A and P II: Exam 1 Practice Questions
Erythrocytes are the most abundant cells in the body but differ from most cells how?
they lack a nuclei, mitochondria and other organelles
What is the function of hemoglobin?
to transport carbon dioxide and oxygen
Much like what happens with heart sounds, what produces the sounds heard when you compress and release a vessel with a pressure cuff?
turbulent blood flow
Arterioles; Smooth muscle distribution direction of blood flow muscle regulation
uniform, capillaries, contracted = increased r and decreased flow while relaxed = decreased r and increased flow
The Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is usually high (about 88 mmHg), while the central venous pressure (CVP) is low (about 2 mmHg). Which is NOT a force of the initial arterial system to deal with high blood pressure?
valvues
what is the largest component of plasma by volume?
water
An increase in plasma levels of ________ causes a yellowish appearance of the skin and the whites of the eyes. This condition is called ________. a. bilirubin : jaundice b. bilirubin : hemostasis c. biliverdin : jaundice d. bilirubin : renal anemia e. bile : pernicious anemia
a
Foreign materials are filtered out of the lymphatic fluid by what type of cell located within the lymph nodes? A: macrophages B: mast cells C: platelets D: leukocytes E: erythrocytes
a
Foreign materials are filtered out of the lymphatic fluid by what type of cell located within the lymph nodes? a. macrophages b. mast cells c. platelets d. leukocytes e. erythrocytes
a
Stroke volume rises during light exercise mainly due to __________. A: increased ventricular contractility B: Starling's Law C: a large increase in end-diastolic volume D: increased total peripheral resistance
a
The primary mechanism for exchange of substances across the capillary wall is A: diffusion. B: mediated transport. C: bulk flow. D: vesicle transport. E: active transport
a
The primary mechanism for exchange of substances across the capillary wall is a. diffusion. b. mediated transport. c. bulk flow. d. vesicle transport. e. active transport.
a
Veins functions as ________ reservoirs due to their ________ compliance. A: volume : high B: pressure : lack of C: pressure : high D: pressure : low E: volume : low
a
Veins functions as ________ reservoirs due to their ________ compliance. a. volume : high b. pressure : lack of c. pressure : high d. pressure : low e. volume : low
a
What is a hematocrit measuring? a. the percentage of blood that is comprised of red blood cells only b. the percentage of blood that is comprised of red and white blood cells c. the amount of oxygen that can be transported by blood d. the amount of hemoglobin in blood e. the percentage of blood that is comprised of plasma
a
What is the key driving force for blood movement throughout the body? a. Pressure gradients b. Resistance gradients c. Flow gradients d. Diffusion gradients
a
What is the most abundant plasma protein? a. albumin b. globulins c. hemoglobin d. carbonic anhydrase e. fibrinogen
a
What is the role of carbonic anhydrase? a. to aid in the transport of carbon dioxide b. to aid hemoglobin's role in transporting carbon dioxide c. to aid in the formation of carbon dioxide d. to aid in the conversion of oxygen to carbon dioxide
a
Which of the following equations correctly relates flow, pressure, and resistance? A: pressure = flow × resistance B: flow = pressure × resistance C: resistance = flow × pressure D: flow = pressure - resistance E: flow = pressure + resistance
a
Which of the following equations correctly relates flow, pressure, and resistance? a. pressure = flow × resistance b. flow = pressure × resistance c. resistance = flow × pressure d. flow = pressure - resistance e. flow = pressure + resistance
a
which response when body temperature rises above normal and thermoreceptors send a message to the hypothalamus?
a decreases in vascular resistance to the skin
The blood vessels of largest diameter are the ________, and the blood vessels with the thickest walls are the ________. A: veins : veins B: veins : arteries C: arteries : arteries D: arteries : veins E: arteries : arterioles
b
The blood vessels of largest diameter are the ________, and the blood vessels with the thickest walls are the ________. a. veins : veins b. veins : arteries c. arteries : arteries d. arteries : veins e. arteries : arterioles
b
What are the three factors that completely determine MAP?
