A&P 1 Final Exam, Straighterline Anatomy and Physiology 1, Straighterline A&P 1 Cumulative Final
Which of the following is the correct complementary strand to CATGTC?
GTACAG
The inguinal region is commonly known as the
Groin
An increase in the number of cells is
Growth
Which of the following is NOT associated with interphase?
The cell does nothing but rest
Which of the following genotypes will result in a male?
XY
In order to study in detail the anatomy of internal cell parts, it would be best to use
a transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Which of the following situations could interfere with normal child birth?
a small pelvic outlet
An organelle is
a small structure within a cell
An organ is
a structure composed of several tissue types
a biaxial joint has movement
around two axes at right angles to one another
How do most water-soluble hormones travel in the bloodstream?
as free hormones
A neuroglial cell that is a major component of the blood-brain barrier is the
astrocyte
Which of the following is a synovial joint?
atlanto-occipital
Compounds released from cells that influence the same cell are called _____________.
autocrine chemical messengers
Chromosomes that are NOT associated with sex determination are known as
autosomes
The auditory ossicles are part of the
axial skeleton
The sternum is part of the
axial skeleton
When someone taps you on your shoulder, they stimulate the ____ nerve.
axillary
Which of the following is the definition of a third degree burn? Select one: a. a burn that covers at least 25% of the skin b. a burn that has destroyed the dermis and epidermis c. a burn that can only be caused by fire d. a burn that does not leave scars
b. a burn that has destroyed the dermis and epidermis
The axillary region is the Select one: a. calf. b. armpit. c. hollow behind the knee. d. neck. e. thigh.
b. armpit.
What is the group of structures in the brain that is involved with emotions and memory?
basal nuclei
A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a
canaliculus
What type of gene expression are ABO blood types and example of?
codominance
What type of gene expression are the ABO blood types an example of?
codominance
An organic molecule such as a vitamin that makes an enzyme functional is called a/an
coenzyme
The glenoid cavity is where the
humerus articulates with the scapula
Physiological contracture
is a condition in which cross-bridges cannot release
The pelvic diaphragm is formed by the
levator ani and coccygeus muscles
Which of the following facial bones is correctly matched with its function?
maxilla - possesses sockets for teeth
A synchondrosis
may be temporary
Toward the midline of the body is
median
In which part of the cell cycle do chromosomes align along the equator?
metaphase
The motor neurons responsible for making a fist are
multipolar
Acetylcholine will cause the pupil of the eye to constrict. A drug acts on receptors of acetylcholine to cause the pupils of the eye to dilate. Nicotine does not bind to receptors in smooth muscle cells of the iris. Therefore, the drug which causes the pupils to dilate is a
muscarinic blocking agent
Which of the following is mismatched?
omatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS
Which of the following sequences is correct?
oval window, vestibule, scala vestibuli
Which of the following is a visceral sensation?
pain
Match the disorder with its description. Neuralgia
pain along a nerve tract
What type of covalent bond is formed between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis?
peptide bond
The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the
perichondrium
The covering of the outer surface of bone is the
periosteum
This is a sagittal section through the abdominopelvic cavity. What cavity does "D" represent?
peritoneal cavity
All of the following processes can move substances out of a cell EXCEPT
phagocytosis
Rapidly adapting proprioceptors that provide positional information during movement are called ______ receptors.
phasic
What structure does "A" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane?
phospholipid bilayer
What type of hormone-receptor action allows insulin to move glucose into cells
phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
What type of hormone-receptor action allows insulin to move glucose into cells?
phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
The correct pathway from impulses leaving the retina is
photorecepotrs, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and optic nerve
The correct pathway for impulses leaving the retina is
photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and optic nerve
Eicosanoids
play a role in the response of tissues to injuries
A mutation involving a single nucleotide is a _____ mutation.
point
A mutation involving a single nucleotide is a _______ mutation
point
A person's height, intelligence, eye color, and skin color are examples of
polygenic traits
Imagine the following scenario: Platelets adhere to a damaged blood vessel → Platelets secrete various substances → Platelets adhere to a damaged blood vessel This is an example of _____ feedback.
positive
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in the body?
protection
Which of the following organic groups does hemoglobin belong to?
protein
Magnetic resonance imaging is based on the movement of
protons in a magnetic field
The opposite of retraction is
protraction
The function of a bursa is to
provide a fluid filled cushion that reduces friction
The function of a bursa is to
provide a fluid-filled cushion that reduces friction
Microtubules
provide structure and support of the cytoplasm
Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
provides oxygen to CNS tissue
The shoulder is _______ to the elbow
proximal
Neurons in the skin that are responsible for detecting pain are
pseudo-unipolar
Flexion of the thigh is a movement produced by the
psoas major and iliacus
A malfunction of the process of keratinization results in the condition known as
psoriasis
Turning a structure around its longitudinal axis is called
rotation
The muscles that hold the humeral head within the glenoid cavity are collectively called the
rotator cuff
Osteoclasts have projections that cause bone resorption called
ruffled borders
The amount of body area involved with a burn is determined by the
rules of nines
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the
sacral plexus
The nail proper is composed of the
stratum corneum
In which layer of the epidermis are granules of keratohyalin formed?
stratum granulosum
The figure illustrates a lateral view of the right eyeball. What does "B" represent?
superior oblique
The figure illustrates a lateral view of the right eyeball. What does "C" represent?
superior rectus
Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly is called
supination
To focus on objects closer than 20 feet,
the ciliary muscles must contract
Concentric contractions occur when
the muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens
Two tracts found within the extrapyramidal system are the
vestibulospinal and rubrospinal
The pain a person experiences with acute appendicitis results from stimulating nerve endings called
visceroreceptors
Which of the following terms does NOT relate to the mitochondria
vitamin A storage
This condition involves the development of white patches on the skin caused by the loss of melanocytes
vitiligo
The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are
collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
The absolute refractory period assures
completion of repolarization before another action potential
Sodium chloride is considered a(n)
compound
A gland with branching ducts that end in acini would be classified as
compound acinar
Electrolytes are substances that
conduct electricity when dissolved in water
Lipid-soluble hormones can be more easily excreted once they have water-soluble molecules added to their structure in a process called
conjugation
A general characteristic of connective tissue is that it
consists of cells with much intercellular material (matrix) between them
A proper definition of muscle tone is
constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time
Which of the following is NOT a symapthetic effect on the body?
constriction of the pupil
Spongy bone tissue
contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae.
The middle portion of the primary motor area
contains motor neurons for arms and forearms
The capacity of a muscle cell to shorten forcefully is known as
contractility.
Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue?
contraction
Upper motor neurons
control skeletal muscles
What does "C" represent?
conus medullaris
Which of the following occurs during recovery from oxygen deficit?
conversion of excess lactic acid to glucose
A primary function of the cerebellum is to
coordinate movement
What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres?
corpus callosum
What type of connective tissue is found in the walls of large arteries?
dense irregular elastic tissue
Stretch marks develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the
dermis
This is a picture of a skin wound. What does "D" represent?
dermis
The pyramids of the medulla contain
descending motor tracts
The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is
detection of heat and touch
Which of the following activities would represent a physiological study?
determining normal blood sugar levels for 20-year-old students
An X-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone
diaphysis
The direction from which a sound is coming can be determined by the
differences in the time that sound waves take to reach each ear
Damage to the muscle called the levator ani would result in
difficult defecation and decreased support for the pelvic viscera
An infant born with a genetic defect that causes little or no brown fat to be formed will have
difficulty regulating his body temperature
When acetylcholine binds with nicotinic receptors, the response is
excitatory
With aging, individuals tend to feel colder and usually need the thermostat in their home set higher in the winter to feel warm enough. This is probably because the elderly
experience a decrease in the thickness of their subcutaneous fat layer
Label muscle "C" on the diagram.
