A&P 2: Chapter 22 (The Immune System)
True/False: Active immunity is a natural process, whereas passive immunity is generated artificially.
False
True/False: B-lymphocytes cannot bind directly with an antigen, and so require presentation by another type of cell.
False
True/False: Compared to most interstitial fluid in the body, the interstitial fluid of an inflamed area would have a lower osmolarity and a lower concentration of proteins.
False
True/False: Cytokines are agents that affect neighboring cells without triggering systemic effects.
False
True/False: "Booster" shots are required following certain vaccinations because the memory B-lymphocytes produced in response to the initial vaccination don't survive indefinitely.
True
True/False: Complement facilitates inflammation by activating basophils and mast cells and by attracting macrophages and neutrophils.
True
True/False: Dendritic cells serve as antigen-presenting cells.
True
True/False: Eosinophils and lymphocytes are both types of leukocytes.
True
True/False: Exudate formation delivers substances to eliminate injurious agents, and the resulting increase in interstitial hydrostatic pressure leads to increased fluid uptake by lymphatic capillaries.
True
True/False: High fevers can lead to protein denaturation and raise the likelihood of seizures.
True
True/False: In addition to creating a physical barrier to pathogen entry, mucus contains antimicrobial substances such as IgA.
True
True/False: In passive immunity, the individual has not had an antigenic challenge.
True
True/False: MHC class II molecules are loaded with exogenous antigen after the antigen has been digested into fragments within a phagolysosome.
True
True/False: Negative selection is the process by which cells learn self-tolerance.
True
True/False: One function of helper T-lymphocytes is to enhance the activity of cells of the innate immune system.
True
True/False: Over their life span, plasma cells produce hundreds of millions of antibodies against one specific antigen.
True
True/False: Some antibodies cross the placenta.
True
True/False: The Fc region of some antibodies can trigger the activity of NK cells.
True
True/False: The microglia of the brain are macrophages.
True
True/False: The second signal during cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation of the cell by interleukin 2 released by helper T-lymphocytes.
True
Plasma cells have a life span of about _________, which is mainly spent in the _________. a: 5 days; blood b: 5 days; lymph nodes c: 130 days; blood d: 130 days; lymph nodes
b: 5 days; lymph nodes
Which class of chemical messenger facilitates white blood cell formation in bone marrow? a: Interleukins b: Colony-stimulating factors c: Tumor necrosis factors d: Interferons
b: colony-stimulating factors
Interferons are one of the classes of a: interleukins. b: cytokines. c: colony-stimulating factors. d: tumor necrosis factors.
b: cytokines
Which type of cell is the most effective to attack multicellular parasites such as tapeworms? a: Basophils b: Eosinophils c: Macrophages d: Neutrophils
b: eosinophils
IgA is primarily found a: in blood. b: in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus. c: in lymph. d: on the surface of B-lymphocytes. e: in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes.
b: in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus.
Nonspecific immunity is another name for a: adaptive immunity. b: innate immunity. c: cell-mediated immunity. d: acquired immunity.
b: innate immunity
Malaria is a disease caused by a a: multicellular parasite. b: protozoan. c: fungus. d: virus. e: bacterium.
b: protozoan
In terms of their chemical structure, cytokines are _______; their function is to serve as _________.
proteins; chemical messengers
True/False: Elevated antibody production during a primary response generally lasts for months or years, whereas antibody production in secondary responses decreases to baseline level generally within a couple of weeks.
False
True/False: Erythrocytes are antigen-presenting cells.
False
True/False: Helper T-lymphocyte activation involves MHC class I, whereas cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation involves MHC class II.
False
True/False: Helper T-lymphocytes primarily contain the CD8 coreceptor.
False
True/False: Metals and plastics of artificial implants generally have high immunogenicity.
False
True/False: Most bacterial species are pathogenic.
False
True/False: Protozoans are obligate intracellular parasites.
False
True/False: Sustained fevers that are 1° C above normal core body temperature usually lead to irreversible brain damage.
False
True/False: The constant region of the five classes of immunoglobulins are the same, and their names depend on their variable regions.
