A & P 1 Lab Week 4 Exercises 6-7
melanin
A freckle is a concentrated spot of this pigment
mesenchyme
All connective tissue is derived from an embryonic tissue known as _________
neurons
All the following are examples of connective tissue EXCEPT _____
one of the layers of keratinized cells; it's protective; the abrasion of the cuticle at the tip of the hair shaft results in split ends
Desc the cuticle
secrete, filter, and absorb
Epithelial cells are specialized to ______
lining hollow organs
Epithelial tissues are found _____
Epithelium is avascular. Removing a few cells from the apical layer of the epithelium will not damage any blood vessels.
Explain why a buccal swab procedure should not cause bleeding.
tissues
Groups of cells that are anatomically similar and share a function are called _______
KNOW FIGURE 7.1
KNOW FIGURE 7.1
1. chondroblast 2. chondrocyte 3. adipose cell 4. lymphocytes 5. mast cells 6. osteoblast 7. osteocytes 8. plasma cell 9. fibroblasts 10. hematopoietic stem cell 11. macrophages
Name 11 examples of cells
Broken bones heal faster and with less scar tissue because they are more vascularized than tendons or ligaments.
Orthopedic surgeons are fond of saying, "It is better to break a bone than it is to tear a tendon or ligament." Why is this true?
dermal reticular layer
Pressure receptors, called lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles, are located in this layer of the integument.
pseudostratified
Select the tissue that is a simple epithelium.
one type of epithelial cell, arranged in a single layer
Simple epithelia have ________
the sebaceous glands and the sudoriferous (sweat) glands
The cutaneous glands fall primarily into 2 categories. What are they?
sebaceous
The ducts of __________ glands usually empty into a hair follicle but may also open directly on the skin surface.
composed primarily of adipose tissue
The hypodermis is ______
stratum corneum
The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the __________
melanocytes
These cells produce a brown-to-black pigment that colors the skin and protects DNA from ultraviolet radiation damage. The cells are _________
adipose
This connective tissue consists of large round densely packed cells with the nucleus pushed to one side
bone (osseous tissue)
This connective tissue is made of hard calcified matrix and stores calcium and other minerals.
dense regular
This connective tissue is packed with parallel collagen fibers, attaches muscles to bone, and can withstand great stress when pulled in one direction.
stratified squamous
This epithelial tissue has many cell layers. It forms the outer layer of the skin.
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
What are the 3 types of cartilage
collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers
What are the 3 types of protein fibers?
1. connective tissue proper 2. cartilage 3. bone 4. blood
What are the 4 different types of connective tissue?
1. Neutrophils 2. Lymphocytes 3. Monocytes 4. Eosinophils 5. Basophils
What are the 5 types of Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
high amount of neutrophils in your blood = bacterial infection; these are phaglocytes and granulocytes
desc Neutrophils
three, (epidermis, dermis and hypodermis)
how many major regions or layers does the skin have? what are they?
mitotically active and secretory cells: "blasts" immature cells & mature cells: "cytes"
what 2 types of cells are in connective tissue?
Squamous
Epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape. __________ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened
hyaline cartilage
Identify the connective tissue: Forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton
dense regular connective tissue
Identify the connective tissue: attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones by ligaments
areolar connective tissue
Identify the connective tissue: composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix
adipose connective tissue
Identify the connective tissue: insulates against heat loss
fibrocartilage
Identify the connective tissue: makes up the intervertebral discs
osseous tissue
Identify the connective tissue: matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on
hypertension, fever, or embarrassment
Skin color can indicate certain disease states. A reddened, flushed face might indicate ______
melanin and carotene
Skin color is determined by the degree of oxygenation of the blood and the relative amounts of these two pigments
Lung infections
Smoking impairs cilia because the toxins paralyze and can destroy the cilia. Based on this loss of function, explain which types of infections smokers would be more susceptible to.
are thin and flat, like fish scales
Squamous epithelial cells ____
true
T OR F Blood is a type of connective tissue
true
T OR F Endocrine and exocrine glands are classified as epithelium because they usually develop from epithelial membranes.
dense regular
This connective tissue looks like strands of wavy hair. It is very strong and attaches muscles to bones
simple cuboidal
This epithelial tissue forms the kidney tubules, and the ducts and secretory portions of small glands
They are richly vascularized.
What is not true of epithelial cells?
fingerlike projections from the superior surface of the papillary layer which attach the papillary layer to the epipdermis above
What is the dermal papillae?
most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body
connective tissue is the:
have a parasitic worm when you have a high number of these, common to have a high number of these in developing countries where hygiene is a problem, more prone to having parasitic worms
desc eosinophils
Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate
desc fibrocartilage
amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae
desc hyaline cartilage
(agranulocytes; when you have a high number of these = viral infection; find B cells and T cells in lymphocytes);
desc lymphocytes
B cells and T cells
lymphocytes consist of:
1. collagen fibers 2. elastic fibers 3. reticular fibers
name 3 examples of fibers
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
name the acronym used to remember the 5 types of leukocytes
allergy; sends hystamines
what are basalphils and what do they do?
parasitic worms (found more in developing countries)
what are eosinophils and where are they found?
primarily responsible for the strength assoc with connective tissue; distinguishes each connective tissue from all other
what's a matrix?