external oblique
A joint that has no joint cavity and exhibits little or no movement would be classified as a
fibrous joint
a joint that has no joint cavity and exhibits little or no movement would be classified as a
fibrous joint
The lateral malleolus is part of the
fibula
Taste buds are not associated with _____ papillae.
filiform
The opposite of extension is
flexion
If a person drums their fingers on the table, they would be using which of the following muscles?
flexor digitorum profundus
The spinal cord begins at the
foramen magnum
The area of greatest visual acuity is the
fovea centralis
Melanoma can be detected early and treated with the application of a special rule. Which of the following is NOT a test used to determine if a mole is cancerous?
freckles
The central sulcus separates the
frontal and parietal lobes
What does structure "D" represent?
frontal bone
structures that function in intercellular communication are
gap junctions
All triplets required to code for synthesis of a protein are a
gene
When you say "ah" and stick out your tongue, which muscle do you use?
genioglossus
The actual genetic constitution of an individual is its
genotype
The figure illustrates the autonomic reflexes and the heart. What does "A" represent?
glossopharyngeal nerve
The largest buttocks muscle is the
gluteus maximus
What inhibitory neurotransmitter is blocked in strychnine poisoning?
glycine
A delicate connective tissue composed of fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries is called
granulation tissue
A bone fracture generally found in cildren that is incomplete is a(an)
greenstick fracture
A tissue is a
group of cells with similar structure and function
Which of the following characteristics is NOT consistent with simple squamous epithelial tissue?
has good blood supply within it
Axons
have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic termials
Albinism in which there is an absence of melanin pigment would affect the individual's ability to
have high levels of visual acuity and prevent scattering of light inside the eye.
A baseball pitcher was hit on the side of the head by a line drive. When he was revived, he could not remember how many balls and strikes the batter had. This was because
he lost both working and short-term memory
Rapid changes in altitude can rupture the eardrum. Symptoms that may occur include
hearing impairment
Hormones are intercellular chemical signals that
help coordinate growth, development, and reporduction
The ligamentum nuchae
helps keep the head erect
What attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane?
hemidesmosomes
What genetic disorder is the failure to produce clotting factors?
hemophilia
What genetic disorder is the failure to produce clotting factors?
hemophillia
What results from damage to annulus fibrosus and release of nucleus pulposus?
herniated disk
What term means that both alleles are different?
heterozygous
Which of the following is mismatched?
hip joint- cruciate ligaments
Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines?
histology
The study of tissues is
histology
The popliteal region is the
hollow behind the knee
Chromosome pairs are called
homologous pairs
What term means that both alleles are the same?
homozygous
The genotype WW is best described as
homozygous dominant
Inferior
Pointing towards the feet (down)
Which of the following is true?
Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs
Genes on the X chromomes are
X-linked
Melanin is found in which cells?
Both melanocytes and keratinocytes
In order for both eyes to direct their gaze to the right, which of the following muscles are used? (1) right lateral rectus (2) right medial rectus (3) left lateral rectus (4) left medial rectus
1 and 4
A solution that contains one osmole of solute in one kilogram (kg) of water is called a
1 osmolal solution
Consider the following events in the nuclear receptor model: (1) Hormone receptor complex binds to DNA. (2) Messenger RNA directs synthesis of specific proteins. (3) Hormone binds to receptors in the nucleus (sometimes in the cytoplasm) (4) Messenger RNA synthesis is activated. (5) Synthesized proteins produce the response of the cell. Which of these events occurs in the nucleus?
1, 3, 4
Indicate the order of each of the following in a descending pathway. (1) cerebral cortex (2) pyramids (3) cerebral peduncles (4) internal capsule
1, 4, 3, 2
There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves and _____ pairs of spinal nerves.
12; 31
Which of the following result when the spinal cord is hemitransected (cut) on the left side? (1) loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the left side (2) loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the right side (3) loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on the left side (4) loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on right side (5) loss of fine motor control on the right side below the injury (6) loss of fine motor control on the left side below the injury
2, 3, 6
Given the following list of organic molecules, which includes hormones? 1) nucleic acid derivatives 2) polypeptides 3) steroids 4)proteins
2,3,4
An atom has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. This atom will have
20 Neutrons
An atom has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. This atom will have
20 neutrons
Arrange the following to reflect the correct sequence an action potential would follow to reach the olfactory cortex of the brain: (1) olfactory bulb (2) olfactory cortex (3) olfactory epithelium (4) olfactory tract
3, 1, 4, 2
Organize the following structural levels of the human body from simplest to most complex. (1) Cell (2) tissue (3) chemical (4) organ system (5) organ
3,1,2,5,4
Arrange the following to reflect the correct sequence an action potential would follow to reach the olfactory cortex of the brain: (1) olfactory bulb (2) olfactory cortex (3) olfactory epithelium (4) olfactory tract
3,1,4,2
A sharp object penetrated a synovial joint. From the following list of structures, select the order in which they were penetrated. (1) tendon or muscle (2) ligament (3) fibrous capsule (4) skin (5) synovial membrane
4, 1, 2, 3, 5
In humans, somatic cells have ____ chromosomes, while reproductive cells (gametes) have ____.
46; 23
In humans, somatic cells have __________ chromosomes, while reproductive cells (gametes) have ____________.
46; 23
A non-albino female who is a carrier for the albino allele (Aa), mates with an albino (aa) male. What is the probability that their children will be albino?
50%
The region of the sarcomere that contains both actin and mysin myofilaments is called the
A band
An organelle is
A small structure within a cell
Which of the following is most similar to the negative feedback mechanism in human physiology?
A toilet tank refills itself after a flush
Which of the following special senses experiences the least amount of decline as an individual ages? A. olfactory B. balance C. visual D. auditory
A. olfactory
Which of the following chemical reactions best represents the decomposition of ATP?
ATP+H2O->P1+energy
Which type of transport proteins use cell energy to move molecules across the plasma membrane?
ATP-powered pumps
Which of the following is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
All of these are effects of PTH
Acne is caused by
All of these are factors
The nervous system
All of these choice are correct: monitors internal and external stimuil transmits information in the form of action potentials interprets or assesses information maintains homeostasis
Mitochondria
All of these choices are correct: contains DNA Have inner and outer membranes have inner folds called cristae are the cell's power plants
Portions of pre-mRNA that do NOT code for parts of a protein are called
All of these except exons do not code for parts of a protein introns start codons stop codons
Which of the following factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions?
All of these factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions
Which of the following factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions?
All of these factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions a. temp b. concentration of reactants c. presence of catalysts d. presence of enzymes
A different form of an allele at a particular locus that can have no effect to major effects on the phenotype is a(n)
Allelic varient
What type of tissue covers the ends of long bones?
Articular cartilage
Which of the following is consistent with homeostasis?
As body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body
Deep means
Away from the surface
When the arrector pili muscles contract
B. "goose bumps" form on the skin
What is the smallest level of organization in the body that contains the body's genetic information? Select one: a. chemical b. cellular c. tissue d. organism
B. Cellular The cellular level includes the nucleus, an organelle that contains the body's genetic information.
The articulations between the radius and ulna that allow for rotation of the forearm is an example of a(n) _________ joint. A. plane B. pivot C. hinge D. ellipsoid
B. pivot
Hypocalcemia results from inactive A. adrenal glands. B. pancreatic islets. C. parathyroid glands. D. parafollicular cells.
C. parathyroid glands.
Which component of the autonomic nervous system is least active during resting conditions? A. parasympathetic division B. enteric nervous system C. sympathetic division D. sensory neurons
C. sympathetic division
The anticodon sequence GUA pairs with which of the following codons?
CAU
Which of the following types of openings in the skeletal system does a "sinus" describe?
Cavity
Which pattern of hormone secretion, exemplified by thyroid hormones, remains relatively constant over long periods of time?
Chronic hormone secretion
The flexion of the elbow represents a
Class III lever system
Which of the following components of the bone matrix, when removed, allows the bone to be easily shattered?