HR, SV and TPR
1. At which point in the circulatory system do we see the greatest drop in pressure and why? a. Arterioles; these provide the largest resistance to blood flow b. Arterioles; they are the smallest vessels in the circulatory system c. Capillaries; they are much smaller in diameter than arteries and arterioles d. Capillaries; these provide the largest resistance to blood flow
a
1. Even though there is a large difference in pressure between the circuits, why is the flow the same? a. Even though the pulmonary circuit has less pressure, because the systemic circulation has higher resistance, the flow is the same b. The pulmonary circuit always has less pressure and more dilated vessels than the systemic which always has higher pressure and more constricted vessels which results in an equal flow c. The resistance is equal in both circuits but because there is less pressure and a thicker blood viscosity in the pulmonary circuit, the flow ends up being equal. d. The flow is equal in both circuits because the pulmonary circulation has higher resistance which then equals the higher pressure in the systemic circulation.
a
1. How are we able to determine our blood pressure? a. When the cuff inflates, more pressure inside overcomes the artery itself and we are unable to hear any flow. As the pressure in the cuff is slowly released, the artery will begin to be released and the pressure at which we hear the pulsating quality is the pressure at which we overcome the compression, or systolic blood pressure. b. As we inflate the cuff, the pressure inside overcomes the pressure in the artery. As the cuff deflates, a small amount of blood will begin to flow through the artery at a small pressure, or diastolic pressure. When the artery is fully released, it will be at its highest pressure, or systolic blood pressure. c. When the cuff inflates to the determined amount of pressure in the artery, we are able to hear a large pulsating flow. This is the systolic blood pressure. Then, as we deflate the cuff, the sounds will become softer until they are no longer heard which is the diastolic blood pressure. d. You apply the cuff to the arm and record whatever the machine says.
a
1. If a patient has edema (swelling), which type of bulk flow would you expect to have a greater force? a. Filtration is greater than absorption b. Absorption is greater than filtration c. Absorption and filtration are equal d. Neither absorption or filtration is occurring
a
1. What is a main difference between short-term and long-term regulation of MAP? a. Short-term typically regulates cardiac output and total peripheral resistance through neural control while long-term typically regulates blood volume through hormonal control. b. Short-term typically regulates blood volume through neural control while long-term typically regulates cardiac output and total peripheral resistance through hormonal control. c. Long-term typically regulates cardiac output and total peripheral resistance through neural control while short-term typically regulates blood volume through hormonal control. Short-term regulation occurs in seconds to minutes while long-term regulation occurs in minutes to days but they both regulate cardiac output, blood volume, and TPR
a
1. What is the difference between continuous capillaries and fenestrated capillaries? a. Continuous capillaries have small spaces between the endothelial cells while fenestrated capillaries have large spaces between cells. For this reason, fenestrated capillaries will allow for more diffusion of nutrients. b. Continuous capillaries have small spaces between the endothelial cells while fenestrated capillaries have large spaces between cells. For this reason, continuous capillaries will allow for more diffusion of nutrients. c. Fenestrated capillaries have small spaces between the endothelial cells while continuous capillaries have large spaces between cells. For this reason, fenestrated capillaries will allow for more diffusion of nutrients. d. Fenestrated capillaries have small spaces between the endothelial cells while continuous capillaries have large spaces between cells. For this reason, continuous capillaries will allow for more diffusion of nutrients.
a
1. What is the purpose of muscle contraction in relation to circulation? a. When skeletal muscle contracts, veins are compressed which increases pressure within them. Blood then moves from the area of high pressure to low pressure towards the heart. b. When skeletal muscle contracts, veins are compressed which decrease pressure within them. Blood then is then able to fill the vein and eventually return to the heart. c. When skeletal muscle contracts, veins are compressed which increases pressure within them. Blood then moves bidirectionally from the area of compression to fill the vein. When skeletal muscle contracts, veins are compressed which decreases pressure within them. Blood then moves from the area of high pressure to low pressure towards the heart
a
1. When calculating MAP (SP + (2 x DP)/3), why do we take diastolic pressure twice rather than just once? a. This is done to account for our heart spending twice as long in diastole than in systole. b. Diastole typically creates a very small amount of pressure which means if we only take it once, it will give an inaccurately low mean arterial pressure. c. This is done to account for our heart spending half as long in diastole than in systole. d. Diastole creates much less pressure than systole so when we take its value twice, we are accounting for the large difference between the pressures.