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) (transport respiratory gasses); platelets; Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)-5 types
what's blood composed of?
canals that connect 2 lacunae together and allows communication between lacunae and osteocytes
what's canaliculi
deep cavities that surround central cells, allow bone to grow out in rings
what's lacunae
rings that start from central canal and move out
what's lamella
More ground substance in a connective tissue makes the connective tissue looser because there is more fluid (fluid is moveable, not solid and compacted); less ground substance in a connective tissue makes the connective tissue more dense
what's the difference in having more or less ground substance in a connective tissue?
nonliving material between cells
what's the extracellular matrix?
Composed chiefly of interstitial fluid cell adhesion proteins proteoglycans
what's the ground substance composed of?
cyanosis
when the blood is inadequately oxygenated, as during asphyxiation and serious lung disease, both the blood and the skin take on a bluish cast, a condition called:
under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
where is adipose tissue located?
widely distributed under epithelia of body; ex. forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries
where is areolar tissue located?
bones
where is bone (osseous) tissue located?
basal side
where is connective tissue located?
supports external ear (auricle); epiglottis
where is elastic cartilage located?
walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes
where is elastic connective tissue located?
elastic cartilage
Identify the connective tissue: provides a flexible framework for the external ear
areolar connective tissue & dense irregular connective tissue
Identify the connective tissue: the dermis of the skin
elastic connective tissue
Identify the connective tissue: walls of large arteries
KNOW THE PICS
KNOW THE PICS
rich blood supply (exceptions: cartilages, tendons, ligaments); have many cell types; matrix
Name 3 characteristics of connective tissues
protection; support; binds together
Name the 3 functions of connective tissues
1.) erythrocytes (RBC)-hemoglobin 2.) leukocytes (WBC)- neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes eosinophils, basophils, (NEVER LET MONKEYS EAT BANANAS) 3.) thrombocytes (platelets)
Name the 3 parts of blood
1. Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage
Name the 3 types of cartilage
fibrocartilage
This is the toughest kind of cartilage. It is found in places that receive a lot of mechanical stress.
papillary layer
This layer of the dermis is responsible for fingerprints.
transitional epithelium
This tissue type is capable of changing its shape and stretching. It lines the urinary bladder and ureters
areolar
This type of connective tissue is found under epithelia, packaging organs, and surrounding capillaries.
smooth muscle
This type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs. It has no striations, and its cells are spindle shaped. It is ____
Any of the ridges of the epidermis of the palms and soles, where the sweat pores open.skin ridge
What are epidermal ridges?
1) areolar tissue 2) adipose tissue 3) reticular tissue 4) dense (fibrous) connective tissue
What are the 4 types of connective tissue proper?
1.) Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper 2.) Chondroblasts and chondrocytes in cartilage 3.) Osteoblasts and osteocytes in bone 4.) Hematopoeitic stem cells in bone marrow (generate blood in bone marrow) 5.) Fat cells, white blood cells, mast cells and macrophages
What are the 5 mature cells?
1. plain arch 2. tented arch 3. loop 4. loop (one goes left one goes right) 5. plain whorl 6. double loop whorl
What are the 6 main types of fingerprint patterns?
epidermis and dermis
What are the two layers of the skin?
the region projecting from the surface of the skin; one of the 2 primary regions!
What is the hair shaft?
the more superficial dermal region composed of areolar connective tissue
What is the papillary layer?
the deepest skin layer
What is the reticular layer?
Epidermis is avascular and dermis is richly vascularized
What is true about the blood supply to the skin?
a structure formed from both epidermal and dermal cells
What's a hair follicle?
Product of sebaceous glands; a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells that acts as a lubricant to keep the skin soft and moist (a natural skin cream) and keeps the hair from becoming brittle
What's sebum?
small bands of smooth muscle cells connect each hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis
What's the arrector pili muscle?
collection of well-nourished epithelial cells at the base of the hair follicle.
What's the hair bulb?
found nearly all over the skin, except for the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet; their ducts usually empty into a hair follicle, but some open directly on the skin surface
Where are sebaceous glands found?
beneath the surface of the skin and is embedded within the hair follicle; one of the 2 primary regions!
Where is the hair root located?
synthesizing vitamin C
Which of the following is not a function of the skin?
