A&P 2 Ch 15 Cardiovascular Homework
Ordering of blood flow from the body to the body
-from the body right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary viens left atrium left ventricle aorta -to the body
Trace blood: knee to heart Using the terms provided, trace a drop of blood from the posterior side of the knee back to the heart. Not all labels will be used.
-heart inferior vena cava common iliac v external iliac v femoral v popliteal v -knee
Trace blood elbow to heart Using the terms provided, trace a drop of blood from the elbow back to the heart. Not all labels will be used.
-heart superior vena cava brachiochephalic v subclavian v axillary v brachial v -elbow
Factors that arterial blood pressure -Increase blood pressure -decrease blood pressure
-increase increased blood viscosity increased blood volume decreased arterial vessel radius increased strength of ventricular contraction -decrease dehydration vasodilation decreased heart rate decreased resistance
Pulse Sites left side right side
-left side carotid a brachial a radial a dorsalis pedis a -right femoral a popliteal a posterior tibial a
Oxygen-poor v. oxygen-rich blood carrying structures Place the following cardiovascular structures in the appropriate category depending upon whether they carry oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor blood.
-oxygen-poor right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery superior venacava brachial vein -oxygen-rich pulmonary vien left atrium left ventricle aorta femoral artery
-bottom box right
-prevents the back flow of blood to the left atrium -bicuspid valve -left atrioventricular valve
-top box right
-reduces back flow of blood from the systemic circuit -aortic valve -left semilunar valve
-bottom box left
-right atrioventricular valve -prevents back flow of blood to the right atrium -tricuspid valve
Conduction Components Put the components of the cardiac conducting system in order, following the path of the electrical impulse
1 SA node 2 atrial syncytium 3j unctional fibers 4 AV node 5 AV bundle 6 bundle branches 7 Purkinje fibers 8 ventricular syncytium
Blood flow sequencing Place the vessels in the order through which blood would pass, starting as blood enters the systemic circuit after being ejected from the heart. (1-8)
1 aorta 2 large arteries 3 arterioles 4 capillaries 5 venules 6 medium viens 7 large viens 8 venae cava
Regulating Blood Pressure Place the labels in the correct location based on the hints provided.
1 blood pressure rises 2 sensory impulses to cardiac center 3 parasympathetic impulses to the heart 4 SA node is inhibited 5 heart rate decreases
ECG Drag each label into the appropriate position to characterize the events of a single heart cycle as seen on an ECG tracing.
1 sa nodefires 2 atrial depolarization spreads 3 atrial depolarization complete 4 ventricular depolarization begins 5 ventricular depolarization complete 6 ventricular repolarization begins 7 ventricular repolarization complete
Blood flow through the heart Place the labels in order denoting the flow of blood through the structures of the heart beginning with the vena cavae.
1 vena cava 2 right atrium 3 tricuspid 4 right ventricle 5 pulmonary valve 6 pulmonary trunk 7 pulmonary artery 8 lungs 9 pulmonary viens 10 left atrium 11 bicuspid (mitral valve) valve 12 left ventricle 13 aortic valve 14 aorta
Place the events of a cardiac cycle in order, beginning with the opening of the AV valves.
1 ventricular filling 2 ventricular systole starts 3 ventricular pressure rises 4 AV valves close 5 semilunar vales open 6 ejection of blood 7 ventricular diastole begins 8 semilunar valves close 9 ventricular pressure falls
A 65 year-old man has a heart rate of 80 bpm and stroke volume of 50 mL. What is his cardiac output in L/min?
4
The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries about __ centimeters above its origin. 8 10 12 5
5
Conduction system 1-5 4 The AV node fires, causing the signal to travel into the AV bundle and _________________ which pass through the ________________________________.
AV bundle branches, interventricular septum
What is the position of the valves during ventricular filling?
AV valves are open, semilunar valves are closed
What factor can increase blood pressure? An increase in heart rate. A decrease in peripheral resistance. An increase in parasympathetic stimulation. A decrease in stroke volume.
An increase in heart rate.
Differentiate between the four valves Identify the name(s) and function of each of the four valves of the heart indicated in the figure. -top box left
- right semilunar valve -reduces back flow of blood from the pulmonary circuit -pulmonary valve
Pulmonary vs. systemic circuits Indicate whether each structure is part of the systemic circuit or the pulmonary circuit.