a
1. When epinephrine is in high concentration, what would most likely be the overall effect and why? a. Vasoconstriction; although epinephrine has a higher affinity for beta2 receptors, when it is in high concentration it will mainly bind to alpha receptors. b. Vasoconstriction; epinephrine has a higher affinity of beta2 receptors so a majority will bind and cause vasoconstriction. c. Vasodilation; epinephrine has a higher affinity of beta2 receptors so a majority will bind and cause vasodilation. d. Vasodilation; although epinephrine has a higher affinity for beta2 receptors, when it is in high concentration it will mainly bind to alpha receptors.
a
1. Which of the following statements is false regarding pressure gradients? a. More volume means more pressure b. Flow is directly related to pressure c. Pressure gradient must exist in order to maintain blood flow d. Even though pressure is greatly different, the flow in each circuit is identical
a
1. Which of the following would occur in the case that a vessel is blocked by a blood clot? a. Reactive hyperemia b. Active hyperemia c. Steady state d. Myogenic response
a
1. __________ is associated with decreased metabolic activity and generally causes vasoconstriction while __________ is associated with increased metabolic activity and generally causes vasodilation. a. Oxygen; carbon dioxide b. Potassium; oxygen c. Hydrogen ions; carbon dioxide d. Carbon dioxide; oxygen
a
What are the steps to blood clotting, in order?
adhesion, aggregate, formation
Which of the plasma proteins is most abundant and makes a major contribution to the osmotic pressure of the plasma?
albumin
what are the three states of arteriole contraction?
arteriole tone, vasodilation and vasoconstriction
1. Epinephrine increases mean arterial pressure. Which of the following is not a way in which this is done? a. Increasing TPR by causing vasoconstriction after binding to alpha receptors b. Increasing flow by causing vasodilation after binding to beta receptors c. Increasing venomotor tone by causing vasoconstriction of the smooth muscle d. Increasing heart rate and stroke volume in the heart
b
1. If we have an arteriole in the systemic circulation, which of these would give it the greatest amount of flow rate? a. Large radius and large resistance b. Large radius and large pressure gradient c. Small radius and large pressure gradient d. Large length and large resistance
b
1. What will happen when a metarteriole contracts? a. When the vessel contracts, blood will be directed to the capillaries with decreased flow. b. When the vessel contracts, blood with be directed to the capillaries with an increased amount of flow. c. When the vessel contracts, blood flow will continue through the metarteriole with decreased flow. d. When the vessel contracts, blood flow will continue through the metarteriole with increased flow.
b
1. Where does excess fluid in the interstitial fluid eventually end up? a. It will be removed via the lymphatic system and emptied into the bladder to be removed from the body. b. It will be removed via the lymphatic system and emptied through the thoracic duct into the jugular veins. c. It will be removed via the lymphatic system and emptied into the aorta and eventually the left atrium. d. It will be removed via the lymphatic system and then cause edema.
b
1. Which is not a component of blood vessel walls? a. Smooth muscle b. Epithelial cells c. Collagen d. Elastin
b
1. Which is not true about the anatomy of capillaries? a. They are made of a one cell layer b. They have the fastest velocity of blood flow c. They have the greatest total cross-sectional area d. They have a small diffusion barrier
b
1. Which is true about the intrinsic control of blood flow distribution to organs? a. Blood flow is equal to each organ at all times. b. Total flow through the system will be the same but the amount to each organ may be different. c. Regulation of blood flow to organs is based on time of day. d. Flow is regulated by differences in pressure.