Collagen
In order to increase low blood glucose levels back to normal, the pancreas increases secretion of ________. A. somatostatin B. insulin C. glucocorticoids D. glucagon
D. glucagon
Deoxyribose is a sugar found in
DNA
How does the reproductive system contribute to osteoporosis?
Decreased estrogen levels following menopause contribute to the disease
Which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells?
Depolarization causes voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open
Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle?
Dilating and constricting the pupil of the eye
What genetic disorder is caused by having three chromosomes 21
Down Syndrome
Which of the following chromosome anomalies can be found in either sex?
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
What genetic disorder is caused by having three chromosomes 21?
Down syndrome
Which of the following types of joints is mismatched with its location?
Ellipsoid- between femur and tibia
Which of the following statements concerning epithelial cell surfaces is false?
Epithelium with folded surfaces tends to be very rigid
Consider the two statements and use the following key to choose your answer. (1) the number of sympathetic impulses produced when a person is angry (2) the number of sympathetic impulses produced when a person is relaxed
First item is greater than the second item
There are more microbial cells than human cells in your body and the health of this microbiota clearly influences human well-being. How many microbes are there?.
For every cell in your body, there are ten microbial cells
What type of burn involves damage to the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue?
Full thickness
Muscles can be classified by their shape and fascicle orientation. Which shape has the muscle fibers that run the length of the muscle and taper at each end?
Fusiform
What molecule is activated from the binding of an odorantto transmembranous receptor molecules on olfactory hairs
G protein
Which of the following is a regulatory protein associated with membrane-bound receptor molecules?
G protein
If acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors
G proteins mediate the cell's response
When norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors
G proteins mediate the cell's response
When norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors,
G proteins mediate the cell's response.
Amanda has no visual impairments, but has noticed that in order to see clearly she must hold books farther from her face in order to read. What is happening to Amanda's vision?
Her lens is becoming more rigid with age
All of the following characteristics of hormones except
Hormones interact with any cells in contact with bloodstream
Which of the following statements concerning types of muscle contractions is false?
In isometric contractions, the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant
What term describes the inheritance of a trait which in the heterozygote has an intermediate expression between either allele?
Incomplete dominance
Which of the following is a function of the vertebral column?
It allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord.
Identify the statement concerning skeletal muscle that is true
It is responsible for locomotion
Atrophy at the neuromuscular junction that naturally occurs with age would have what effect on muscles?
It would decrease the number of action potentials sent to the myofiber.
In hyperpolarization
K+ ions tend to diffuse of the the cell
Synthesis of progesterone in the ovary and testosterone in the testis is stimulated by
LH (luteinizing hormone)
Which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging?
Loss of subcutaneous tissue contributes to the sagging of skin
Which class of chemical messengers is secreted by neurons into synaptic clefts to activate an adjacent cell?
Neurotransmitter
Thyroid hormones (TH) normally travel in the blood both free and bound to TH-binding proteins. What would you expect to see in the blood work of a patient who had a deficiency of TH-binding protein?
Normal free TH levels, and low bound TH levels
During DNA replication, how does each template strand eventually become two identical DNA molecules?
One strand forms continuously, the other forms in short segments spliced by DNA ligase
Which of the following processes generates the most ATP within a human cell?
Oxidative phosphorylation
The delivery of a radioactive compound to the body to study the metabolism of tissues is called
PET
Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?
Regulates equilibrium and balance from the inner ear
Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?
Regulates skeletal muscle contraction strength
Which sentence best describes the sliding filament model of muscle contraction?
Sarcomeres and myofibrils contract
Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?
Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons
Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?
Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons.
What strengthens the attachment of the tendons or ligaments to bone?
Sharpey fibers
Which body system would be affected by degeneration of cartilage in joints?
Skeletal
Which of the following is the most widely distributed type of muscle in the body?
Smooth
How does distribution of sympathetic nerves differ from the distribution of parasympathetic nerves
Spinal nerves contain sympathetic fibers, while cranial nerves contain parasympathetic fibers
Which of the following is NOT associated with impetigo?
Streptococcus pyogenes
which of the following describes the position of the nose?
Superior to the mouth
What type of membranes line joint cavities?
Synovial
What is membrane potential?
The electrical charge difference across the membrane caused by ion movement.
Which of the following statements applies to the autonomic nervous system?
The receptor molecules of the ANS may be muscarinic, nicotinic, or adrenergic.
Which of the following statements concerning fast-twitch muscle fibers is true?
They split ATP rapidly
Posterior means
Toward the back of the body
Which of the following events occurs last in intramembranous ossification?
Trabecular bone is formed
Which of the following is true?
Unmyelinated axons rest in invaginations of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes
Which of the following statements is false?
Water evaporation heats the body
Some drugs for treating acne include peroxides that increases 'peeling' or shedding of skin. This drugs' side effects include drying of the skin, redness, rashes, bleaching and possible loss of hair in areas in contact. Do peroxides have an effect on the sebum-production?
Yes, the effect is on the dermis and the sebaceous glands are located there.
What does "D" represent on the diagram?
Z disk
Lyme disease is
a bacterial infection transmitted by ticks.
Which of the following is the definition of a third degree burn?
a burn that has destroyed the dermis and epidermis
When a few intracellular mediator molecules activate several enzymes, and each of these activated enzymes activate still other enzymes, the hormone has initiated
a cascade effect
Rheumatoid arthritis is
a condition that may involve an autoimmune disease.
Osteomalacia is
a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion
An organ system is
a group of organs with a common set of functions
Gout is
a metabolic disorder caused by increased uric acid in blood
An antagonist is
a muscle working in opposition to another muscle
There are more microbial cells than human cells in your body and the health of this microbiota clearly influences human well-being. How many microbes are there?. Select one: a. For every cell in your body, there are ten microbial cells. b. For every cell in your body, there are one hundred microbial cells. c. For every cell in your body, there are one thousand microbial cells. d. For every cell in your body, there are ten thousand microbial cells.
a. For every cell in your body, there are ten microbial cells.
In the reversible reaction, CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- , a decrease in respiration rate will increase the concentration of CO2 in the blood. What will this do to the amount of H+ in the blood? Select one: a. H+ will increase. b. H+ will decrease. c. H+ will be unchanged.
a. H+ will increase.
The mesentery is Select one: a. a double-layered serous membrane that anchors some of the abdominal organs to the body wall. b. the serous membrane that covers the lungs. c. the serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. d. space located between the visceral and parietal pleura. e. the membrane that lines the pericardial sac.
a. a double-layered serous membrane that anchors some of the abdominal organs to the body wall.
An organelle is Select one: a. a small structure within a cell. b. a structure composed of several tissue types. c. the basic structural unit of all living organisms. d. a group of organs with a common set of functions. e. a group of cells with similar structure and function.
a. a small structure within a cell.
Which of the following types of openings in the skeletal system does a "sinus" describe? Select one: a. cavity b. cleft c. hole d. tunnel
a. cavity
Which of the following would be classified as a lipid? Select one: a. cholesterol-a steroid b. alanine-an amino acid c. starch-a polysaccharide d. catalase-an enzyme e. sucrose-a disaccharide
a. cholesterol-a steroid
"Cutting off your nose" would be a section in the _____ plane. Select one: a. coronal b. nasal c. median d. transverse e. sagittal
a. coronal
Normal pH for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Maintenance of the pH in this range is Select one: a. critical because enzymes work best within narrow ranges of pH. b. not critical because extreme pH values do not affect enzyme function. c. called denaturation. d. not required. e. None of these choices is correct.
a. critical because enzymes work best within narrow ranges of pH.
Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines? Select one: a. histology b. physiology c. gross anatomy d. radiology e. regional anatomy
a. histology
Exposure to ultraviolet light causes the skin to darken by stimulating the
activity of the enzyme tyrosinase
In an x-ray film of the skeletal system, the dense tissue areas appear ______ because they ______ the x-rays; and the less dense tissues appear ______ because they ______ the x-rays. Select one: a. light, absorb; dark, do not absorb b. dark, absorb; light, do not absorb c. light, do not absorb; dark, aborb d. dark, do not absorb; light, do absorb
a. light, absorb; dark, do not absorb
What structure does "B" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? Select one: a. membrane channel protein b. phospholipid bilayer c. internal membrane surface d. peripheral protein e. integral protein
a. membrane channel protein
The targeted response of the hormone lipotropin is an increase in which of the following? Select one: a. the breakdown of fat in adipose tissues b. the breakdown of lipids and release of fatty acids from cells c. the production of milk in lactating women d. the secretion of thyroid hormone
a. the breakdown of fat in adipose tissues
Kinetic energy is Select one: a. the form of energy that actually does work. b. movement of ions or electrons. c. energy that flows between objects with different temperatures. d. stored energy that could do work but is not doing so. e. energy that moves in waves.
a. the form of energy that actually does work.
This is a sagittal section through the abdominopelvic cavity. What serous membrane does "C" represent? Select one: a. visceral peritoneum (covers organs) b. mesentery c. parietal peritoneum (lines cavity) d. retroperitoneal organs e. peritoneal cavity
a. visceral peritoneum (covers organs)
The cavity of the body immediately inferior to the diaphragm is the ____________ cavity
abdominal
Which of the following movements does not occur at the knee joint?
abduction
a base is a proton
acceptor
What genetic disorder is a type of dwarfism characterized by shortening of the upper and lower limbs?
achondroplasia
The active sites to which cross-bridges attach are found on the
actin myofilaments
Which of the following occurs when a hormone binds to a nuclear receptor?
activation of mRNA synthesis
Which pattern of hormone secretion, represented by epinephrine, can have dramatic changes in its concentration and circulating levels?
acute hormone secretion
Sensory ______ is the ability the brain has to prioritize the sensory input it receives and to ignore unimportant stimuli.
adaptation
Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide?
adenine--a nitrogen base
What is the girdle of glycoproteins just below the tight junction between epithelial cells?
adhesion belt
What type of cells contain large amounts of lipids?
adipocytes
Heather is watching a movie. What type of chemical pathway do her muscles depend upon at this time?
aerobic respiration
The presence of a cellular clock, presence of "death genes" and damage to DNA or mitochondria are all theories of _____.
aging
What genetic disorder is characterized by lack of skin, hair, eye coloration?
albinism
Melanin production can be influenced by
all of the choices are correct
Which of the following events occurs in the secondary active transport of glucose?
all of the choices are correct
The brainstem
all of these choices are correct: includes nuclei of cranial nerves II-XII contains centers for several vital reflexes like heart rate and blood pressure contains the reticular formation contains nuclei for vomiting and sneezing reflexes
If an albino (aa) mates with a person homozygous for normal pigment (AA),
all offspring are carriers
The type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in quiet resting state with eyes closed are _________ waves
alpha
The two classes of adrenergic receptors are
alpha and beta
Which pancreatic cells is correctly matched to its secretion?
alpha cells - glucagon
Saltatory conduction of an action potential means that
an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node
A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. This is called
an all-or-none response
Normal pH range for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. If blood pH falls below 7.35
an imbalance called acidosis results
Which of the following events will lead to depolarization?
an increase in K+ ions in the extracellular fluid
A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in the blood. According to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses?
an increase in the respiratory rate
Arthritis is
an inflammation of any joint
Arthritis is
an inflammation of any joint.
Damage to Wernicke area would result in
aphasia
The pelvic girdle and lower limb are part of the
appendicular skeleton
Lipids
are an important component of cell membranes
Synovial joints are different from both fibrous and cartilaginous joints because synovial joints
are enclosed by a joint capsule
Autonomic reflexes
are integrated somewhere in the CNS
Nucleotides
are the building blocks of nucleic acids
The smallest particle of an element that still exhibits the chemical characteristics of that element is a(n) Select one: a. electron. b. atom. c. chemical bond. d. orbital. e. proton.
b. atom.
Which of the following components of the bone matrix, when removed, allows the bone to be easily shattered? Select one: a. cartilage b. collagen c. hydroxyapatite d. mineral
b. collagen
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions Select one: a. cling tightly together. b. dissociate or separate from one another. c. lose their charge. d. get lost in the solvent. e. settle to the bottom of the container.
b. dissociate or separate from one another.
Subatomic particles located around the nucleus of an atom are Select one: a. protons. b. electrons. c. neutrons. d. neutrinos. e. photons.
b. electrons.
A major limitation of radiographs is that they Select one: a. can only visualize bone. b. give only a flat, two-dimensional image of the body. c. are old technology that do not give good results. d. have very few applications.
b. give only a flat, two-dimensional image of the body.
doctor performing an autopsy on a patient concludes that part of the brain was likely damaged by trauma due to a large population of which type of cell? Select one: a. Schwann cells b. microglia c. oligodendrocytes d. ependymal cel
b. microglia
What structure does "A" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? Select one: a. membrane channel protein b. phospholipid bilayer c. internal membrane surface d. peripheral protein e. integral protein
b. phospholipid bilayer
Molecules that form when electrons are shared unequally between atoms are called Select one: a. salt molecules. b. polar molecules. c. nonpolar molecules. d. lopsided molecules. e. None of these choices are correct.
b. polar molecules.
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in the body? Select one: a. structural component of DNA b. protection c. bulk in feces d. energy e. structural component of RNA
b. protection
Which of the following activities is a function of the plasma membrane? Select one: a. digestion of unneeded cell organelles b. recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system c. transport of products from the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum d. cell metabolism e. detoxification
b. recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system
Which of the following would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum?
balance impairment
Which of the following joints is most movable?
ball and socket
Which type of skin cancer is the most common?
basal cell carcinoma
Brain waves associated with information processing or problem solving are ____ waves.
beta
Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance?
beta thalassemia
Of the following muscles of the thigh, which one is NOT part of the quadriceps group?
biceps femoris
The role of cAMP when it acts as an intracellular mediator in cells is to
bind to and activate protein kinase
What is the removal of a tissue sample from patients via surgery or needle to diagnose disease?
biopsy
A tissue that has a fluid matrix is
blood
How does the cardiovascular system contribute to osterporosis
blood clotting starts repair process
Osteomyelitis is
bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection
Ligaments attach
bone to bone
When a person consumes a substantial amount of nicotine, the response
both increases parasympathetic responses and increases sympathetic responses
a gland produces a watery secretion that contains solutes. The secretion also contains a substantial amount of phospholipid. The type of secretory process for this gland is probably
both merocrine and apocrine
Which type of muscle tissue possesses striations?
both skeletal and cardiac muscle
The strength of a stimulus is communicated through
both the frequency and the length of time action potentials are produced
Which of the following arteries supply blood to the brain?
both the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries
Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the _______________ plexus
brachial
Which of the following is not a use of X-ray imaging?
brain tumor progression
This is a midsagittal section of the right half of the brain. What does "A" represent?
brainstem
How do hormones and target cells recognize one another
by the presence of specific receptor molecules on the target cells
Which sentence best describes the sliding filament model of muscle contraction? Select one: a. Actin and myosin filaments remain stationary. b. Actin and myosin myofilaments shorten. c. Sarcomeres and myofibrils contract. d. Sarcomeres and myofibrils lengthen.
c. Sarcomeres and myofibrils contract.
Cephalic means Select one: a. toward the middle or midline of the body. b. away from the surface. c. closer to the head. d. closer than another structure to the point of attachment to the trunk. e. toward the back of the body.
c. closer to the head.