--Pulmonary pulmonary arteries pulmonary viens pulmonary trunk lungs alveolar capillaries right ventricle --systemic circuits aorta carotid arteries femoral arteries venae cavae brachial viens left ventricle
Coverings of the heart v. wall of the heart Determine whether each term describes a part of the heart wall or the part of the coverings of the heart. Then place each label in the appropriate category, Wall of the Heart Coverings of the Heart
-Wall of the Heart epicardium myocardium endocardium -Coverings of the Heart pericardium fibrous pericardium parietal pericardium
Which of the following is not a normal response to physical exercise? Increased blood flow to the abdominal viscera Increased heart rate Increased ventricular contraction Increased blood flow to the skeletal muscles
Increased blood flow to the abdominal viscera
Arteries v. Veins Indicate whether each of the following descriptions apply to arteries or veins by dragging the labels to the appropriate figure.
Arteries 1 aorta is the largest 2 usually carries blood from heart to the body 3 pulsate flow of blood 4 exhibit greater ability to alter vessel diameter Veins 1 loosely referred to as reservoir vessel 2 contain a majority of blood at one time 3 provides for relatively consistent velocity of blood flow 4 collapsed when empty 5 relies on the skeletal muscular pumps to propel of blood
Which of the following is not a factor that increases risk of developing atherosclerosis? A diet high in unsaturated fats Low blood pressure Tobacco smoking Lack of physical exercise
Low blood pressure
Where in the cardiac conduction system do the impulses pause momentarily? Impulses pass slowly through the atrioventricular node. Impulses pass slowly through the bundle branches. Impulses pass slowly through the atrioventricular bundle. Impulses pass slowly through the Purkinje fibers.
Impulses pass slowly through the atrioventricular node.
What is the function of chordae tendineae? Prevent the cusps of the AV valves from moving up into the atria. Generate force to push blood through the heart. Carry electrical signals through the ventricular myocardium Open the AV valves during atrial contraction.
Prevent the cusps of the AV valves from moving up into the atria.
Which of the following is not a branch of the aorta? Pulmonary artery Right coronary artery Left subclavian artery Brachiocephalic artery
Pulmonary artery
Conduction system 1-5 5 Making a U-turn at the apex of the heart, the signals are then carried by the _____________________ through the exterior walls of the ventricles.
Purkinje fibers
What structure is also known as the pacemaker of the heart? AV node SA node AV bundle Purkinje fibers
SA node
Which of the following layers of the heart and their functions are correctly matched? Epicardium-protective inner lining of the heart chambers and valves Myocardium-cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chambers Endocardium-protective outer covering Pericardium-protective inner lining of the heart chambers and valves
Myocardium-cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chambers
Which of the following waves of an ECG pattern is/are correctly described? P wave-depolarization of atria QRS complex-repolarization of ventricles T wave-depolarization of ventricles QRST complex-depolarization of ventricles
P wave-depolarization of atria
What is systolic pressure? The maximum pressure achieved during ventricular contraction. The bottom number in a blood pressure reading. The maximum pressure achieved during ventricular relaxation. The average pressure in the arteries during a heart beat.
The maximum pressure achieved during ventricular contraction.
What wave in an ECG tracing depicts ventricular repolarization? P wave QRS complex T wave PR interval
T wave
Bruce has colorectal cancer that has spread to his lymphatic system. He is given a drug that is an angiogenesis inhibitor. The drug works by halting cell division only in tumor cells. stimulating new blood vessels to serve tissue damaged by the cancer. starving tumors by cutting off their blood supplies. cutting off the supply of ATP to cancer cells.
starving tumors by cutting off their blood supplies.
The heart is located in the _____________________.
thoracic cavity
Wall of blood vessels Label the components of the walls of the artery and vein.
top box- endothelium of tunica international middle box- tunica media bottom box- tunica externa
The Cardiovascular System 1-6 Complete the sentences regarding the vessels of the cardiovascular system. Then put the sentences in order of blood flow through the body. 1 The function of the cardiovascular system is to __________________. The _____________ provides pressure to pump the fluids into the largest systemic artery, called the ____________, and out to the body.
transport fluids, heart, aorta
2 Blood then travels through the ____________________ and into the right ventricle.
tricuspid valve
Impulses are carried by the Purkinje fibers from the bundle branches to the ventricular walls. True False
true
In the ventricles, the impulses travels along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart, where it then spreads superiorly along the ventricle walls. True False
true
Systolic blood pressure increases with age. True False
true
The period of contraction is called systole.
true
Tim runs 5 to 8 miles a day. He has an enlarged heart and low heart rate and blood pressure. He most likely has atherosclerosis. coronary artery disease. an arrhythmia. a very healthy cardiovascular system.
a very healthy cardiovascular system.
The Cardiovascular System 1-6 The largest veins in the body, the _________________, drain blood back into the heart.
venae cavae
Therefore, during inspiration, the difference in pressure causes blood to flow from the _________________ cavity toward the __________________ cavity.
abdominal, thoracic
Arterial systolic pressure is most closely associated with atrial relaxation. ventricular relaxation. ventricular contraction. atrial contraction.
ventricular contraction.
