A&P 2, Chapter 23
The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as the _______.
chloride shift
The _______ of the lungs is an indication of their expandability, how easily the lungs expand and contract.
compliance
Ventilation performed by contraction of the external intercostals muscles is known as _______ breathing.
costal
The technical term for quiet breathing is _______.
eupnea
Number of lobes in the right lung is
greater than the number of lobes in the left lung
Use of the accessory respiratory muscles is characteristic of forced breathing, or _______.
hyperpnea
In the condition known as ________ the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues is low.
hypoxia
The superior region of the pharynx is called the _______.
nasopharynx
The _______ fissure separates the lobes of the left lung.
oblique
De compression sickness is a painful condition that develops when a person is exposed to a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure. Bubbles of _______ gas are responsible for the problem.
A. nitrogen
All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata, except the A. olfactory epithelium B. medullary chemoreceptors C. carotid body D. aortic body E. All of the answers are correct
A. olfactory epithelium
The _______ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
A. oropharynx
The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the
A. oropharynx
Dalton's Law of gases relates to:
A. partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases
The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as
A. pleurisy
The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space.
A. pneumothorax
During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation:
A. rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of
A. simple squamous epithelium
The right lung is to _______ as the left lung is to ________.
A. three lobes; two lobes
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the _______ cartilage.
A. thyroid
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
A. upper respiratory tract
Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to
A.changes in PCO2, PO2, and pH.
What occurs if intrapulmonic pressure is 763 mm Hg?
B) exhalation
The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from _______ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.
12 to 18
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
B. 45 mm Hg
_______ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent.
B. Cystic fibrosis
Tuberculosis results from an infection by the bacterium
B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
_______ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.
B. Tidal volume
Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in
B. a loss of surfactant
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.
B. cricoid
As an astronaut is lifted into Earth's orbit, what is the first change to take place in response to the drop in cabin pressure?
B. decreased alveolar PO2
Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration, except the A. solubility of oxygen in plasma B. diameter of an alveolus C. PO2 of the alveoli D. thickness of the respiratory membrane E. PCO2 of the blood
B. diameter of an alveolus
Physical damage to the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is likely to result in
B. epistaxis or nosebleeds
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 is
B. greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2.
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade is
B. greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade.
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the
B. hard palate
Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song she forces a large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces is
B. high pitched and loud.
During quiet breathing
B. inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
B. it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is
B. less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low.
The function of pulmonary ventilation is to
B. maintain adequate alveolar ventilation
Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?
B. minute volume
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
B. pharynx
The apneustic centers of the pons
B. provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.
The interlobular septa divide the lings into
B. pulmonary lobules
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.
B. right primary
The glottis is
B. the opening to the larynx
Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following, except A. the hypothalamus. B. the precentral motor gyrus. C. the limbic system. D. cortical association areas. E. Broca's center.
B. the precentral motor gyrus.
The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is
B. torr.
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the
B. trachea
While playing in an intramural football game, Joe is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe probably is suffering from
C. a pneumothorax.
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are
C. alveoli
Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can
C. close the glottis
Which of these descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle?
C. contraction increases airway resistance
The thyroid cartilage is attached to the cricoid cartilage by the
C. cricothyroid ligament
The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called
C. emphysema
The laryngeal cartilage not composed of hyaline cartilage is the
C. epiglottis
Quiet breathing is to _______ as shallow breathing is to _______.
C. eupnea; costal breathing
Primary bronchi are to ________ as secondary bronchi are to ________.
C. extrapulmonary bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi
The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level is
C. greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest
Boyle's Law of Gases states that
C. if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.
The larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles all make up the
C. lower respiratory tract
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
C. modifies the rate and depth of breathing
Which of these descriptions best matches the term external intercostal? A. contraction increases airway resistance B. accessory muscle of inspiration C. primary muscle of inspiration D. affects lung compliance E. accessory muscle of expiration
C. primary muscle of inspiration
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is
C. respiratory distress syndrome
The placement of a tube directly into the trachea to bypass the larynx is termed a(n)
D. tracheostomy
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in
D. venous blood
The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the
D. vestibule
Determination of blood gases includes testing an arterial sample for
E) pH, PO2, and PCO2.
Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ ml of oxygen.
E. 20
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately
E. 45 mm Hg
_______ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and cells on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles too.
E. Forced breathing
Severing the sensory fibers from the lungs would result in all of the following, except A. less stimulation of the expiratory center during forced breathing. B. potential damage to the lungs due to overinflation. C. less inhibition of the inspiratory center during forced breathing. D. a disappearance of the Hering-Breuer reflexes. E. a drop in tidal volume.
E. a drop in tidal volume.
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
E. bicarbonate ions
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form
E. carbonic acid
Which statement about the chloride shift is false? A. depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransporter B. involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma C. is driven by a rise in POC2 D. involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs E. causes RBCs to swell
E. causes RBCs to swell
Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation
E. causes fluids to leak into the alveoli.
The conchae
E. create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus
External respiration involves the
E. diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood
In quiet breathing,
E. inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle.
E. internal intercostal
Which respiratory organ(s) has a cardiac notch?
E. left lung
Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following, except the A. paranasal sinuses B. nasal cavity C. pharynx D. nose E. lips
E. lips
Secondary bronchi supply air to the
E. lobes of the lungs
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in
E. more intense inhalation
At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is _______ percent saturated with oxygen.