False
True/False: The inflammatory response includes a decrease in the permeability of capillaries to prevent excessive blood loss after injury.
False
Which type of antibody is formed in response to parasitic infections and allergies, and has the effect of activating mast cells and basophils?
IgE
The most prevalent antibody in blood and lymph is
IgG
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by a: increasing the permeability of infected cells and inducing apoptosis. b: increasing the permeability of infected cells and preventing apoptosis. c: decreasing the permeability of infected cells and inducing apoptosis. d: decreasing the permeability of infected cells and preventing apoptosis.
a
If T-lymphocytes that failed the negative selection test were not destroyed, the immune system would likely a: cause autoimmune disorders. b: exhibit very delayed activity. c: be unable to recognize a particular class of pathogen. d: exhibit more negative membrane potentials.
a
Inflamed tissue feels warm due to a: increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity. b: the margination of white blood cells. c: chemotaxis and defervescence. d: activation of complement by binding of C-reactive protein to bacterial carbohydrates.
a
The function of helper T-lymphocytes is to a: initiate and oversee the immune response. b: turn off the immune response once it has been activated. c: secrete toxins to kill or disable pathogens. d:trigger cell death by disrupting metabolic activities. e: All choices are correct.
a
The primary goal of the immune response is a: destruction or inactivation of pathogens and foreign material. b: maintenance of the proper ionic balance between lymph and blood. c: stimulation of mitotic activity in order to replace cells damaged by infection. d: reduction of the number of circulating memory lymphocytes. e: removal of antibodies from lymph and lymphatic organs.
a
When a chemical messenger has a short half-life, it means that a: it will not have an extremely prolonged effect on target cells. b: it will not be eliminated quickly from the blood.
a
When compared to a primary response, the antibody levels in a secondary response a: rise more rapidly and with a greater proportion of IgG antibodies. b: rise more rapidly and with a smaller proportion of IgG antibodies. c: rise more gradually and with a greater proportion of IgG antibodies. d: rise more gradually and with a smaller proportion of IgG antibodies.
a
Which type of lymphocyte has coreceptors that assist in the interaction of the lymphocyte with a cell presenting antigen? a: T-lymphocyte b: B-lymphocyte
a
A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by a: adaptive immunity. b: innate immunity. c: inflammation.
a: adaptive immunity
The clumping of foreign cells that occurs when antibodies cross-link their antigens is known as a: agglutination. b: neutralization. c: precipitation. d: opsonization. e: fixation.
a: agglutination
Fungi are a: eukaryotic cells with a cell wall. b: prokaryotic cells. c: multicellular parasites that reside within a host. d: protozoans lacking a cell wall. e: viruses that are fragments of infectious proteins.
a: eukaryotic cells with a cell wall
The immunity that occurs as a result of a vaccination is _________ immunity.
active
A membrane attack complex is a protein grouping that a: triggers phagocytosis of a target cell by a nearby macrophage or neutrophil. b: forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis. c: links a pathogen to a red blood cell so that it is carried to the liver or spleen. d: stimulates basophils to attack a multicellular parasite in the body.
b
Activation of lymphocytes occurs in a: primary lymphatic structures. b: secondary lymphatic structures. c: tertiary lymphatic structures. d: effectors such as muscles and glands.
b
Active immunity requires a: the transfer of antibodies from another individual. b: direct encounter with the antigen. c: that an active virus be used in a vaccine. d: that all immune responses to the pathogen result in symptoms of illness.
b
An immunoglobulin is a(n) a: antibody, which is a white blood cell. b: antibody, which is a protein molecule. c: lymphocyte, which is a white blood cell. d: lymphocyte, which is a protein molecule. e: antigen, which is a cell receptor.