When the ventricles contract (_______________________), the atria are relaxed (______________________).
ventricular systole, atrial diastole
The Cardiovascular System 1-6 The exchange vessels become larger vessels known as _________________, which converge into even larger vessels known as _____________.
venules, veins
Kidney disease can cause hypertension by activating the renin-angiotensin mechanism. stimulating the secretion of aldosterone. increasing retention of sodium and water. all of the above.
all of the above
In the arterial disease atherosclerosis plaque accumulates on the interior walls of arteries. blood flow through affected arteries slows. risk of a thrombus or embolus forming increases. all of the above may happen.
all of the above may happen.
Order of the coverings of the heart 1-4 4. Covering the outside of the wall of the heart is the _________________________, which is also called the ________________.
visceral pericardium, epicardium
The left ventricle pushes blood into what vessel(s)? venae cavae pulmonary trunk pulmonary veins aorta
aorta
6 The left ventricle then contracts and pumps blood through the ____________________ into the ______________, which transports blood to the body.
aortic valve, aorta
The ___________ of the heart points inferiorly and to the left, and sits at the level of the ___________ intercostal space.
apex, fifth
The Cardiovascular System 1-6 2 After the leaving the heart, the vessel will branch to become progressively smaller ________________, which are strong vessels adapted for carrying blood away from the heart.
arteries
The Cardiovascular System 1-6 These vessels will continue to branch into thinner microscopic tubes called the _____________.
arterioles
When the atria contract (a phase called ___________________), the ventricles are relaxed (__________________________)
atrial systole, ventricular diastole
Conduction system 1-5 3 The impulse then arrives at the ___________________ node located in the inferior interatrial septum.
atrioventricular
The _______________ of the heart, which is more superior, is the point of attachment for the major vessels.
base
5 From the left atrium, blood moves through the left atrioventricular valve, which is also referred to as the ___________________________.
bicuspid valve
The heart works in a coordinated fashion to pump __________________ throughout the body.
blood
An abnormally slow heart rate is termed cardioversion. bradycardia. fibrillation. tachycardia.
bradycardia.
n mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction. bulges into the left atrium during ventricular relaxation. is missing as a result of abnormal development. has an extra cusp.
bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.
In the cardiovascular system, what vessels are the site of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange? capillaries heart arteries veins
capillaries
The Cardiovascular System 1-6 The smallest vessels, the ____________________, are the sites of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange.
capillaries
The ___________________ consists of all the events that take place during one heartbeat, as described above.
cardiac cycle
Attached to these valves are fibrous strings called ___________________________, which in turn are attached to the ________________________.
chordae tendineae, papillary muscles
These molecules are responsible for the ________________________, which draws water into the capillaries, helping return fluids at the ______________ end of capillary
colloid osmotic pressure, venular
The papillary muscles ______________ with the ventricles, which makes the chordae tendineae _______________.
contract, taut
The effect on the heart of excess potassium ion concentration usually is increased rate and decreased force of contraction. decreased rate and decreased force of contraction. decreased rate and increased force of contraction. increased rate and increased force of contraction.
decreased rate and decreased force of contraction.
As blood moves from arteries to veins, the blood pressure________________. To assist in venous blood flow, many larger veins contain______________ that allow for one-way blood flow.
decreases, valves
A single cardiac cycle usually takes about 2 seconds.
false
The AV valves and semilunar valves are open at the same time.
false
Venous return to the heart is increased during expiration. True False
false
The skeleton of the heart consists of bone within the interatrial septum. bone within the myocardium. fibrous connective tissue encircling the atrioventricular orifices. fibrous connective tissue in the endocardium.
fibrous connective tissue encircling the atrioventricular orifices.
Order of the coverings of the heart 1-4 1. The outer layer of the pericardium is called the ________________________ and is composed on dense connective tissue.
fibrous pericardium
Exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste molecules occurs across capillary walls. Fluid is also exchanged. Most of the fluid is moved by ____________________ which, in turn, is due to the pressure differences between the capillary fluid and interstitial fluid.
filtration
Consider the arteriolar end of a capillary bed. During capillary exchange, the process of _____ is favored at the arteriolar end due to the higher ______ pressure. reabsorption; colloid osmotic filtration; hydrostatic reabsorption; hydrostatic filtration; colloid osmotic
filtration; hydrostatic
Labeling an ECG tracing Label the waves, or deflections, seen in the normal ECG pattern. first small bump- tall spike- last big bump-
first small bump- p wave tall spike- QRS wave last big bump- T wave
Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ____, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to ______. hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; active transport being greater than osmotic pressure osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure; hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure osmosis; active transport
hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure
Blood pressure, a type of ________________, is due to blood volume and the pressure generated by contraction of the ventricles. This pressure forces fluid out of the capillaries, especially at the __________________ end of the capillary.
