A and P (18)
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is
ACTH
Which of these hormones exerts a strong effect of adrenal steroid production?
ACTH
After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?
ADH
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
ADH
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
ADH
Which of these is released by the neurohypophysis?
ADH
Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture
ADH and oxytocin
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
FSH
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
LH
Which hormone affects the smooth muscle of the ductus deferens and uterus?
OXT
Which hormone secreted by the pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones?
TSH
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually
a G protein
All target cells a. have hormone receptors b. are in the blood c. respond to electrical signals d. produce their own hormones e. secrete hormones
a. have hormone receptors
Endocrine cells a. release their secretions directly into body fluids b. release their secretions onto an epithelial surface c. are a type of nerve cell d. contain few vesicles e. are modified connective-tissue cells.
a. release their secretions directly into body fluids
After a lipid-solible hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
acts a a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating gene
The release of ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland causes the
adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is
aldosterone
The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces
androgens
The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of
angiotensin
Which of these regulatory substances does the kidney not secrete?
angiotensin
Peptide hormones ____________. a. are composed of amino acids b. usually bind to intranuclear receptors c. always contain one sugar molecule d. are lipid soluble
are composed of amino acids
Steroid hormones a. cannot diffuse through cell membranes b. bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells c. are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma d. are proteins e. remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time
b. bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't a. stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitrol at the kidneys b. build up bone c. stimulate osteoclast activity d. inhibit osteoblast activity e. enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys
b. build up bone
Which of the following directly regulates the secretion of insulin?
blood-glucose concentration
If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?
both increase of insulin and an increase in blood glucose
In paracrine communication a chemical signal acts within the tissue that produced it; in endocrine communication the signal reaches the target cells by way of the circulation. Are these two statements true or false?
both statements are true
Hormones often interact in an integrative way. Examples of this include all of the following except a. regulation of reproduction b. regulation of growth c. lowering blood sugar by insulin d. resistance to stress
c. lowering blood sugar by insulin
Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of
cAMP
When adenyl cyclase is activated
cAMP is broken down
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
calcitonin
The C cells of the thyroid gland produce
calcitonin
Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein
calmodulin
The suprarenal medulla produces
catecholamines
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?
catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids
A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is
cortisol
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?
cortisol
Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system is _________. a. more rapidly acting b. briefer in action c. more localized in action d. compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system has all of these characteristics.
d, compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system has all of these characteristics.
Which of these hormones is required for normal growth a. insulin b. thyroid hormone c. growth hormone d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of these might result excessive parathyroid hormone release? a. increased loss of bone minerals b. elevated blood calcium c. osteopenia d. all of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release
d. all of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release
All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they a. are lipids b. are derived from cholesterol c. bind to receptors within the cell d. are produced by the suprarenal medulla e. are produced by reproductive glands.
d. are produced by the suprarenal medulla
Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system is ________. a. more rapidly acting b. more localized in action c. briefer in action d. compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system has all of these characteristics.
d. compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system has all of these characteristics
Which of these signs is often seen in patients suffering from hyperthyroid disease? a. elevated heart rate b. elevated body temperature c. elevated oxygen utilization d. patients with hyperthyroidism often exhibit all of these signs
d. patients with hyperthyroidism often experience all of these signs
The primary function of ADH is to
decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys
Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in
decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are
derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine
The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces
digestive enzymes
Excessive secretion by the adrenal medulla can lead to all of these changes except __________.
drowsiness
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include a. eicosanoids b. steroids c. peptides d. amino acid derivatives e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to a. high blood levels of TSH b. myxedema c. cretinism d. hypothyroidism e. all of the above
e. all of the above
An activated G protein can trigger a. the production of diacylglycerol b. the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores c. the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane d. a fall in cAMP levels e. all of the answers are correct
e. all of the answers are correct
Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors? a. blood level of a hormone b. blood level of glucose c. blood level of an ion-like potassium d. nervous stimuli e. all of the answers are correct
e. all of the answers are correct
In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus, a. glucose is present in the urine in large amounts b. a large excretion of urine occurs c. excessive thirst is shown d. blood glucose levels are very high e. all of the answers are correct
e. all of the answers are correct
Secretory cells of the adenophypophysis release a. GH b. ACTH c. FSH d. TSH e. All of the answers are correct
e. all of the answers are correct
The hormone oxytocin a. is produced in the hypothalamus b. promotes uterine contractions c. triggers prostrate gland contraction d. is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands e. all of the answers are correct
e. all of the answers are correct
The kidneys secrete a. erythropoietin b. calcitrol c. renin d. hormones to regulate sodium ion concentration e. all of the answers are correct
e. all of the answers are correct
The primary target(s) of insulin is/are a. skeletal muscle fibers b. liver cells c. adipocytes d. cardiac muscle cells e. all of the answers are correct
e. all of the answers are correct
Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin? a. mammary glands b. prostate c. uterus d. ductus deferens e. all of the answers are correct
e. all of the answers are correct
A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in all of the following, except a. increased water retention b. elevated blood pressure c. increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney d. increased blood volume e. increased urine production
e. increased urine production
The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) _________ organ.
endocrine
Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the
epidermis of the integumentary system
The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is
epinephrine
The suprarenal medulla produces the hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
The exhaustion phase of the general adaption syndrome (GAS) is characterized by
failure of electrolyte balance
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex
gene transcription is initiated
Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause
gigantism
If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting
glucagon
Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________.
glucagon; insulin
The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces
glucocorticoids
Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?
glucocorticoids
The body's tendency to maintain relatively consistent internal conditions is called
homeostasis
_________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
hormones
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be __________ when released into the bloodstream, but __________ when released at synapses.
hormones; neurotransmitters
Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?
in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
A rise in blood glucose level will trigger all these responses except ___________.
increased epinephrine secretion
Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors?
insulin and epinephrine
Lipid-solible hormones usually bind to ________ receptors.
intranuclear
Which chemical element is necessary to make thyroid hormone?
iodine
Adipose cells produce a hormone called _________ that acts on the brain to reduce food intake.
leptin
What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?
liver cells
Body cells that respond to insulin include
liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body
Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?
loss of ADH secretion
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by converting enzymes in the
lungs
Pinealocytes produce
melatonin
The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces
mineralocorticoids
The condition known as hirsutism can result from too
much androgen production
A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s).
one
The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
parathyroid hormone
Which of these hormones is not derived from an amino acid?
parathyroid hormone
A kinase is an enzyme that performs
phosphorylation
The _________ gland secretes melatonin.
pineal
A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes
progesterone
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
prolactin
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the
second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenophypophysis by
secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system
The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce
somatostatin
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
somatotropin
A liver cell responds to insulin by
taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen
The interstitial cells of the testes produce
testosterone
When blood glucose levels are low
the pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase
When blood glucose levels are high
the pancreas releases insulin