b
Antigen-presenting cells are ________________, and they display antigens to both ________________ and ______________. a: immune cells; B-lymphocytes; T-lymphocytes b: immune cells; helper T-lymphocytes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes c: any nucleated cell; B-lymphocytes; T-lymphocytes d: any anucleate cell; helper T-lymphocytes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes e: any blood cell; helper B-lymphocytes; cytotoxic B-lymphocytes
b
Antigens are a: something made by a white blood cell to destroy a pathogen. b: something that an antibody or T-lymphocyte binds to. c: disorders involving overactive immune systems. d: membrane receptors on B-lymphocytes.
b
As T-lymphocytes leave the thymus, they are a: naive and not yet competent. b: naive and immunocompetent. c: activated but not yet competent. d: activated and immunocompetent.
b
Chemotaxis is the process by which a: CAMs on leukocytes adhere to CAMs on endothelial cells of capillaries within injured tissues. b: cells migrate along chemical gradients. c: cells exit the blood by squeezing out between cells in the blood vessel wall. d: chemical messengers are secreted that stimulate the sensation of pain that accompanies inflammation.
b
Consuming meat that has been infected with a prion can lead to the disease a: trichomoniasis. b: bovine spongiform encephalopathy. c: clostridium tetani. d: histoplasmosis.
b
Immunity can be transferred from mother to child. When the child's immunity is acquired a: through the placenta, it is passive immunity, but through breastmilk it is active immunity. b: through the placenta or through breastmilk, it is passive immunity. c: through the placenta or through breastmilk, it is active immunity. d: through the placenta, it is active immunity, but through the breastmilk it is passive immunity.
b
In positive selection of T-lymphocytes, those cells that a: bind self antigens are eliminated. b: can bind MHC survive. c: bind to self antigens survive. d: bind to MHC class II are eliminated.
b
In the classical pathway of complement activation, a: complement is activated within liver cells and released into the blood. b: complement binds to an antibody that is bound to a foreign substance. c: complement binds with polysaccharides on a microbial cell wall. d: complement inhibits inflammation and binds to opsonins.
b
MHC class I molecules are a: glycolipid synthesized on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. b: glycoproteins synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. c: small peptides synthesized on free ribosomes. d: phospholipids synthesized in secretory vesicles.
b
MHC class I molecules on a cell allow it to interact with a: natural killer cells. b: cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. c: helper T-lymphocytes. d: CD8+ B-lymphocytes.
b
Opsonization involves a: cross-linking several antigens together so that they are no longer soluble, and it is facilitated by the Fc region of the antibody. b: marking a target for phagocytosis, and it is facilitated by interaction of the Fc region of the antibody with a phagocyte. c: activation of NK cells, and it is a function of the antigen-binding site of the antibody. d: fixation of antibodies in the IgG and IgM classes, and it involves the antigen-binding site of the antibody.
b
Passive immunity lasts a: from days to weeks, and involves development of memory cells. b: from days to weeks, and does not involve development of memory cells. c: from years to a lifetime, and involves the development of memory cells. d: from years to a lifetime, and does not involve development of memory cells.
b
The second signal during B-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation from a: IL-2 released by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. b: IL-4 released by helper T-lymphocytes. c: bradykinin released by antigen-presenting cells. d: antibodies released by antigens.
b
The secondary response of the immune system to an infectious agent involves a: fewer cells than the antigen challenge, as the response has become more specific. b: more cells than the antigen challenge, due to the proliferation of memory cells. c: amnesia of past exposures, so that a perfectly adapted response can be generated to the new pathogen.
b
The site of infection is the location at which lymphocytes a: are formed. b: provide an effector response. c: are activated. d: become able to recognize one specific foreign antigen.
b
Which class of major histocompatibility molecules is specific to antigen-presenting cells? a: MHC class I b: MHC class II
b
Which of the following lists the body's first, second, and third lines of defense in order? a: Adaptive immunity, external innate immunity, internal immunity b: External innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity c: External innate immunity, adaptive immunity, internal innate immunity d: External adaptive immunity, internal adaptive immunity, innate immunity e: Innate immunity, internal adaptive immunity, internal innate immunity
b
Why are functions of T-lymphocytes referred to as "cell-mediated" immunity? a: Because T-lymphocytes are cells and not just plasma proteins b: Because T-lymphocytes work against antigens associated with cells c: Because T-lymphocytes work only against single-celled infectious agents d: Because T-lymphocytes must activate other classes of cells in order to have any effect
b
Helper T-lymphocytes are also known as a: cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. b: CD8+ cells. c: CD4+ cells. d: T8 cells. e: memory T-lymphocytes.