Which of the following lists includes only monosaccharides that are isomers of one another? Select one: a. glycogen, glucose, sucrose b. starch, glycogen, cellulose c. glucose, fructose, galactose d. ribose, glycogen, glucose e. deoxyribose, glycogen, starch
c. glucose, fructose, galactose
Visual inspection of the appearance of the liver and gallbladder during surgery is associated with which of the following? Select one: a. histology b. physiology c. gross anatomy d. radiology e. cytology
c. gross anatomy
What structure does "E" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? Select one: a. membrane channel protein b. phospholipid bilayer c. internal membrane surface d. peripheral protein e. receptor protein
c. internal membrane surface
The lumbar region is the Select one: a. area in front of the elbow. b. chest area. c. lower back. d. bottom of foot. e. forearm.
c. lower back.
Which class of chemical messengers is secreted by neurons into synaptic clefts to activate an adjacent cell? Select one: a. autocrine b. endocrine c. neurotransmitter d. paracrine
c. neurotransmitter
Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane. What does "C" represent on the diagram? Select one: a. phosphorus b. oxygen c. nitrogen d. polar (hydrophilic) region e. nonpolar (hydrophobic) region
c. nitrogen
Which of the following processes generates the most ATP within a human cell? Select one: a. glycolysis b. lactic acid fermentation c. oxidative phosphorylation d. citric acid cycle
c. oxidative phosphorylation
A cell is Select one: a. a small structure within a molecule. b. a structure composed of several tissue types. c. the basic structural unit of living organisms. d. a group of organs with a common set of functions. e. a group of atoms with similar structure and function.
c. the basic structural unit of living organisms.
The sural region is the
calf
The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction
can be lowered by enzymes
Sympathetic preganglionic axons
can synapse in either chain or collateral ganglia
The humerus articulates with the radius at the
capitulum
The four most abundant elements in the human body are
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
What type of muscle is found in the wall of the heart?
cardiac muscle
Which type of muscle tissue has cells that branch?
cardiac muscle
Which of the following systems carries necessary compounds like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?
cardiovascular
An example of a saddle joint is the
carpometacarpal joint
Joints joined together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage would be classified as ______ joints.
cartilaginous
What does "D" represent?
cauda equina
The orbicularis oculi muscle
causes crow's feet wrinkles
Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in
cell bodies or soma
What is the smallest level of organization in the body that contains the body's genetic information?
cellular
The locations where ossification begins in intramembranous ossification are known as
centers of ossification
Which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills?
central nervous system
A nurse is caring for a patient who exhibits the following symptoms: (1) inability to maintain balance while walking (2) normal intelligence (3) can initiate voluntary movements although they are somewhat uncoordinated (4) decreased tone int he skeletal muscles The patients probably suffering from a condition that affected the
cerebellum
The energy stored in ATP is a form of ________ energy.
chemical
The pectoral region is the
chest area
Which of the following is NOT an adhesive molecule found in the ground substance of connective tissue?
chondroitin sulfate
Which pattern of hormone secretion, exemplified by thyroid hormones, remains relatively constant over long periods of time?
chronic hormone secretion
a bone fracture that does not perforate the skin is a(an)
closed fracture
Cephalic means
closer to the head
When Harry stepped on a nail, inflammation and infection were severe, but localized. Which of the following functions serves to wall off or isolate the injured area to the greatest degree?
coagulation of plasma proteins
Which of the following is a descending pathway in a spinal cord
corticospinal tract
Which of the following is a descending pathway in the spinal cord?
corticospinal tract
The ______ tract and the ______ tract make up the pyramidal system.
corticospinal; corticobulbar
Axons exit the sympathetic chain ganglia by all of the following except
cranial nerves
The peripheral nervous system includes
cranial nerves
The peripheral nervous system includes the
cranial nerves
Red blood Cells (RBCs) have been placed in three different solutions: hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic: What is the condition of the RBC in solution "B"? (the squished RBC again)
crenated
The process of meiosis will _____ as the gametes are produced
cut the chromosome number by 1/2
The bluish tinge of skin due to a reduction of oxygen in the blood is called
cyanosis
A solution that contains one osmole of solute in one kilogram (kg) of water is called a Select one: a. 1% solution. b. 1 molar solution. c. 10% solution. d. 1 osmolal solution. e. None of these choices are correct.
d. 1 osmolal solution.
During DNA replication, how does each template strand eventually become two identical DNA molecules? Select one: a. The two strands form continuously, catalyzed by DNA polymerase. b. The two strands form continuously, catalyzed by DNA ligase. c. One strand forms continuously, the other forms in short segments spliced by DNA polymerase. d. One strand forms continuously, the other forms in short segments spliced by DNA ligase.
d. One strand forms continuously, the other forms in short segments spliced by DNA ligase.
A molecular biologist discovers that if a specific drug effectively treats obesity in mice, what can researchers conclude? Select one: a. If the drug was effective in a large number of mice, it will therefore be effective in humans. b. If the drug was effective in a small proportion of mice, it will be effective in a small proportion of humans. c. The mice have provided a positive control in this experiment that proves the drug is effective in humans. d. The drug is effective in the mouse model; it must still be tested in humans. e. The effect of the drug on mice has no bearing on the effect of the drug on humans.
d. The drug is effective in the mouse model; it must still be tested in humans.
An organ system is Select one: a. a small structure within a cell. b. a structure composed of several tissue types. c. the basic structural unit of all living organisms. d. a group of organs with a common set of functions. e. a group of cells with similar structure and function.
d. a group of organs with a common set of functions.
All of the synthesis reactions in the body are called Select one: a. catabolism. b. hydrolysis. c. oxidation-reduction. d. anabolism. e. dissociation.
d. anabolism.
What particle is formed when an acid loses a proton (H+)? Select one: a. buffer b. conjugate acid c. salt d. conjugate base
d. conjugate base
Which of the following is not a function of the control center within a feedback mechanism? Select one: a. receives and processes information b. controls effectors c. establishes a set point d. detects a change in the value of a variable
d. detects a change in the value of a variable
A tissue is a Select one: a. structure contained within a cell. b. lower level of organization than a cell. c. group of organs that performs specific functions. d. group of cells with similar structure and function. e. structure that contains a group of organs.
d. group of cells with similar structure and function.
Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane. What does "A" represent on the diagram? Select one: a. phosphorus b. oxygen c. nitrogen d. polar (hydrophilic) region e. nonpolar (hydrophobic) region
d. polar (hydrophilic) region
Which of the following is the most widely distributed type of muscle in the body? Select one: a. cardiac b. postural c. skeletal d. smooth
d. smooth
An anatomic image created from sound waves is a Select one: a. radiograph. b. CT scan. c. MRI. d. sonogram
d. sonogram
Which is the most superficial layer of skin that is composed primarily of living cells? Select one: a. stratum corneum b. stratum lucidum c. stratum basale d. stratum spinosum
d. stratum spinosum
Which is an example of a normally occurring positive-feedback mechanism? Select one: a. elevated blood pressure during exercise b. increase in heart rate after blood loss c. decrease in blood pressure after blood loss d. stretching of the uterus near the end of pregnancy
d. stretching of the uterus near the end of pregnancy
What type of axons is found in a gray ramus comunicans? Select one: a. myelinated, pre-ganglionic axons b. myelinated, post-ganglionic axons c. unmyelinated, pre-ganglionic axons d. unmyelinated, post-ganglionic axons
d. unmyelinated, post-ganglionic axons
A patient with a lesion in the hippocampus may have decreased
declarative memory
Synovial fluid
decreases friction between bones
Another name for a bedsore is
decubitus ulcer
which of the following is NOT a G-protein complex protein?
delta
All of the following muscles are rotators of the arm. Which is a lateral rotator of the arm?
deltoid
What type of process conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body?
dendrite
The aroma of cookies baking in the kitchen reaches you in the living room. The distribution of this odor throughout the house is an example of
diffusion
The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the
digestive tract
Where is the enteric nervous system located?
digestive tract
What technique creates a three-dimensional dynamic image of blood vessels?
digital subtraction angiography
Which of the following is NOT a parasympathetic effect?
dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs
A gene that is responsible for producing trypsin in the pancreas would be a ____ gene.
dominant
In order to put on a glove, the fingers are abducted by hand muscles called the
dorsal interossei
Which of the following chromosome anomalies can be found in either sex?
down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms is a(n) Select one: a. compound. b. element. c. ion. d. molecule. e. compound and a molecule.
e. compound and a molecule.
