the money spent on wartime development of nuclear technology may benefit the peacetime development of the national economy." (James Franck, German-born scientist developing nuclear weapons technology for the United States, report to the United States government, 1945) Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? A) New international organizations could have only a limited effect in restraining the actions of the great powers. B) The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again. C) The end of the war would probably lead to a new rivalry between the victorious states. D) Mass atrocities committed during the war required that states possess sufficient armaments to defend themselves in future conflicts.

C) The end of the war would probably lead to a new rivalry between the victorious states.

The implementation of the policies of extermination shown in the image is most directly explained by which of the following aspects of Nazi ideology? A) The idea that Germans descended from a master "Aryan" race B) The idea that some minority populations could eventually be Germanized C) The idea that minority populations within Germany were somehow responsible for its defeat during the First World War D) The idea that Germany needed to expand its postwar borders in order to provide "living space" for its people

C) The idea that minority populations within Germany were somehow responsible for its defeat during the First World War.

"When the proposal to proclaim the equality of races was rejected by the Peace Conference at Versailles, Viscount Makino, the Japanese representative, made it known that Japan would reintroduce the proposal. Obviously, Japan feels that this issue is momentous for the sake of humanity and the peace of the world. Of the non-white countries, Japan has taken the lead in adopting the best parts of European civilization. Japan codified her laws, and reformed her police and judicial systems, her military and naval forces, thus placing herself almost on an equal footing with that of the European countries. Some whites regard the development of Japan as an unjustifiable encroachment upon their own rights. It is, of course, true that there are still peoples in this world who are so backward in civilization that they cannot at once be admitted into the international family on an equal footing. What they need is proper guidance and direction. When they have reached a certain stage of civilization, they should be given an equal place and rank in the family of nations. Although most Asiatic nations are fully peers of European nations, yet they are discriminated against because of the color of the skin. The root of this discrimination lies in the perverted feeling of racial superiority entertained by the whites. If the present situation continues, there is every likelihood that the peace of the world will be endangered." (Okuma Shigenobu, Japanese member of parliament and former prime minister, "Illusions of the White Race," article published in a Japanese journal, Tokyo, 1921) Shigenobu's criticism of European race-based discrimination against Japanese people is significant mostly because it shows that advocates of Japanese imperialism: A) shared European Enlightenment views about representative government and natural rights B) accepted Western racial hierarchies and the place that those hierarchies assigned to Asian peoples C) adopted the European attitudes about a "civilizing mission" and used those attitudes to justify Japan's own imperial policies D) vigorously opposed European and United States' restrictions on Japanese immigration to the United States and Europe or European colonies

C) adopted the European attitudes about a "civilizing mission" and used those attitudes to justify Japan's own imperial policies.

The global economic downturn of the 1930s had which of the following effects on nations in Europe and North America? A A) International trade increased because nations lowered trade barriers. B) Industrialized countries became more democratic as the public sought greater input in the making of economic policy. C) Most imperial powers granted independence to their colonies because the costs of maintaining empires became unsustainable. D) Governments took a more active role in directing and regulating their economies to stimulate growth.

D) Governments took a more active role in directing and regulating their economies to stimulate growth.

Which of the following countries experienced the greatest number of war-related deaths during the Second World War? A) India B) Germany C) Japan D) Soviet Union

D) Soviet Union

Poster from the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1934. Poster text: "Raise the Flag of Lenin, It Gives Us Victory!" Banners at bottom read: "Long live the invincible party of Lenin!" "Long live the great guide of the international proletarian revolution, Comrade Stalin!" Artworks of the type shown in the image were used for all of the following EXCEPT to A) mobilize the Soviet population in support of the policy of "total war" during the Second World War B) showcase Soviet support for the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War C) promote Soviet support for anti-imperialist independence movements in Asia and Africa D) encourage Soviet citizens to embrace Western popular culture

D) encourage Soviet citizens to embrace Western popular culture.