Carotene
__________ is a yellow-orange pigment found in the stratum corneum and the hypodermis
viral infections
a high number of lymphocytes shows that there are:
composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, & proteoglycans; may be solid, liquid, semisolid, or gel-like; nutrients diffuse between the blood capillaries and the cells
desc a ground substance
Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed fat cells have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet.
desc adipose tissue
found predominantly in the axillary and genital areas, these glands secrete the basic components of eccrine sweat plus proteins and fat-rich substances
desc apocrine sweat glands
axillary and anogenital region -Sebum is released: sweat + fatty substance + proteins -Ducts connect to hair follicles -Functions from puberty onwards -Stinky sweat -Can release pheromones (when significant other starts sweating and you think they smell good)
desc appocrine sweat glands
Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells.
desc areolar tissue
release hystomine when having an allergic reaction to let your body know it is allergic, common to release a lot of these during allergy season because of pollen
desc basophils
hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized
desc bone (osseous) tissue
release water to cool your body off, help with thermoregulation (does not stink) -palms of hands, soles of feet, forehead -ducts connect straight to pores -non-stinky sweat -extra layer of epidermal layer/ skin on palms and feet called stratum lucidium
desc eccrine sweat glands
these glands are distributed all over the body; they produce clear perspiration consisting primarily of water, salts (mostly NaCl), and urea
desc eccrine sweat glands (merocrine glands)
Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix
desc elastic cartilage
dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
desc elastic connective tissue
cells that stay around the edges of the blood to pick up foreign debris, act as macrophages
desc monocytes
network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; these types of cells lie on the network
desc reticular connective tissue
occasional spiky hemispheres that, in combination with sensory nerve endings, form sensitive touch receptors called tactile or Merkel discs located at the epidermal-dermal junction
desc tactile (Merkel) cells
superficial fascia/ deepest region, not even considered layer of skin (connective tissue) ~subcutaneous layer deep to skin/ dermal layer (not technically part of skin) ~mostly adipose (fat)tissue
desc the Hypodermis
middle region (connective tissue) ~2 layers: papillary (20% of the dermal layer; these ridges form fingerprints/ unique to you; find free nerve endings and touch receptors here) and reticular (80% of the dermal layer; find most blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicle/ which is continued from epidermis but dips into dermal layer, pain receptors)
desc the dermis
superficial region (made of epithelial tissue and five layers); stratum corneum (most superficial), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale (most deep) -will find keratinized cells (keratinocytes; waterproofing) and melanocytes (what secrete brown or black pigment the more you stay out in sun to protect lower layers from UV) in epidermis
desc the epidermis
red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
desc vascular tissue (blood)
the most abundant epidermal cells, their main function is to produce keratin fibrils; literally, keratin cells
what are keratinocytes?
spidery black cells that produce the brown-to-black pigment called melanin
what are melanocytes?
exocrine glands that are widely distributed all over the skin
what are sudoriferous (sweat) glands?
1.) loose connective tissue (more ground substance) 2.) dense connective tissue (less ground substance)
what are the 2 subclasses of Connective tissue proper
1. ground substance 2. fibers 3. cells
what are the 3 main Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
1. Binding and support: found on the basal side of epithelial tissue 2. Protection 3. Insulation 4. Transportation (Blood): because blood is a type of connective tissue
what are the 4 Major Functions of Connective Tissue
connective tissue proper, cartilage, blood tissue, and blood
what are the 4 classes of connective tissue?
plain arch, tented arch, loop (to left), loop (to right), plain whorl, double loop whorl
what are the 6 types of fingerprint patterns
Interstitial fluid, adhesion proteins (allows it to connect to epithelial layer), proteoglycans (proteins)
what are the components of a ground substance
generate blood in bone marrow
what do Hematopoeitic stem cells in bone marrow do?
look like tree branches; short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers
what do Reticular fibers look like?
white fibers; looks like pink sticks; strongest most abundant type, can hold the most tension & provides highest tensile strength
what do collagen fibers look like and what are they?
these cells play a role in immunity by performing phagocytosis
what do dendritic cells do?
think darker squiggly lines; networks of long thin elastin fibers that allow for stretch
what do elastic fibers look like and what are they?
provide support
what do fibers do?
provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs
what does adipose tissue do?
wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid
what does areolar tissue do?
bone supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
what does bone (osseous) tissue do?
maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
what does elastic cartilage do?
allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration
what does elastic connective tissue do?
tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
what does fibrocartilage do?
supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress
what does hyaline cartilage do?
fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages
what does reticular connective tissue do?
transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
what does vascular tissue (blood) do?
This is a medium that diffusion occurs through (solutes diffuse with blood, capillaries, and cells)
what is a ground substance a medium of:
a fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its durability and protective capabilities
what is keratin?
Skin
what' s the largest organ in human body
liquid part of tissue, the matrix in a cell; Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood, capillaries, and cells
what's a Ground Substance:
intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
where is fibrocartilage located?
Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx.
where is hyaline cartilage located?
lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)
where is reticular connective tissue located?
contained within blood vessels
where is vascular tissue (blood) located?
jaundice
where the tissue becomes yellowed
