A & Pi Chapter 2

4. Explain why water is said to be polar ?

Water is said to be polar because the molecule has a partial positive side and a partial negative side.

If you suffer from acid reflux, what part of the following breakfast should you avoid? \

Orange juice (pH ~3.5)

Forms lipid bilayer of a cell membrane (open-ended flashcards)

Phospholipids

Structures of proteins

- Primary: amino acids that make up a string of polypeptides. - Secondary: coiled into a double helix or bent into a pleated sheet. - Tertiary: 3-D structure. - Quaternary: highest level of organization - more than one chain

1. Explain what the term chemical reaction means

1. A chemical reaction is an interaction between two or more atoms as a result of activity of electrons in their outermost shell.

8. Explain how pH indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

A pH of less than 7.0 indicates the solution is an acid. The lower the value, the greater the hydrogen ion concentration. A pH of more than 7.0 indicates the solution is a base. The higher the value, the greater the concentration of the hydroxide ion. Each change of 1 unit on the pH scale represents a tenfold difference in the ion concentration.

How does ATP supply the cells with the energy they need to work? Outline the general scheme of the ATP energy cycle.

ATP supplies the cells with energy by breaking the high-energy bonds between the second and third phosphate and releasing the energy from that bond. The outline should contain a representation of the ATP-ADP cycle.

Define the terms acid, base, salt, and buffer,

Acid: A substance that will release a hydrogen ion when in solution. Base: A substance that shifts the H+/OH- balance in favor of OH- by increasing the number of OH- ions or decreasing the number of H+ ions. Salt: A substance that results from a reaction between an acid and a base. Buffer: A substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of the H+ and OH- ions. It maintains a constancy of pH.

Contains an amino group and a carboxyl group

Amino acid

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Less than a dozen amino acids make up most of our proteins. Explain how so few amino acids are responsible for the billions of proteins that are used by the body.

Amino acids are like letters of the alphabet. Just as the combinations of individual letters form words, different amino acid combinations form the many different protein chains.

3. Define the term inorganic

An inorganic compound is a compound that usually does not contain carbon, but never contains C-C or C-H bonds.

. What is a cation? an anion? an ion? Give an example of each

An ion is a charged atom or molecule. (Any charged particle can be used as an example.) A cation is a positive ion. (Any positive ion can be used as an example.) An anion is a negative ion. (Any anion can be used as an example.)

19. Compare catabolism, anabolism, and metabolism.

Catabolism breaks down large molecules that release energy. Anabolism builds large molecules from smaller molecules and requires energy. Metabolism encompasses all the reactions in the body—that is, the sum of anabolism and catabolism.

What is catabolism? What function does it serve?

Catabolism consists of chemical reactions that break down relatively complex compounds into simpler ones. The function of catabolism is to release energy.

Contains a ribose sugar and a base

DNA deoxy

______ is NOT a long chain made with many subunits.

Disaccharides

5. What are electrolytes and how are they formed?

Electrolytes are inorganic, charged particles that form when substances dissociate. An example would be NaCl dissociating into Na+ and Cl-. Any ionic compound that is water soluble would be an example.

Amylase is an enzyme present in saliva that begins the breakdown of starch. As with all enzymes, amylase is specific to this particular chemical reaction. Explain how a change in the shape of this protein might affect this reaction.

Enzymes specifically catalyze one specific reaction (lock-and-key model). If amylase is altered in any way, it would not catalyze the starch and it would not be broken down into a simpler, less complex molecule.

____ is an organic compound.

Glucose (C6H12O6)

Identify and differentiate between the three basic types of chemical reactions

In a synthesis reaction, two or more substances are combined to form a different, more complex substance. In a decomposition reaction, a complex substance is broken down into two or more simpler substances. In an exchange reaction, two different reactants exchange components and form two new products.

If an adult has a body weight of 170 pounds, how much of that weight consists of water?

In an adult with a body weight of 170 pounds, about 119 pounds would be water = 170 x 0.70 = 119.

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids—which of these are insoluble in water? contain nitrogen? include prostaglandins? include phospholipids?

Lipids are insoluble in water, contain nitrogen, and include prostaglandins and phospholipids.

What groups make up a nucleotide?

Nucleotides are composed of a phosphate group; a pentose, or five-carbon, sugar; and a nitrogen base.

11. Describe some of the functions proteins perform

Proteins can perform some of the following functions: provide structure, catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes), transport substances in the blood (albumins), communicate information to cells (hormones), act as receptors (membrane binding sites), defend the body against harmful agents (immunoglobulins), and provide energy (protein catabolism).

contains no C-C double bonds

Saturated fatty acids

. Describe the size, shape, and chemical structure of the DNA molecule

The DNA molecule is the largest molecule in the body. It is a polymer composed of many nucleotides. Two chains of nucleotides make up a single DNA molecule. The chains coil around each other to form a double helix.

Explain what a protein molecule's binding site is. What function does it serve in enzymes?

The binding site is the location on an enzyme with a unique shape that joins with a substrate. The binding site is the location on the enzyme where the reaction that the enzyme catalyzes takes place.

9. What are the structural units, or building blocks, of proteins? of carbohydrates? of triglycerides? of DNA?

The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. The building blocks of carbohydrates are monosaccharides. The building blocks of triglycerides are fatty acids and glycerol. The building blocks of DNA are nucleotides.

List at least four functions of water that are crucial to survival

The four functions of water that are crucial to survival are its strong polarity, its high specific heat, its high heat of vaporization, and the cohesion of the molecules.

17. What is the function of DNA?

The function of DNA is to act as the molecule of heredity—to pass the traits of one generation on to the next generation.

What pentose sugar is present in a deoxyribonucleotide?

The pentose sugar deoxyribose is present in deoxyribonucleotide.

16. What base is thymine always paired with in the DNA molecule? What other two bases are always paired?

Thymine is always paired with adenine, and guanine is always paired with cytosine in the DNA molecule.

contains 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic as they contain a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails (usually apart of cell membrane)