Chemical substances that dissolve in water or react with water to release ions are known as Select one: a. buffers. b. enzymes. c. bases. d. inorganic compounds. e. electrolytes.
e. electrolytes.
Consider the following five terms. Which term does not belong with the other four terms? Select one: a. disaccharide b. sucrose c. lactose d. maltose e. glucose
e. glucose
What structure does "C" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? Select one: a. membrane channel protein b. phospholipid bilayer c. internal membrane surface d. peripheral protein e. integral protein
e. integral protein
Solution A increases its acidity. This means that the Select one: a. solution is closer to neutrality. b. pH of the solution has increased. c. solution will now accept more protons. d. number of hydrogen ions has decreased. e. number of hydrogen ions has increased.
e. number of hydrogen ions has increased.
The study of the external form of the body and its relationship to deeper structures is Select one: a. systemic anatomy. b. regional anatomy. c. molecular biology. d. microbiology. e. surface anatomy
e. surface anatomy
What system removes nitrogenous waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance? Select one: a. respiratory b. lymphatic c. cardiovascular d. immune e. urinary
e. urinary
Which of the following terms correctly identifies the name of an embryonic germ layer?
ectoderm
Inflammation of the skin is called dermatitis or
eczema
What role does oxytocin play in lactation?
ejection of milk
A coiled fibrous protein in connective tissue that is stretchy is called
elastin
Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called
electrolytes, because they can conduct an electrical current
Subatomic particles located around the nucleus of an atom are
electrons
In ionic bonding
electrons are transferred from one atom to another
What is the role of myosin phosphatase
enzyme that removes phosphate from myosin
Sympathetic stimulation of the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla causes the release of
epinephrine and norepinephrine
What is the site of long bone growth
epiphyseal plate
What is the site of long bone growth?
epiphyseal plate
What is the long end of the bone?
epiphysis
Which pattern of hormone secretion, often observed in steroid reproductive hormones, will fluctuate over a monthly cycle?
episodic hormone secretion
The habenular nuclei and pineal body are both found in the
epithalamus
Which of the following will help cool the body?
evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface
Some thyroid disorders are characterized by an increase in the width of the palpebral fissure. This would be an increase in the distance between the
eyelids
Paralysis on the right side of the face could result from damage to the right _____ nerve.
facial
You taste a sauce with the "tip of your tongue". These taste sensations would be carried via the _____ cranial nerve.
facial (VII)
Facial expression is regulated by the
facial nerve
Motor control of the face is the function of the ____ nerve, while sensation from the face is determined by the ____ nerve.
facial, trigeminal
When a neuron releases a neuromodulator that _____ the release of neurotransmitters from another neuron, this is called presynaptic facilitation.
facilitation
A mitochondrial disease is passed to offspring via the father
false
A cell that forms fibrous connective tissue would be called a
fibroblast
What type of connective tissue is found between the vertebrae?
fibrocartilage
What does structure "E" represent on the diagram?
fibrous capsule
Blood chemistry changes are examples of ______ stimuli, whereas sympathetic nervous system impulses are examples of _______ stimuli for hormone release
humoral; neural
A group of water molecules are held together by
hydrogen bonds
an IPSP is inhibitory because it
hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane
Red blood cells (RBCs) have been placed in three different solutions: hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic. What is solution "B" relative to the RBC?
hypertonic solution
Red blood cells (RBCs) have been placed in three different solutions: hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic. What is solution "B" relative to the RBC? (it's squished and deformed)
hypertonic solution
A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the
hypodermis
This is the site of fat storage in the skin.
hypodermis
What part of the brain is in overall control of the ANS
hypothalamus
Which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system?
hypothalamus
In reference to the body tempaerature in living organisms, the set point can be defined as the
ideal normal value
An example of adaptation of receptors would be _____.
ignoring the presence of clothes
Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?
immunity
The photoreceptor cells are located
in the photoreceptive layer of the retina
All of the following are changes due to age-related decreases in endocrine secretions, except
inability to regulate blood glucose levels
When the dominant allele does not completely mask the effects of the recessive allele in the heterozygote, it's called
incomplete dominance
As muscle activity increases, the body temperature _____.
increase
Stimulation by the autonomic nervous system results in increased insulin secretion from the pancreas during and after a meal. The following are most likely to be true.
increased insulin secretion is due to parasympathetic stimulation and acetylcholine agonists will stimulate insulin secretion
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is secreted in response to
increased osmotic pressure of the body fluids
Which of the following does NOT occur due to the effects of aging on the joints?
increased production of synovial fluid
If insulin secretion is too low or its receptors are insensitive, all of the following effects are seen, except
increased uptake of glucose to cells
Select the term that does not belong with the others. a. muscle atrophy b. immobilization c. decrease in number of myofibrils d. loss of nerve stimulation e. increased vascularity
increased vascularity
The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following except:
increases in sebaceous gland activity
Intense exercise that results in a great deal of anaerobic activity
increases muscular strength and mass
Which of the following is NOT an intrinsic eye muscle?
inferior oblique muscle
The figure illustrates a lateral view of the right eyeball. What does "A" represent?
inferior rectus
Local hyperpolarization in a synapse is called a(an)
inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
The term "shin splints" is associated with
injuries resulting from excessive stress on the tibialis anterior.
Match the nerve to the correct function. Median nerve
innervates all but one of the flexor muscles of the forearm and most of the hand muscles near the thumb
Match the nerve with the appropriate description. Obturator nerve
innervates the muscles that adduct the thigh
Facial muscles are unusual in that they
insert and sometimes originate on the skin and connective tissue
What structure does "D" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane?
integral protein
What structure does "E" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane?
internal membrane surface
The type of lamallae found between osteons (Haversian systems) is
interstitial
The loss of height that occurs with aging is due to compression of the
intervertebral discs
An example of a symphysis is the
intervertebral joint
The secretions of endocrine glands are released directly
into the bloodstream
What is the type of ossification that forms the flat bones of the skull?
intramembranous ossification
Muscles that can change the shape of the tongue are called
intrinsic muscles
Which of the following structures is part of the vascular tunic
iris
Which of the following is correctly matched?
iris - sphincter pupillae
Which of the following is correctly matched?
iris-sphincter pupillae
Hyaluronic acid gives a very slippery quality to fluids that contain it. Hyaluronic acid
is a good lubricant for joint cavities
Melanin
is absent in individuals known as albinos
The pH value
is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions
When comparing the dermis with the hypodermis, the dermis
is divided into two layers; the hypodermis is not.
If 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution
is hypotonic to the cell
The glossopharyngeal nerve
is involved in the sense of taste
sweat
is produced by a merocrine or apocrine gland
Depth perception
is the ability to distinguish between near and far objects and judge their distance
Endocytosis
is the bulk uptake of material through the plasma membrane by vesicle formation
Complete tetanus
is the condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations
The central nervous system
is the site for processing information
In the body's lever systems, the
joint represents the fulcrum point.