c
If someone had a cut in their skin through which a bacterium entered, but that bacterium was then destroyed by a neutrophil, this would be an example of a: failed external adaptive immunity, but successful innate immunity. b: failed innate immunity, but successful adaptive immunity. c: failed external innate immunity, but successful internal innate immunity. d: failed external immunity, but successful internal acquired immunity.
c
Interleukin 1 and interferons act as a: defervescents and trigger an elevation of body temperature. b: defervescents and trigger a decrease of body temperature. c: pyrogens and trigger an elevation of body temperature. d: pyrogens and trigger a decrease of body temperature.
c
Pyrogens act on the __________ of the brain where they cause release of ________. a: hippocampus; PGE2 b: hippocampus; exudate c: hypothalamus; PGE2 d: hypothalamus; exudate
c
Vaccines are effective because they a: immediately stimulate cellular immunity to eliminate all of the pathogen in the body. b: inhibit antibodies from having secondary responses. c: stimulate the development of immunologic memory. d: increase the number of natural killer cells while decreasing the numbers of T and B cells.
c
When they leave the red marrow, pre-T-lymphocytes have a: only the CD4 protein. b: only the CD8 protein. c: both the CD4 and CD8 proteins. d: neither the CD4 nor CD8 protein. e: either the CD4 or CD8 protein.
c
Which is not an action of interferon? a: It stimulates macrophages and NK cells to destroy virus-infected cells. b: It triggers synthesis of enzymes that destroy viral nucleic acids. c: It signals the immune system that the secreting cell is part of the body and so should not be attacked. d: It binds to receptors of neighboring cells preventing them from being infected.
c
Which type of antigen would have the greatest immunogenicity? a: One that is small, simple, familiar, and abundant b: One that is small but complex and rare c: One that is large, complex, foreign, and abundant d: One that is large but simple and familiar
c
What are considered the effectors of humoral immunity? a: Helper T-lymphocytes b: Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes c: Antibodies d: Macrophages e: Natural killer cells
c: antibodies
Which cell type is targeted by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? a: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte b: Memory B-lymphocyte c: Helper T-lymphocyte d: Natural killer cell e: Plasma cell
c: helper t-lymphocyte
Which type of cell responds to multiple antigens? a: Memory B-lymphocyte b: Memory T-lymphocyte c: Natural killer cell d: Plasma cell e: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
c: natural killer cell
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by releasing a: antibodies. b: bradykinin and histamine. c: perforin and granzymes. d: CD4+.
c: perforin and granzymes
Most activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into a: memory helper T-lymphocytes. b: macrophages. c: plasma cells. d: antigen-presenting cells.
c: plasma cells
"Complement" refers to a group of a: white blood cells. b: antibodies. c: plasma proteins. d: molecules on the surface of pathogenic microbes.
c: plasma proteins
"Mad cow disease" (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) is caused by a a: fungus. b: protozoan. c: prion. d: virus. e: bacterium.
c: prion
Upon activation, a T-lymphocyte a: ceases dividing and becomes a plasma cell. b: ceases dividing and becomes a memory cytotoxic helper cell. c: proliferates to form clones and memory cells. d: proliferates to form B cells and plasma cells.
c: proliferates to form clones and memory cells
A variety of lymphatic cells are involved in the immune response. Which is not part of the process? a: Production of antibodies b: Direct attack and destruction of foreign or abnormal agents c: Replication of antigens d: Formation of memory cells
c: replication of antigens
Antigen presentation involves the display of an antigen a: inside the cytoplasm of a B-lymphocyte. b: on the surface of a cell so that a B-lymphocyte can be exposed to it. c: inside the cytoplasm of a T-lymphocyte. d: on the surface of a cell so that a T-lymphocyte can be exposed to it.
