a tour of the cell grq

do prokaryotes have chloroplast? animal cells? Plant cells?

prokaryotes--no animal cells--no plant cells--yes

do prokaryotes have mitochondria? animal cells? Plant cells?

prokaryotes--no animal cells--yes plant cells--yes

how materials enter and exit the nucleus

proteins made my ribosomes

Name three fibers that make-up the cytoskeleton?

1. microtubules--thickest 2. microfilaments--thinnest, help support the cell's shape 3. intermediate filaments--in between in thickness, reinforce cell shape, and anchor some organelles

the cell's genetic instructions inside the nucleus

DNA/chromatin

as cell size increases, what happens to its surface-to-volume ratio?

Large cells have much smaller surface area relative to their volume. Combined smaller cubes have a much greater surface-to-volume ratio than one large cube.

major symptoms associated with CF are:

build up of thick mucus which leads to persistent lung infections, destruction of the pancreas, and other complications in the body

why can't cells get very big?

a cell needs to have a surface area large enough to service the volume of a cell. The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane.

what is the function of the cytoskeleton?

a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, included micro-filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

all cells have some features in common. what are they?

a. bound by a plasma membrane b. ribosomes--make proteins by instructions from genes c. interior is filled with a thick, jelly-like fluid called cytosol d. one or more chromosomes that carry genes made of DNA e. cytoplasm--interior of prokaryote, but in eukaryote, it is the region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

what is the difference between proteins made on either: a. free ribosomes in the cytosol b. ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

a. make proteins like enzymes that catalyze cellular respiration b. bound ribosomes make proteins that will be inserted into the membrane, packaged, or exported

there are two kinds of cells in nature. what are they?

a. prokaryotic (lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles) b. eukaryotic (membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles)

what is the function of chloroplasts?

an organelle found in plants and algae that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds (sugars) from carbon dioxide and water a photosynthesizing organelle

what is the median age of survival now for someone with cystic fibrosis?

exceeds 37

Put these in size order: bacterium, human liver cell, ribosome, insulin (a protein), human egg, a carbon atom

human egg, human liver cell, bacterium, ribosome, insulin ( a protein), carbon atom

what does a CFTR modulator do?

it helps the defective protein work at the surface of the cell. In the lungs, Ivacaftor helps salt and fluid to move into the airways, which helps the thin, sticky mucus caused by CF that builds up in the lungs to be easier coughed out.

what is the function of lysosomes?

it is a digestive organelle which contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest engulfed food or damaged organelles. They fuse with food vacuoles and digest the food.

what is the structure and function of the plasma membrane?

it is a flexible, selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules in and out of the cell. It is very thin. The properties of the phospholipid bilayer and the proteins suspended in it relate to the plasma membrane's job to regulate the flow of materials in and out of the cell.

A cell with many ribosomes tells you what about this cell's function?

it must make a lot of proteins. For example, a cell in your pancreas that produces digestive enzymes may contain a few million ribosomes.

how does someone get cystic fibrosis?

mutations in the CF gene cause the CFTR protein to malfunction. The CFTR protein is responsible for regulating the proper flow of chloride and sodium in and out of cells lining the lungs and other organs

a barrier separating the cell's genetic information from the cell's cytosol

nuclear envelope

What is the function of the mitochondria?

organelles that carry out cellular respiration. Use )2 and CO2 to transform the chemical energy of foods to ATP, which can be used for cellular work.

compare and contrast a plant and animal cell.

plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic channels that connect adjacent cells. most organelles of animal cells are found in plant cells, except for lysosomes and centrosomes. for plant cells, only the sperm cells of a few species have flagella. a plant cell has a rigid, thick cell wall. Cell walls contain cellulose, and chloroplast, where photosynthesis occurs. plant cells have a large vacuole, which stores water and various chemicals.

the first line of drugs helped improve the quality of life for CF patients did what?

pulmozyme in 1994 makes the mucus thinner and easier to expel. tobramycin is an antibiotic that delivers medication straight into the lungs. hypertonic saline cuts pulmonary flare-ups in half by clearing mucus by drawing salt and water by into dehydrated airways

all eukaryotes have mitochondria, but not all eukaryotes have chloroplasts. Can you propose an evolutionary explanation for this observation?

the endosymbiont theory states that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism. First would have given rise to eukaryotic cells containing mitochondria. Second would have given rise to cells containing chloroplasts as well as mitochondria.

the rough ER and golgi form a functional unit that help to produce what for the cell.

the rough ER synthesizes and packages a secretory protein. The golgi receives transport vesicles budded from the ER that contain proteins synthesized by bound ribosomes. The golgi finishes processing the proteins and dispatches transport vesicles to the plasma membrane where the proteins are secreted.

what is one disease associated with malfunction of the lysosomal enzymes?

they lack one or more lysosomal enzymes. The lysosomes become engorged with undigested material and interfere with cellular function. Tay-Sachs disease is a lipid-digesting enzyme is missing and brain cells become impaired by the accumulation of lipids.

what is the advantage for the cell in having "compartments" within a eukaryotic cell?

this is so various chemical activities or cellular metabolism take place. The fluid-filled spaces within compartments are locations where specific chemical conditions are maintained. (vary among organelles)