A __________ is a display of the chromosomes of a somatic cell during metaphase of mitosis.
karyotype
As skin cells move toward the surface of the body, they produce a protein that reduces water loss. This process is called
keratinization
This condition is also known as hump back.
kyphosis
The thumb is ___ to the fifth digit (little finger).
lateral
The thumb is ______ to the fifth digit (little finger).
lateral
The figure illustrates a posterior view of the right knee joint. What does "D" represent?
lateral meniscus
Cilia and flagella are distinguished from each other on the basis of
length and numbers
In an x-ray film of the skeletal system, the dense tissue areas appear ______ because they ______ the x-rays; and the less dense tissues appear ______ because they ______ the x-rays.
light, absorb; dark, do not absorb
The synovial membrane
lines the joint everywhere except over the articular cartilage
Which chemical class of hormone is more likely to need binding protein for transport in the blood?
lipid-soluble
Which chemical type of hormone has a longer half-life
lipid-soluble
One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?
lipid-soluble substances
Which of the following hormones promotes the breakdown of fatty acids?
lipotropins
What type of reflex operates independently of the CNS?
local reflex
Which back muscle extends the head?
logissimus capitis
A neutral atom will become a cation if it
loses electrons
the lumbar region is the
lower back
Reticular tissue is found in
lymphatic tissue
What is a large, active phagocytic cell?
macrophage (large, mobile white blood cell)
The extrapyramidal system
maintains control of unconscious movements
Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of red marrow is to
manufacture blood cells
Which of the following muscles is involved in chewing gum?
masseter
Which of these activities is associated with the left cerebral hemisphere in most people
mathematics and speech
The extracellular material found in tissues is called
matrix
The extracellular material of a tissue is called the:
matrix
Large molecules move across cell membrane with the help or assistance of protein carriers. This type of transport is generically called _______.
mediated transport
Autonomic reflexes might be integrated in the
medula oblongata, spinal cord and hypothalamus
The central axis of the hair is the
medulla
The vesicles that conatin melanin are
melanosomes
What structure does "B" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane?
membrane channel protein
An organism's ability to use energy in order to swim is an example of
metabolism
A doctor performing an autopsy on a patient concludes that part of the brain was likely damaged by trauma due to a large population of which type of cell?
microglia
Cells of the small intestine and kidney tubules have extensions that increase their surface are called
microvilli
Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance?
minor thalassemia
What organelles produce most of the cell's energy?
mitochondria
A cell's ability to replenish ATP is reduced by a metabolic poison. Which organelle is being affected?
mitochondrion
Carbon dioxide is considered a(n)
molecule and a compund
The change in shape of tissues or organs is called
morphogensis
Which of the following actions is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle
moving your feet in walking
Which of the following actions is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle?
moving your feet in walking
The stretch of elastic components of a muscle adds tot he increased tension during
multiple wave summation
The sensory receptor of the stretch reflex is the
muscle spindle
The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following
muscles of the arm and forearm
Which of the following nerves is part of the brachial plexus
musculocutaneus
The proximal portion of the nail is the
nail root
the proximal portion of the nail is the
nail root
The cervical region is the
neck
Which of the following causes an unequal ion concentration across the resting plasma membrane?
negatively charged proteins do not readily diffuse across the plasma membrane
An intercellular chemical signal that is produced by neurons but functions like a hormone would be called a
neurohormone
In appositional growth of cartilage
new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue
Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane. What does "C" represent on the diagram?
nitrogen
Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called
nodes of Ranvier
A mistake during segregation of chromosomes is called
nondisjunction
Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called
nuclei
Which of the following organic groups does DNA belong to?
nucleic acid
The __________ contains the genetic information of the cell
nuclueus
Adduction of the thigh involves the
obturator nerve
The figure illustrates bones, fontanels, and sutures on the fetal skull. What does "E" represent?
occipital bone
An action potential
occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level
A fracture of the cribriform plate might injure the _____cranial nerve.
olfactory
Continuous conduction of an action potential means that
one action potential stimulates the production of a new action potential at the adjacent site
The ventral root of the spinal nerve contains
only motor fibers
The digastric muscle is involved in
opening the mouth
What branch of physiology would study the effects of sunbathing on the skin?
organ physiology
When repolarization of the cell membrane is complete, the
original polarity of the cell is restored
When repolarization of a neuron is complete, the
original polarity of the neuron is restored
Neurons arranged in a circular pathway form
oscillatory circuits
Which type of bone cells possess extensive ER and ribosomes?
osteoblasts
What type of cells break down bone tissue?
osteoclast
When blood calcium levels are low
osteoclast activity increases
Cells that can break down bones are called
osteoclasts
What type of cells break down bone tissue
osteoclasts
Which of these activities is associated with the right cerebral hemisphere in most people
painting a watercolor landscape
This is the dermal layer closest to the epidermis.
papillary layer
Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Increases activity of GI tract
parasympathetic
The _____________ division of the ANS functions mainly under ordinary, restful conditions
parasympathetic
Atropine causes the pupil of the eye to dilate by blocking the effect of muscarinic receptors. This means atropine is a(n)
parasympathetic blocking agent
Digestion of food is regulated by the
parasympathetic division of the ANS
The figure illustrates the parasympathetic division. What does "E" represent?
pelvic nerves
Parasympathetic preganglionic axons from the sacral region of the spinal cord course through______ nerves that innervate the ______.
pelvic; lower colon and reproductive glands
The type of muscle that can contract with the greatest force is the
pennate
Imagine the following scenario: Blood pressure decreases below normal levels.→ Blood flow to the heart decreases → Heart is unable to pump as much blood.→ Blood pressure decreases even more. This is an example of _____ feedback.
positive
The figure illustrates a posterior view of the right knee joint. What does "E" represent?
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Identify structure "B" on the above diagram.
preganglionic neuron
If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following area organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action
premotor area
If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action.
premotor area
Which of the following is determined by a sequence of amino acids bound by peptide bonds?
primary structure of protein
Up-regulation
produces an increase in the sensitivity of the target cell to the hormone
The opposite of supination is
pronation
Chromatin condenses and nucleoli disappear during
prophase
The perception of position and movement of body parts is
proprioception
Which of the following molecules is NOT made from cholesterol?
prostaglandins
Which of the following is a group of muscles in the thigh?
quadriceps femoris
Which of the following muscles is named for its location?
quadriceps femoris
Skin color is the result of the
quantity of melanin in the skin
What type of membrane proteins have an exposed site on the outer cell surface that can attach to a ligand?
receptor proteins
Which of the following activities is a function of the plasma membrane?
recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system
Label muscle "D" on the diagram.
rectus abdominis
When an intramuscular injection is given in the anterior aspect of the thigh, the injection is in the
rectus femoris
Which mature cells do not have a nucleus?
red blood cells
Which of the following functions is carried out by both aqueous and vitreous humor?
refraction of light rays
The study of the body's organization by areas is
regional anatomy
The plasma membrane
regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell
Which of the following definitions best describes the timbre of sounds?
resonance quality
Contracting the right sternocleidomastoid muscle would
rotate the head toward the left.
The diagram illustrates sensory nerve endings in the skin. What is the function of "B"?
responds to light touch and superficial pressure
Muscles exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle
responds to stimulation by the nervous system
Nerve cells generate electrical signals in response to changes in the environment. This is an example of
responsiveness
If the EFC around a nerve cell is replaced with an isotonic saline solution that contains potassium ions and other solutes at concentrations very close to the ECF concentrations of a normal cell, the result is
resting membrane potential close to it's normal value
Multiple wave summation
results in complete and incomplete tetanus
This is a sagittal section through the abdominopelvic cavity. What structures does "E" represent?
retroperitoneal organs
Which muscle retracts, rotates, and fixes the scapula?
rhomboideus major
Rhodopsin is found in the
rods
Which of the following is (are) associated with the retina
rods and cones
Maya is experiencing pain and discomfort in her posterior coxal region. Which specific joint may be the problem?
sacroiliac joint
The sodium chloride molecule breaks apart in water. What does "A" represent?
salt crystal
T tubules are invaginations of the
sarcolemma
Which of the following is NOT a neuroglia of the CNS?
satellite cells
What is formed from granulation tissue?
scar
Receptors that in general do not produce an action potential, but can release neurotransmitters in response to a receptor potential are
secondary receptors
What protein structure results from folding or coiling of a polypeptide chain caused by hydrogen bonds between amino acids?
secondary structure
Which of the following is a function of epithelial tissue
secretion and absorption of molecules
Which of the following is a function of epithelial tissue?
secretion and absorption of molecules
The superior olivary nucleus
sends efferent impulses that inhibit all hair cells not vibrating maximally.