d
Exudate is a: blood that escapes capillaries, passes beyond the skin and leaves the body. b: increased perfusion of capillary beds within the region of an injury. c: lymph that flows away from the heart and toward the site of an injury. d: fluid that leaves capillaries to "wash" the interstitial space of an injured tissue. e: clotting proteins that wall off microbes and prevent them from spreading through the bloodstream.
d
Inflammation is a(n) a: antigen-specific process that occurs in avascular tissue. b: antigen-specific process that occurs in vascularized tissue. c: nonspecific process that occurs in avascular tissue. d: nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue.
d
MHC class I molecules present peptide fragments that are either "self" or "nonself"; in either case, the fragment becomes bound to the molecule while a: in the Golgi apparatus. b: in the cytosol. c: in a secretory vesicle. d: in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
d
Poison ivy contains a toxin that acts as a hapten by a: raising the body's sensitivity to a wide variety of chemicals such as penicillin. b: cutting plasma protein antibodies in half. c: preventing effective immune responses by blocking release of bradykinin. d: combining with a body protein and then triggering an immune response.
d
The first signal during helper T-lymphocyte activation involves a: BCR of the helper T-cell binding with free antigen and engulfing it. b: CD8 of the helper T-cell binding with MHC class III of the antigen-presenting cell. c: CD4 of the helper T-cell binding with MHC class I part of the antigen fragment. d: CD4 of the helper T-cell binding with MHC class II of the antigen-presenting cell.
d
Which is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation? a: Heat b: Redness c: Loss of function d: Numbness e: Swelling
d
Agglutination of mismatched blood is a function of a: IgD, which is a dimer. b: IgD, which is a pentamer. c: IgM, which is a dimer. d: IgM, which is a pentamer.
d: IgM, which is a pentamer
Defensins and lysosomes are both part of ________ immunity and function as ___________. a: adaptive; physical barriers to pathogen entry b: adaptive; attackers of pathogenic cells c: innate; physical barriers to pathogen entry d: innate; attackers of pathogenic cells
d: innate; attackers of pathogenic cells
Dendritic cells of the skin are derived from a: macrophages. b: B-lymphocytes. c: T-lymphocytes. d: monocytes. e: neutrophils.
d: monocytes
Which type of cell produces and secretes antibodies? a: Memory B-lymphocyte b: Memory T-lymphocyte c: Natural killer cell d: Plasma cell e: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
d: plasma cell
Cytokines have a _____ half-life and exert influence on ________________. a: long; immune cells only. b: long; immune and non-immune cells. c: short; immune cells only. d: short; immune and non-immune cells.
d: short; immune and non-immune cells.
Which part of an antibody attaches to an antigen? a: The hinge region b: The constant region c: The heavy chain d: The variable region
d: the variable region
What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans? a: IgA, IgC, IgE, IgG, IgI b: IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM, IgS c: IgB, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM d: IgA, IgB, IgC, IgD, IgE e: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
e
Once a helper T-lymphocyte recognizes an antigen, it begins the immune response by secreting chemical signals called a: antibodies. b: immunoglobulins. c: memory B-lymphocytes. d: memory T-lymphocytes. e: cytokines.
e: cytokines
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that have killed a foreign cell may transform into a: memory B-lymphocytes. b: natural killer cells. c: plasma cells. d: helper T-lymphocytes. e: None of the choices is correct.
e: none of the choices are correct
A fever __________(inhibits/increases) reproduction of bacteria and ___________ (increases/inhibits) CAMs on the endothelium of capillaries of lymph nodes.
inhibits, increases
Often a virus-infected cell will release _________ to prevent spread of the infection.
interferon
Which cells resemble basophils and are found in connective tissue, close to small blood vessels?
mast cells
Which type of cell attacks a variety of unwanted cells and causes those cells to undergo apoptosis?
natural killer cells
A secondary response to an infectious agent has a _______ latent phase than a primary response has.
shorter
A virus is ______ than a bacterial cell, and a virus is composed of a _________________.
smaller; nucleic acid within a protein capsid.