hydrostatic pressure, arteriolar
Venous return The figure demonstrates the effects of skeletal muscle contraction on venous return. Use the correct labels to complete the figure.
left 1 relaxed skeletal muscle 2 vien right 1 to heart 2 valve open 3 contracted skeletal muscle 4 valve closed
Oxygen-poor v. oxygen-rich blood carrying structures Label the following structures as oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor in diagram of blood flow through the cardiovascular system. Labels will be used more than once.
left side 1 oxygen rich 2 oxygen poor 3 oxygen poor right side 1 oxygen rich 2 oxygen poor 3 oxygen rich 4 oxygen rich
Major arteries associated with the heart Label the major arteries that carry oxygenated-rich blood from the heart.
left side 1 right common carotid a 2 right subclavian a 3 brachiocephalic right side 1 left common carotid a 2 left subclavian a 3 aorta
In comparison to arteries, how much do veins change with aging? about the same less than more than
less than
Respiratory movements can also help with venous blood flow. During inspiration, the pressure in the thoracic cavity is _____________ the pressure in the abdominal cavity.
less than
The pressure in the pulmonary circuit is ___ the pressure in the systemic circuit. equal to greater than less than
less than
The heart is situated between the ______________ to either side, in front of the ________________, and behind the ______________.
lungs, vertebral column, sternum
Plasma proteins in capillaries help to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood. decrease the osmotic pressure of the blood. maintain the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. decrease the hydrostatic pressure of the blood.
maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood.
Which of the following gases does endothelium release? Methane Nitrogen Oxygen Nitric oxide
nitric oxide
Conduction system 1-5 2 From the ____________________ , the impulse disperses through the myocardium of the atria.
pacemaker
Order of the coverings of the heart 1-4 2. The ________________________ lines the previous layer and secretes ______________________.
parietal pericardium, serous fluid
Order of the coverings of the heart 1-4 3. The fluid is contained within the ________________________.
pericardial cavity
The blood within the capillaries contains _____________________ that cannot leave the blood regardless of any concentration gradient between the blood and the tissue fluids
plasma proteins
As a result, the chordae tendineae ________________________________________________________________.
prevent the valves from pushing up into the atria
4 After circulating through the _____________________ in the lungs, blood returns to the left atrium.
pulmonary capillaries
3 The right ventricle contracts, which forces blood up through the ______________________ and into the ___________________.
pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk
What site is commonly used to feel a pulse? radial artery on the wrist aorta in the chest subclavian artery in the neck internal jugular vein in the neck
radial artery on the wrist
At one point during the cardiac cycle, both atria and ventricles are _____________________.
relaxed
In an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by depolarization of atrial muscle fibers. repolarization of atrial muscle fibers. repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers. depolarization of ventricular muscle fibers.
repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers.
Valves and valve function 1-6 Complete each sentence and place them in order to describe blood flow through the heart beginning with blood entering the right side of the heart. 1 Beginning with the return from the systemic circulation, blood enters the __________________.
right atrium
The tricuspid valve, associated with the _____________ ventricle, and the bicuspid valve, associated with the ___________ ventricle, are also called __________________________.
right, left, atrioventricular valves
What occurs after ventricular systole begins?
semilunar valves open
Conduction system 1-5 Complete each sentence discussing the cardiac conduction system. Then place the sentences in correct order to follow the path of impulses through the heart. 1 The contraction of the heart begins with an autorhythmic impulse of the _________________ node located in the superior portion of the right atrial wall.
sinoatrial
Where do impulses originate in the heart? atrioventricular node sinoatrial node atrioventricular bundle Purkinje fibers
sinoatrial node
What is the sequence of travel by an impulse through the cardiac conduction system? atrioventricular node, sinoatrial node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers atrioventricular node, sinoatrial bundle, atrioventricular node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers Purkinje fibers, atrioventricular bundle, atrioventricular node, sinoatrial node, bundle branches sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
When ________________ muscles contract, they massage the veins, pushing the blood _____________ the heart. When the muscles relax, the blood flows backwards causing the valves to _______________.
skeletal, toward, close
When the first heart sound is heard, what is occuring with the heart valves? The semilunar valves are opening. The AV valves are opening. The AV valves are closing. The semilunar valves are closing.
The AV valves are closing.
Which of the following is true about the heart? The heart is located lateral to the lungs. The base of the heart lies beneath the fourth rib. The average adult heart is about 8 cm long and 5 cm wide. The apex end points downward at about the 5th intercostal space.
The apex end points downward at about the 5th intercostal space.