A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a(n)
sensory or afferent neuron
Label muscle "A" on the diagram.
serratus anterior
What are caveolae?
shallow invaginations of cell membrane
A tennis player goes to the doctor and is told he has a torn rotator cuff. He has injured his
shoulder
What genetic disorder is the inability to produce normal hemoglobin
sickle-cell disease
What genetic disorder is the inability to produce normal hemoglobin?
sickle-cell disease
Glands whose ducts have few branches are called
simple
If one of the functions of the capillaries is to supply body cells with oxygen and nutrients, you would expect the capillary walls to consist of
simple squamous epithelium
The main factor affecting depth of focus is the
size of the pupil
What type of muscle is found attached to bones?
skeletal muscle
Which type of muscle tissue is multinucleated?
skeletal muscle
Which of the special senses contains receptor neurons that are the only nerve cells in direct contact with the outside environment
smell
Depolarization of the cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of
sodium ions
During depolarization of the plasma membrane,
sodium ions move rapidly into the cell
The three forms of matter are:
solids, liquids, and gases
Match the characteristic with the correct nervous system. All axons are myelinated
somatic motor nervous system
An anatomic image created from sound waves is a
sonogram
The pleural cavity is the
space located between the visceral and parietal pleura
Which type of bone appears porous?
spongy bone
What type of cancer can actinic keratosis develop into?
squamous cell carcinoma
Which of the following is NOT a component of negative feedback mechanism
stabilizer
The utricle and saccule are involved in
static balance
Members of which group of hormones are made from cholesterol
steroids
The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the
stratum basale
Excessive shedding of this layer of the epidermis of the scalp is responsible for dandruff.
stratum corneum
The figure illustrates keratinization in the epidermis. What layer of the epidermis is "A"?
stratum corneum
Thin skin has only four epithelial strata. It lacks which of the following?
stratum lucidum
Which is the most superficial layer of skin that is composed primarily of living cells?
stratum spinosum
Which is an example of a normally occurring positive-feedback mechanism?
stretching of the uterus near the end of pregnancy
A muscle that is not consciously controlled and has a banded appearance would be described as
striated involuntary
An inflammation of one of the ciliary glands of the eyelashes is called a
sty
Where is cerebrospinal fluid found around the spinal cord?
subarachnoid space
In order to stabilize the hyoid so that the larynx can be elevated in swallowing, the _____ muscle group is used.
suprahyoid
In order to stabilize the hyoid so that the larynx can be elevated in swallowing, the __________ muscle group is used
suprahyoid
John sees Marth; the pupils of his eyes dilate. It is "love at first sight." What division(s) of the ANS is (are) involved?
sympathetic division
John sees Martha; the pupils of his eyes dilate. It is "love at first sight." What division(s) of the ANS is(are) involved?
sympathetic division
The type of membrane that lines freely movable joints is a _____ membrane.
synovial
Which of the following joints is most movable?
synovial
Transcription
synthesizes DNA from RNA.
The figure illustrates bones of the right lower limb. What does "E" represent?
tarsals
A tissue has the following characteristics: abundant extracellular matrix, abundant collagen fibers, collagen fibers mainly parallel to each other. Which of the following injuries results in damage to mainly this kind of tissue?
tear in the tissue that attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to bone
the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus would help us
tell if the object is rough or smooth (sensation of touch)
Cytokinesis is completed at the end of this phase
telophase
In the TMJ joint, the mandible articulates with the
temporal bone
The figure illustrates the parasympathetic division. What does "C" represent?
terminal ganglia
A sustained muscle contraction is known as
tetanus
Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the
thalamus
A cell is
the basic structural unit of living organisms
The targeted response of the hormone lipotropin is an increase in which of the following?
the breakdown of fat in adipose tissues
What is found in the dosral root gangilon
the cell bodies of pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons
For distant vision,
the ciliary muscles are relaxed
To focus on objects closer than 20 feet
the ciliary muscles must contract
The extensor pollicis brevis moves the
thumb
The two divisions of the ANS have antagonistic effects on each of the following EXCEPT
the diameter of the blood vessels in skeletal muscles
Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?
the epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis
When you try to focus on the tip of your nose
the lens becomes more spherical
When you try to focus on the tip of your nose,
the lens becomes more spherical
Increase in the distance from the eye to the near point of vision can be caused by
the lens becoming more rigid with age
The blue color of superficial blood vessels results from
the light-scattering properties of collagen
Homeostasis is defined as
the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
The fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane suggests that
the membrane is neither rigid nor static in structure
Match the term with the correct definition. Pia mater
the meninx bound tightly to brain and spinal cord
Osteoarthritis is
the most common type of arthritis
A cell can meet increased energy demands by an increase in
the number of mitochondria
The primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in
the postcentral gyrus
In the sympathetic division of the ANS
the preganglionic cell body is located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord.
What is it about a cell that identifies it as a target cell for a hormone
the presence of a receptor specific for that hormone
Isotopes of the same element have
the same atomic number, but differ in their mass number
A neutral atom contains
the same number of electrons and protons
Which of the following ribs attaches to the sternum at the sternal angle?
the second
The visceral pleura is
the serous membrane that covers the lungs
the visceral pleura is
the serous membrane that covers the lungs
The parietal peritoneum is
the serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Anatomy is
the study of structure
The plasma membrane of an excitable cell is more permeable to potassium ions because
there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+.
In some cells, an afterpotential occurs because
there is prolonged, elevated permeability to potassium during repolarization
Eskimos wear a great deal of clothing and have limited exposure to U.V. light, but do not suffer from vitamin D deficiency. A possible explanation is
they get enough vitamin D in their diet of fish and marine animals
The femoral region is the
thigh
Fingernails are comprised of:
thin, dead scaly cells
what type of burn appears white or black with no immediate pain?
third-degree
Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the
thoracic and lumbar regions
The figure illustrates the Action Potential. What does "D" represent?
threshold
The thenar muscles are involved in controlling the _______; the hypthenar muscles control the _________.
thumb; little finger
The type of cell connection that serves as a permeability barrier is a
tight junction
Epithelial tissue is characterized by
tightly packed cells
What connects the stereocilia in a hair bundle?
tip links
Emily is in labor with her first child. The amplitude-modulated system would show her oxytocin levels
to have a strong signal
Phosphodiesterase functions
to inactivate cyclic AMP
Slowly adapting proprioceptors that would let you know the position of your thumb without looking at it are known as
tonic receptors
Posterior means
toward the back of the body
the term "dorsal" means
toward the back of the body
Medial means
toward the middle or midline of the body
The transfer of information from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) is known as
transcription
The malleus, incus, and stapes
transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window
All of the following terms relate to lipids. Which does not belong with the other four?
triglyceride
Down Syndrome is an example of an aneuploidy called
trisomy 21
When you walk up behind someone and tap their right shoulder, they will reflexively
turn their head toward the right
Compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes
two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors
What type of axons is found in a gray ramus comunicans?
unmyelinated, post-ganglionic axons
What system removes nitrogenous waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance?
urinary
Which of the following is NOT a type of cancer therapy?
use of drugs to increase the blood supply to the tumor
Organelles
vary in number and type depending on cell function
Multiunit smooth muscle is located in the
wall of blood vessels
In the inflammatory response, clotting proteins form a clot. This action
walls off foreign particles and microbes
Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true?
when blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity in creases
The short connection between a spinal nerve and a sympathetic chain ganglion through which preganglionic neurons pass is called the
white ramus communicans
Match the term with the most appropriate description. Removing hand from a hot iron
withdrawal reflex
Genes that are passed from male to male are called
y-linked
This figure illustrates bone growth in length at the Epiphyseal Plate. What is zone "A"?
zone of resting cartilage