b
A patient has a disease in which the elastin present in the walls of the arteries is stiff and inflexible. This patient will also have __________. A: low blood pressure B: high blood pressure C: normal blood pressure
b
A patient has a disease in which the elastin present in the walls of the arteries is stiff and inflexible. This patient will also have __________. a. low blood pressure b. high blood pressure c. normal blood pressure
b
Capillaries contain which of the following structures? A: elastic connective tissue B: endothelium C: fibrous connective tissue D: smooth muscle
b
For a given pressure gradient, blood flow is greater when __________ is increased. A: vessel length B: vessel radius C: resistance D: blood viscosity
b
For a given pressure gradient, blood flow is greater when __________ is increased. a. vessel length b. vessel radius c. resistance d. blood viscosity
b
In an effort to bring mean arterial pressure back to normal after a hemorrhage, total peripheral resistance __________ because the blood flow to most organs ______________. However, blood flow to the ______ and ________ is maintained because these organs are not greatly influenced by the baroreceptor reflex. A: stays the same, stays the same; brain, heart B: increases, decreases; brain, heart C: decreases, increases; muscles, GI tract D: increases, decreases; muscles, heart
b
The changing color of a bruise is caused by the breakdown products of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is broken down into __________, which is a green molecule. __________ is a yellowish-brown molecule, again a breakdown product of hemoglobin. a. bilirubin : biliverdin b. biliverdin : bilirubin c. basophil : plasma d. bile : ammonia e. ammonia: bile
b
The contractile activity of smooth muscle cells within which type of blood vessel is primarily involved in the control of the organ blood flow and mean arterial pressure? A: arteries B: arterioles C: capillaries D: venules E: veins
b
The contractile activity of smooth muscle cells within which type of blood vessel is primarily involved in the control of the organ blood flow and mean arterial pressure? a. arteries b. arterioles c. capillaries d. venules e. veins
b
What is the correct order of blood flow in the circulatory system? a. Right ventricle, right atria, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left ventricle, left atria, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava b. Right atria, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atria, left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava c. Right atria, right ventricle, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, left atria, left ventricle, aorta, arterioles, arteries, capillaries, veins, venules, vena cava d. Right atria, right ventricle, vena cava, aorta, left atria, left ventricle, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
b
Which of the following are the same in both the pulmonary and systemic circuits? A: pressure B: flow rate C: vessel resistance D: all the above
b
Which leukocytes contribute to allergic reactions by releasing chemicals such as histamines and heparin?
basophils
Where are RBC born and where do they die?
bone marrow, spleen
How do arteriole barrorecptors help to change the TPR?
by sending signals to the CNS to change hormones and autonomic signals
1. An ACE inhibitor is a drug that is used to treat hypertension. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is used to activate angiotensin II. With what you know about hormonal control of the arteriole radius, why do you think an ACE inhibitor would treat hypertension? a. Hypertension occurs when angiotensin II causes vasodilation. When an ACE inhibitor is used, it prevents the action of angiotensin II and causes vasoconstriction which will increase the low blood pressure. b. Hypertension occurs when angiotensin I causes vasoconstriction. When an ACE inhibitor is used, angiotensin II is activated which results in vasodilation and therefore lowered blood pressure. c. Hypertension occurs when angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction. When an ACE inhibitor is used to prevent the action of angiotensin II, vasoconstriction does not occur and therefore blood pressure is lowered. d. I have no idea. Please help me!
c
When a person stands up, the MAP can fall and the baroreceptor is activated. Which is a change associated with this reflex?
