A&P 168 Final Exam

Which statement best describes the role of ATP during cross bridge cycling?

Myosin heads bind to ATP at the crossbridge detachment step and use the energy from the ATP to gt into its energized form so that it is ready to bind actin.

Which is not involved in the process of bone repair following a fracture?

No exceptions, all of the choices are involved in the process of bone repair.

Which of the following organelles is typically the largest organelle, contains the majority of the cell's DNA, and is often reffered to as the control center of the cell?

Nucleus

The functional unit of compact bone is the __________.

Osteon

If a bone is immersed in a weak acid such as vinegar for several days, its inorganic components will dissolve. What will be the result of such an experiment?

The bone will become soft and bendable.

Bone remodeling may occur _______________

All of the above. As bone grows, As bone adjusts to stress, As fractures heal

Atoms that are of the same element but contain different numbers of neutrons are called ________?

Isotopes

Choose the most accurate definition of chemical reaction.

It is a process in which bonds between atoms are formed or broken.

Which body system defends against infection and disease?

Lymphatic

The _________ are responsible for synthesizing most of a human body cell's ATP.

Mitochondria

The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates

epiphyseal growth has ended

The structure responsible for attaching muscle to bones is a

tendon

Anatomy is _________.

the study of body structures

At rest, active sites on the actin are blocked by

tropomyosin molecules

When the arrector pili muscles contract,

"goose bumps" are formed

Complete the sentence with the items from the drop down menu. Use the iamge to answer the questions. 1. Where in the image (which number?) has excess potassium drained out? _________________ This is called __________________. 2. _______________ ions are entering the cell through ________________ channels during #2 in the image. 3. Which point of the graph shows when potassium ion outflow first exceeds sodium ion inflow? 4. Whenis the neuron in the refractory period?

1. 4 Hypolarization 2. Sodium Voltage-Gated 3. 3 4. 4

Post synaptic potentials develop in the postsynaptic membrane in repsonse to a neurotransmitter. Here the depolarizations and hyperpolarization are graded. More net ____________ will result in depolarization of the cell (meaning that the membrane is ___________ negative) and a net ____________ will result in hyperpolarization (meaning that the membrane is ___________ negative) This leads to action potentials within the neuron and action potentials are generated at the ______________________ which is found within the __________________ segment of the neuron.

1. EPSPs 2. less 3. IPSPs 4. more 5. Axon Hillock 6. Initial Segment

Use the image to answer the following questions: 1. To produce a contraction similar to the one in graoh (b), the muscle you should: 2. Why is there partial relaxation in graph (c)? 3. What is the contraction in graph (d) called?

1. Must be stimulated again before it has relaxed from the previous stimulation 2. Nerve stimulation frequency is below maximum. 3. Complete tetanus

Select the neuronal segment where each event occurs from the drop down menu. 1. Site of graded potentials. 2. Site of saltatory conduction. 3. Contains vesicles of neurotransmitters. 4. Site of summation and generation of an action potential.

1. Receptive Segment 2. Conductive Segment 3. Transmissive Segment 4. Initial Segment

1. When a muscle fiber contracts their length _____________. 2. As a muscle contracts, you will notice that it has two different attachments on different bones all the while crossing a joint of the body. The more stationary attachment (i.e. bone) is called _____________ of the muscle, while the more moveable attachment is called the _________________ of the muscle. As the muscle contracts the _________________ moves towards the ______________. 3. During ___________ exercise causes the muscle to contract but no movement occurs within the whole muscle (just like you try to push a wall). On the other hand, muscle contraction occuring along the defintive movement (like lifting a wieght) results from ____________ exercise. Which can result in lenghtening ____________ or shortening _______________ the length of the muscle across the joint relative its length at rest.

1. shortens 2. origin insertion insertion origin 3. isometric isotonic eccentric concentric

If a substance resists changes in pH, either by removing or replacing hydrogen ions, it is called

A buffer

In active tyransport an ion would move _____________.

Against its gradient

Which of the following are parts of a homeostatic mechanism?

All of the above. Receptor, Effector, and Control Center

The functions of connective tissues include?

All of the above. Support, Storage of Adipose, Protection

Which of the following factors influence cell membrane permeability?

All the choices are correct. Phosopholipid composition of the membrane Ionic charge alone the membrane Molecule size Presence or absence of transport proteins

Proteins that stabilize the membrane are called ____________ proteins.

Anchoring

Most body odor is the result of bacterial metabolism of the secretions produced by

Apocrine sweat glands

Bone growth in which the bone increases in diameter is called

Appositional Growth

Which of the following statements is false?

As a general rule, connectiive tissue, has a greater extracellular component than epithelial tissue.

Which of the following is NOT an organ?

Blood

The following cell (s) is/are found in a lacuna.

Both osteocytes and chondrocytes

Osteoblasts and osteocytes are found in the _________________.

Both the periosteum and endosteum.

Each of the following is a function of the nervous system EXCEPT one. Identify the exception.

Directing activities that continue for extended periods such as growth and pregnancy.

Molecules with two sugars are called ______________.

Disaccharides.

What is the importance of studying anatomical detail?

Each anatomical detail has an effect on function

Long bones form through the process of __________________ ossification. These bones develop from a __________________.

Endochondral; hyaline cartilage model

Chemical reactions that occur in the human body are controlled by special catalytic molecules called ______________ which lower the activation energy of the reaction.

Enzymes

Many bones contain yellow bone marrow that gives rise to blood cells and platelets.

False

Neurons predominate the nervous sysytem and provide supportive functions for glial cells.

False

Which of the following are the proper order for Interphase?