E. more than 90
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
E. movement of air into and out of the lungs
The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the
E. oropharynx
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces
E. phonation
The _______ branch from the trachea at the carina.
E. primary bronchi
Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is
E. pulmonary embolism
The nasopharynx is divid from the rest of the pharynx by the
E. soft plate
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,
E. the volume of the thorax increases
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from
E. thick secretions that are difficult to transport
The chloride shift occurs in order to
E. transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma.
A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the
E. vocal folds
Moving air to and from exchange surfaces is termed ________.
ventilation
A unique feature of the left lung is the ________.
cardiac notch
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms a(n) _______.
mucus escalator
The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately
A. 100 mm Hg
The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
A. 40 mm Hg
What is one atmosphere of pressure?
A. 760 mm Hg
_______= respiratory rate + (tidal volume - anatomic dead space).
A. Alveolar ventilation rate
Which of these changes would not occur at birth when an infant takes its first breaths?
A. Blood flow to the lungs decreases
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
A. Inspiratory reserve volume
A SCUBA diver has been deep underwater and suddenly rises to the surface too fast. Why does the diver get decompression sickness?
A. Pressure decreases too fast and nitrogen gas in the blood forms bubbles
If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,
A. a person would stop breathing
Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following, except A. acting as a damping chamber when coughing B. warming the air C. humidifying the air D. filtering the air E. acting as a resonating chamber in speech
A. acting as a damping chamber when coughing
The most superior portion of the lung is termed the
A. apex
Sympathetic input to the smooth muscle tissue in bronchioles causes all of these except A. bronchoconstriction B. less airway resistance C. a bigger lumen D. relaxation E. activation of beta-two receptors
A. bronchoconstriction
The most important chenical regulator of respiration is
A. carbon dioxide
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues? A. decreased pH B. decreased amounts of DPG C. increased tissue PO2 D. decreased temperature E. All of the answers are correct
A. decreased pH
Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa? A. dehumidify the incoming air B. humidify the incoming air C. dehumidify the outgoing air D. cool outgoing air E. trap particulate matter
A. dehumidify the incoming air
When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration?
A. during external respiration
Damage to the phrenic nerves would
A. force reliance on costal breathing
Dalton's law states that
A. in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
A 10-percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will
A. increase the rate of breathing
A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time you would expect to observe
A. increased thickness of the right ventricular wall
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is
A. internal respiratory
Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is
A. inversely proportional to the volume of its container.
An acute infection of the throat that can lead to swelling and closure of the glottis and cause suffocation is known as
C) acute epiglottitis.
Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs.
C. 75 percent
The larynx contains _______ cartilages.
C. 9
Which of these age-based changes is false? A. The lung's compliance changes. B. Respiratory muscles weaken. C. Vital capacity increases. D. Costal cartilages become more flexible. E. The lungs lose elastic tissue.
C. Vital capacity increases.
Henry's law states that
D. the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
Which of the following is not true about the pharynx? A. laryngopharynx ands at esophagus opening B. solids, liquids, and gases pass through C. shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems D. nasopharynx is superior E. oropharynx connects to oral cavity
C. shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems
A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage.
C. thyroid
If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's
C. vital capacity
For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the
C.PCO2 should be low.
The term hypercapnia refers to
C.elevated PCO2.
The adult human trachea is about _______ in diameter and contains _______ tracheal cartilages.
D. 2.5 cm; 15-20
The following is a list of some airways. 1. secondary bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole The order in which air passes through is
D. 4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6
Roughly ________ terminal bronchioles arise from each tertiary bronchus.
D. 6500
All of the following are present prior to birth, except that the A. lungs and airways contain only a small amount of fluid B. rib cage is compressed C. pulmonary arterial resistance is high D. alveoli are expanded E. pulmonary vessels are collapsed
D. alveoli are expanded
Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the _______ center.
D. apneustic
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the _______ center.
D. apneustic
The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the _______ cartilages.
D. arytenoid
About 70% od carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood
D. as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmosphere pressure is that
D. they are equal
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
D. bound to hemoglobin
The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ________ portion of the airway.
D. conducting
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will
D. decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs?
D. decreases
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
D. epiglottis
During swallowing, the
D. epiglottis is depressed
The respiratory mucosa consists of
D. epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue
The opening to the nostrils are the
D. external nares
Which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?
D. from the tissue cells into the blood
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
D. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called
D. hyperpnea
Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of
D. internal respiration.
Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? A. alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system B. contains many mucous glands C. is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium D. is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages E. is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages
D. is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages
The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because
D. large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.
The vocal folds are located within the
D. larynx
Alveolar ventilation refers to the
D. movement of air into and out of the alveoli
Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the
D. movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of laryngeal muscles.
The auditory tubes open into the
D. nasopharynx
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?
D. oropharynx
The _______ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.
D. pharynx
The Hering-Breuer reflex
D. protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation.
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of
D. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Gas exchange between air and circulating blood takes place within _______.
alveoli
Asthma is
an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.
When the respiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of _______.
elastic rebound
The flap-like structure that prevents food from entering the larynx is called the _______.
epiglottis
The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through a connection know as the _______.
internal nares
The entire array of protective mechanisms in the respiratory system is called the _______.
respiratory defense system
The volume of air moved in a single respiratory cycle is termed _______.
tidal volume
Internal respiration refers to exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the _______.
tissues
The _______ extends from the sixth cervical vertebra to the fifth thoracic vertebra.
trachea