decreased compliance of the veins
1. Hypertension is a disease in which blood pressure is consistently elevated. This typically does not occur overnight. With what you know about the regulation of MAP, how do you expect this to occur? a. Neural regulation of MAP occurs over minutes to days when innervation of vessel walls causes constriction. Eventually, this will increase MAP and therefore cause hypertension. b. Hormonal regulation of MAP occurs over minutes to days when it releases hormones such as vasopressin or angiotensin II. Eventually, these vasodilators will increase MAP and therefore cause hypertension. c. Hormonal regulation of MAP occurs over minutes to days when it releases hormones such as vasopressin or angiotensin II. Eventually, these vasoconstrictors will increase MAP and therefore cause hypertension. d. Neural regulation of MAP occurs over seconds to minutes when it releases hormones such as vasopressin or angiotensin II. Eventually, these vasoconstrictors will increase MAP and therefore cause hypertension.
c
1. What is happening in our body when we enter active hyperemia? a. Our body is producing more O2 than is being removed and CO2 is being used more quickly than it is delivered. b. O2 and CO2 are being used and removed in an equal state. c. Our body is producing more CO2 than is being removed and O2 is being used more quickly than it is delivered. d. Our body is producing less CO2 than is being removed and O2 is being used more quickly than it is delivered.
c
1. When there is a disruption in the circulatory system and the normally closed system becomes open, the regulated pressure suddenly drops. With the knowledge you have about flow, what would you expect to happen in order to prevent complete blood loss? a. The heart rate will increase rapidly to overcome the lost pressure. This will cause more blood to be pumped which maintains pressure. The arterioles in the area that is open vasodilate to conserve blood. b. The heart rate will decrease to decrease the amount of blood being pumped. In order to account for the lost pressure, arterioles will dilate to decrease resistance and therefore reduce flow. c. The heart rate will increase to account for the lost pressure. Arterioles in the open area will constrict to increase resistance and therefore reduce flow. d. The heart rate will decrease rapidly to overcome the lost pressure. In order to account for the lost pressure, arterioles will dilate to decrease resistance and therefore reduce flow.
c
1. Where do we see the most drastic expansion of vessel walls? a. Vena cava b. Femoral arteries c. Aorta d. Subclavian arteries
c
1. Which is not a main determinant of MAP? a. Heart rate b. Stroke volume c. Venomotor tone d. Total peripheral resistance
c
1. Why is it important that arteries have low compliance? a. Low compliance allows for stretch in the arteries which will then allow a large volume to enter before it reaches the appropriate amount of pressure. b. Low compliance allows the arteries to compress against the large amount of pressure made by a large increase in blood volume. c. Low compliance allows the arteries to compress against the large amount of pressure made by a small increase in blood volume. d. Low compliance is only a quality of arteries so a larger volume of blood can be delivered throughout the body.
c
In response to a decrease in tissue metabolic activity, tissue oxygen concentrations ________, which causes a(n) ________. A: decrease : dilation of the arterioles B: increase : active hyperemic response C: increase : constriction of the arterioles D: decrease : active hyperemic response E: decrease : increase in tissue ischemia
c
In response to a decrease in tissue metabolic activity, tissue oxygen concentrations ________, which causes a(n) ________. a. decrease : dilation of the arterioles b. increase : active hyperemic response c. increase : constriction of the arterioles d. decrease : active hyperemic response e. decrease : increase in tissue ischemia
c
The hormone vasopressin acts in the short term to ________ and in the long term to ________, thereby increasing mean arterial pressure. A: vasodilate arterioles : increase urine outflow B: decrease urine outflow : vasoconstrict arterioles C: vasoconstrict arterioles : decrease urine outflow D: vasodilate arterioles : decrease urine outflow E: increase urine outflow : vasodilate arterioles
c
The hormone vasopressin acts in the short term to ________ and in the long term to ________, thereby increasing mean arterial pressure. a. vasodilate arterioles : increase urine outflow b. decrease urine outflow : vasoconstrict arterioles c. vasoconstrict arterioles : decrease urine outflow d. vasodilate arterioles : decrease urine outflow e. increase urine outflow : vasodilate arterioles
c
What is the fluid within the lymphatic vessels called? A: exudates B: filtrate C: lymph D: plasma E: pus
c
What is the fluid within the lymphatic vessels called? a. exudates b. filtrate c. lymph d. plasma e. pus
c
What is the purpose of the valves in veins? a. to maintain pressure b. to establish venomotor tone c. to allow unidirectional flow d. to contain blood in the extremities
c
When determining the change in pressure (∆P) in the systemic circulation, what two factors are needed? a. Systolic blood pressure and central venous pressure b. Diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure c. Mean arterial pressure and central venous pressure d. Mean arterial pressure and diastolic blood pressure
c
Which of the following is an incorrect description of a blood vessel type? A: The radius of arterioles can be regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic controls. B: Most of the blood volume at rest is in the systemic veins. C: Capillary walls are comprised of only two cell layers, minimizing the distance for exchange. D: Arteries are elastic. E: Veins have high compliance.