G1, S, G2, with G0 occuring in non-dividing cells

Which of the following fields of study in Anatomy would study things that can be seen with the naked eye (without the aid of a mircoscope)?

Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy

Which of the following statments DOES NOT pertain spongy bone.

Has central and perforating canals that contain blood vessels

Calcatonin is released in repsonse to ____________ blood calcium levels. This hormone stimulates ____________, ultimately leading to bone ______________.

High Osteoblasts Deposition

Which branch of microscopic anatomy is the study of tissues?

Histology

When a neurotransmitter causes the opening of chemically gated potassium channels on the postsynaptic cell, the postsynaptic potential that results is an

IPSP, which is a hyperpolarization

Which of the following describes how a presynaptic neuron would communicate a strong signal to a postsynaptic neuron?

Increasing the frequency of its action potnentials

What of the following is a cause of muscle fatigue?

Insufficient calcium at the neuromusclar junction

Pictured below is a _____________ bond which often results in the formation of _____________.

Ionic (1) Salt (2)

Concentric contraction and eccentric contraction are both types of what major type of muscle tension?

Isotonic Contraction

When there is a change in the internal body environment, how will the body react to maintain homeostasis by negative feedback?

Oppose the change

Which of the following is NOT a concept of the cell theory?

Organelles are the basic function of the unit of life.

Rank the following from the most complex to the least complex.

Organism: Organ System: Organ: Tissue: Cell

When a cell surrounds a large particle with pseudopodia and then engulfs it, the process is called

Phagocytosis

Which of the following is the proper order for Mitosis phases?

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telephase

A sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change is the

Receptor

The trachea and the lungs are components of the...

Respiratory System

After death, muscle fibers run out of ATP and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. This results in a condition known as

Rigor Mortis

Which of the following contain the (4) types of passive processes of membrane transport?

Simple Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion Filtration

A ____________ epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells attached directly yo a basement membrane.

Simple Squamous

What is the function of the cartilage located in the epiphyseal plate?

Site of bone elongation and growth.

Which of the following describes proper anatomical position?

Standing up, feet together, hands at sides, palms facing anteriorly

At which of the following epidermal sublayers does keratin production begin?

Stratum granulosum

Endosteum is found ______________.

Surrounding the exterior of the trabeculae, lining the medullary cavity and lining the central canals

What part of a neuron contains calcium pumps and channels?

Synaptic Terminals/Knobs

Invagination of the muscle cell membrane that extend deep into the cell are known as the:

T-tubules.

If a disorder caused the osteoblasts to drastically reduce their production of osteoid but didn't impact bone deposition in any other way, how would the bone matrix and the bones in general be affected?

There would be a decrease in collagen within the matrix and the bone would be more likely to crumble and break.

The resting tension in a muscle generated by involuntary nervous stimulation is called

Tone

This tissue type is found in areas where volume changes regularly occurred.

Transitional

Proteins that are embedded within, and extend across, the phospholipid bilayer are called ____________ proteins.

Transmembrane/Integral

An action potential causes depolarization of the T-tuble membrane.

True

Neurotransmitters are removed from a synapse by degradation and reuptake.

True

Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells; osteoclasts are bone-dissovling cells.

True

The enzyme acetylcholinesterase, located in the synaptic cleft and on the postsynaptic membrane, breaks ACh down into acetate and choline, thereby stopping the stimulation of a postsynaptic cell.

True

You would expect a peptide bond to link _________.

Two amino acids

The neuron below would be considered a....

Unipolar

Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight

Vitamin D3

A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by

aerobic respiration

Ions with a negative charge are called

anions

Red bone marrow functions in the formation of

blood cells.

Peforating canals ____________________.

both; carry blood vessels and nerves through the compact bone tissue AND travel between central canals

A child with rickets often has

bowed legs

The skin may turn orange as a result of ________ buildup.

carotene

Diagnosing a disease involves determining the

cause of the homeostatic imbalance

The nucleic acid RNA

contais uracil in place of thymine

Another name for the skin is the?

cutaneous membrane

Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the

dermis

Mitochondria are the _____________?

energy factories of the cell

Secondary ossification centers occur

in the epiphyses

The medullary cavity of bones contains

marrow

The type of feedback that decreases a stimulus is

negative

In a molcule of hydrogen, a pair of electrons is shared equally. Such a bond is called a(n) _____________.

nonpolar covalent bond

Myelination in the CNS is provided by

oligodendrocytes

Functions of the skin include _________

regulating body temperature

Eccrine sweat glands

respond primarily to elevated body temperature

A compound fracture

results in bone breaking the skin

When a skeletal muscle fiber contracts, the

zones of overlap get larger

The following are major steps in the process of endochondrak ossification: 1. Blood vessels invade the perichondrium 2. Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity 3. Chonodrocytes enlarge and calcify 4. Osteoblasts replace calcificed cartilage with spongy bone 5. The perichondrium is converted into periosteum, and the inner layer produces bone. The correct order for these events is:

3 1 5 4 2

The epidermis of THICK skin contains how many sublayers?

5

Which of the following statments about excitation-contraction coupling is incorrect?

Calcium ions travel through the transverse tubule

Monosaccharides are an example of what major class of large organic molecules?

Carbohydrates

Which of the following is the body's PREFERENTIAL fuel source?

Carbohydrates

Proteins that assist the movement of a substance acriss the membrane are called __________ proteins.

Carrier

Which of the following statements is false?

Cartilage growth at the epiphyseal plate is occuring primarily in the zone of calcified cartilage.

The layer of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are:

Circumferential lamellae

Which step in the formation of calcitriol is regulated by parathyroid hormone?

Conversion of calidiol to calcitriol