c
Which of the following is an incorrect description of a blood vessel type? a. The radius of arterioles can be regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic controls. b. Most of the blood volume at rest is in the systemic veins. c. Capillary walls are comprised of only two cell layers, minimizing the distance for exchange. d. Arteries are elastic. e. Veins have high compliance
c
Which type of white blood cell includes B and T cells? a: monocyte b: basophil c: lymphocyte d: neutrophil e: eosinophil
c
The function of hemoglobin is to both bind and transports what substance(s)?
carbon dioxide and oxygen
Which cell type is NOT capable of phagocytosis?
cytotoxic T cells
1. What creates osmotic pressure? a. Concentration of nonpermeating solutes b. Force exerted due to fluid c. Concentration of water d. Force exerted on water due to proteins
d
1. Which is not a component of the myogenic response? a. When pressure and blood flow stretch the arteriole wall, an autoregulatory feature causes the vessel to contract. b. The purpose is to keep blood flow constant. c. This is an intrinsic action. d. It is a positive feedback loop.
d
1. Which is not a function of varying arteriole radius? a. Controlling blood flow to individual capillary beds b. Regulating mean arterial pressure c. Increasing or decreasing flow to certain organs d. Maintaining the amount of blood pumped from the heart
d
1. Which of the following detect changes in pressure in circulatory system? a. Chemoreceptors b. Autonomic system c. Hormones d. Baroreceptors
d
1. Which of the following does not cause an increase in venomotor tone? a. Contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of a vein b. Smooth muscle in walls of veins receiving innervation by sympathetic nervous system c. Norepinephrine acting at alpha adrenergic receptors causes venous constriction d. Smooth muscle in walls of veins receiving innervation by the parasympathetic nervous system.
d
1. Which of these does not affect resistance? a. Radius of a vessel b. Length of vessel c. Viscosity of fluid d. Amount of pressure
d
1. While exercising, what happens to arterioles and small arteries delivering oxygen to the muscles being used? a. They vasoconstrict which increased resistance and decreases delivery of oxygen and nutrients to those tissues. b. They vasoconstrict which reduces resistance and allows increased delivery of oxygen and nutrients to those tissues. c. They vasodilate which increases resistance and decreases delivery of oxygen and nutrients to those tissues. d. They vasodilate which reduces resistance and allows increased delivery of oxygen and nutrients to those tissues.
d
1. Why is arteriole tone important? a. Tone is what allows for extrinsic control of the smooth muscle. It is in a relaxed state and can be stimulated to constrict in varying amounts. b. Tone allows arterioles to constrict intrinsically with multiple- unit muscle cells. This allows many stimuli to influence the smooth muscle cell at once. c. Tone is created by single-unit smooth muscle cells which allows arterioles to be completely extrinsically controlled. d. Tone is created by single-unit smooth muscle cells. Arterioles then have some degree of contraction without an extrinsic stimulus.
d
Blood vessel resistance is dependent on __________. A: vessel radius B: vessel length C: vessel type D: all the above
d
Resistance to blood flow is regulated primarily by what blood vessels? A: veins B: arteries C: ventricle D: arterioles E: capillaries
d
Resistance to blood flow is regulated primarily by what blood vessels? a. veins b. arteries c. ventricle d. arterioles e. capillaries
d
What is the life span of an erythrocyte? a. 1 day b. 10 days c. 30 days d. 120 days e. They last for as long as you live.
d
Which is NOT a characteristic of veins? a. high compliance b. function as a blood reservoir c. hold a high amount of blood volume at rest d. expand with high change in pressure
d
Which of the following would increase the rate of blood flow through a blood vessel? A: decreased radius of the vessel B: constriction of the blood vessel C: increased length of the vessel D: increased pressure of the blood entering the vessel E: increased viscosity of the blood
d
Which of the following would increase the rate of blood flow through a blood vessel? a. decreased radius of the vessel b. constriction of the blood vessel c. increased length of the vessel d. increased pressure of the blood entering the vessel e. increased viscosity of the blood
d
Your patient has been admitted for an asthma attack. In what type of white blood cell would you expect to see an elevated count? a: neutrophils b: monocytes c; basophils d: eosinophils e: lymphocytes
d
As blood flows through arterioles, which of the following decreases? A: pressure B: velocity C: resistance D: vessel radius E: B, D are correct F: A, B, D are correct
e
Compared to other blood vessel types, which is lower in capillaries? A: pressure B: velocity C: vessel radius D: total cross-sectional area E: A, B, C are correct F: all the above are correct
e
Erythrocytes are synthesized in what organ and under the control of what chemical? a. kidney, under control of transferrin b. liver, under control of erythropoietin c. bone marrow, under control of bilirubin d. liver, under control of bilirubin e. bone marrow, under control of erythropoietin
e
Functions of the lymphatic system include __________. A: prevention of fluid accumulation in the tissues (edema) B: return of fluid accumulated in tissues to venous system C: immunity D: A, B are correct E: all the above are correct
e
Which of the following terms could be used to characterize veins? A: high compliance B: volume reservoir C: pressure resovior D: resistance E: A, B are correct F: A, B, D are correct
e
Which of the following is NOT and extrinsic factor that increases mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
epinephrine at Beta 2 adrengeric receptors
The development of a particular type of blood cell depends on cytokinesis called HGF. What type of protein is used during this synthesis and where is it made?
erythroproietin, made by the kidneys
Which of the following characteristics apply to arteries? A: elastic B: very distensible C: low complience D: pressure resoviors E: A, B, C are correct F: A, C, D are correct
f
What is the equation for Poisellie's law?
flow = (deltaP(radius to the fourth))/ (8(viscosity)(L))
According to Poisellie's law, which variables are indirectly related?
flow and length, flow and viscosity
According to Poisellie's law, which variables are directly related?
flow and pressure, flow and resistance
In which way does most blood flow in the systemic circuit flow to organs?
in parallel, each receives fully oxygenated blood that can be independently regulated
by moving skeletal muscle and alternating pressure on the abdominal and thoracic cavity by breathing, you pump blood in the veins through their valves back toward the heart. Which is NOT a result of increased activity of these pumps?
increased veneomotor tone
Each day, approximately 20 L of fluid is filtered and 17 L of fluid is absorbed meaning that 3 L of fluid goes from the capillaries to the interstitium. What keeps the fluid from swelling the tissues (edmea)
lymphatic system
When a person is cut, the tissue in the area swells, in part due to the increase in histamine and damage to the capillaries that allows more proteins to filter into the interstial fluid. Which Starling Force is the increase owing to this protein movement?
osmotic pressure of the IF, pie IF
what do fenestrated capillaries allow for the movement of?
proteins and blood cells in some cases
Metarterioles Smooth muscle distribution direction of blood flow muscle regulation
rings, to the venules, contracted = increased cap flow and relaxed = decreased cap flow
What do continuous capillaries allow for the movement of?
small water soluble products
The largest pressure drop occurs across which vessel?
the arterioles
Explain how there is the most resistance in the arterioles (about 60% of TPR)
the cross sectional area is smaller
which is NOT a force that directly drives fluid into and out of the capillaries?
the ionic driving forces caused by the ions in the blood
What is hematocrit?
the percentage of erythrocytes by volume of blood