A&P 2 Exam 2 RAs
Place the steps of our metabolism in order. start with iron intake,and finish with absorption from the digestive tract
-A mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+ is ingested -The stomach acid converts Fe3+ to Fe2+ -Fe2+ binds to gastroferritin -Gastroferritin carries Fe2+ to intestine for absorption
Place the steps of iron metabolism in order. Start with absorption from the intestine, and end with its disruption to the body
-Absorbed Fe2+ binds to transferrin in plasma -Some transferrin releases Fe2+ for storage in the liver -Fe2+ binds apoferritin to be stored as ferritin -Remaining transferrin goes to other organs were Fe2+ is used
Which are functions of the circulatory system?
-It carries oxygen from the lungs to peripheral tissues and CO2 from peripheral tissues to the lungs -Neutralizes toxins and works to destroy pathogens -Helps to stabilize fluid distribution in the body
How does the body use iron?
-The bone marrow uses Fe2+ for hemoglobin synthesis -The muscles use Fe2+ to make myoglobin -Nearly all cells are Fe2+ to make electron-transport molecules (cytochromes) in their mitochondria
Adult hemoglobin consists of which of the following?
2 alpha and 2 beta chains
How long does erythropoiesis take to complete?
3-5 days
A single molecule of hemoglobin can transport how many molecules of oxygen?
4
How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?
4
One molecule of hemoglobin contains which of the following?
4 globin chains and 4 heme groups
How many leukocytes are found in a normal sample of blood?
5000 to 10,000 white blood cells per microliter
How is fetal hemoglobin functionality different than adult hemoglobin?
A binds oxygen more effectively
What causes sickle-cell disease?
A hereditary hemoglobin defect
Which is true regarding the life cycle of erythrocytes?
About 20 mL of packed red blood cells are produced per day, about 1 million blood cells are formed per second, an erythrocyte lives for an average of 120 days
What are the 3 primary types of plasma proteins?
Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
List the types of globulin found in human plasma
Alpha, beta, gamma
Hypoxia, decreased blood osmolarity, and decreased blood viscosity are all consequences of which disorder?
Anemia
What is the function of Gastroferritin?
Binds Fe2+ and carries it to the small intestine
Which term refers to clusters of stem cells that form in the yolk sac, then migrate into the embryo to colonize the liver, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow?
Blood islands
Carbohydrates, proteins, and water (as well as some other nutrients) are transported from the digestive system to the body's cells in which of the following fluids?
Blood plasma
Which of the following may cause hemolytic anemia?
Blood type incompatibilities, Snake and spider venom, penicillin allergy, sickle cell disease, thalassemia, malaria
The vascular system includes which of the following?
Blood vessels and heart
True or false: hypoxemia can occur transiently, but it is always associated with disease conditions
Boss
Which term refers to the contribution of protein to the osmotic pressure of the blood?
Colloid osmotic pressure
Hematocrit
Contains erythrocytes
Buffy coat
Contains white blood cells and platelets
Which would directly reduce blood viscosity?
Decreased hematocrit and protein deficiency
What are the possible causes of hypoplastic or aplastic anemia?
Drugs and poisons, viruses, autoimmune diseases, radiation
In addition to water, blood plasma consist of which of the following?
Electrolytes and nutrients, albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
What is also known as a red blood cell and the most abundant formed element in the blood
Erythrocyte
The hematocrit is the percentage of the blood volume composed of which of the following?
Erythrocytes
Which blood cells are biconcave and and lack a nucleus and other organelles?
Erythrocytes
Which formed elements of the blood transports oxygen?
Erythrocytes
Hemopoiesis is the production of all formed elements. The term ________ is defined as the production of red blood cells specifically.
Erythropoiesis
Anemia may occur in patients with kidney failure due to decreased production of which of the following?
Erythropoietin
What is a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production?
Erythropoietin
True or False: All the components of blood originate in the bone marrow
False
Plasma
Fluid portion of the blood
Which type of plasma protein is subdivided into three classes, alpha, beta, and gamma?
Globulin
Describe normal erythrocytes
Have a biconcave shape Contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen
The 3 components of the circulatory system are the blood vessels, the blood, and the _____________
Heart
Name the discipline that specifically deals with the study of blood
Hematology
Name the protein that binds to oxygen and buffers blood pH
Hemoglobin
Which term refers to the production of blood, especially the formed elements?
Hemopoiesis
Which term refers to the multipotent stem cells in bone marrow?
Hemopoietic stem cells
List, in order, the stages of erythropoiesis. start with the least differentiated cell type and end with erythrocytes
Hemopoietic stem cells, colony forming units, erythroblast, reticulocytes, erythrocytes
Which term refers to tissues that produce the formed elements of the blood?
Hemopoietic tissues
How is hypoxemia detected?
Hypoxemia is detected by the kidneys and liver and results in the secretion of erythropoietin
What are some possible consequences of anemia?
Hypoxia, decreased blood viscosity, decreased blood osmolarity
What are some risks associated with polycythemia?
Increased blood volume, high blood pressure, increased blood viscosity
What are heme groups?
Iron-containing groups that bind to oxygen
Which type of anemia is usually caused by blood loss coupled with nutrition deficits?
Iron-deficiency anemia
What is the fate of bilirubin in the intestine?
It is converted to urobilinogen
Why is the liver considered part of the circulatory system?
It produces most of the plasma proteins
The alternate term for a white blood cell is
Leukocyte
Decreasing blood osmolarity could cause which of the following?
Low blood pressure, edema
The formed elements of the blood are platelets, erythrocytes, and 5 types of leukocytes, which include eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and _________
Lymphocytes
Place the events of heme disposal in order, starting with what happened first
Macrophages remove the iron, macrophages convert the hemi into biliverdin, a yellow green pigment called bilirubin is formed
The clinical values for the red blood cells and hemoglobin content of the blood differ significantly between women and men. Choose three factors from the list below the help explain the difference
Men have less body fat, androgens stimulate red blood cell production, women sustain menstrual losses
The formation of blood cells in the bone marrow is called _________hemopoiesis
Myeloid
Hypoxemia triggers the production of erythropoietin. Erythropoietin increased the rate of erythropoiesis. This is an example of which of the following?
Negative feedback control
Hypoxemia triggers the production of erythropoietin. Erythropoietin increases the rate of erythropoiesis. This is an example of which of the following?
Negative feedback control
Urea is an example of which of the following?
Nitrogenous waste
A lack of intrinsic factor and/or vitamin B12 may cause a form of anemia called ________anemia
Pernicious
Blood is a fluid connective tissue. Which term refers to the fluid matrix of the blood?
Plasma
The main components of blood are .a fluid portion called _________ and formed elements that include the blood cells
Plasma
What is a fluid connective tissue which term refers to the fluid matrix of blood?
Plasma
Which produces gamma globulins?
Plasma cells
What is serum?
Plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed
Which characteristic is shared by all leukocytes?
Presence of a nucleus
Cancer of the erythropoietic line can lead to which of the following?
Primary polycythemia
Edema and ascites can both occur due to which of the following?
Protein deficiency
At which stage of erythrocyte development are red blood cells released into the blood?
Reticulocyte
__________is the most common ion found in the plasma and is the solute with the greatest influence on osmolarity of the blood
Sodium
Albumin plays a role in which of the following?
Solute transport, pH buffering of plasma, maintenance of osmolarity
Which organ stops producing red blood cells at birth, but continues to produce lymphocytes in the adult?
Spleen
Iron needs to be in the Fe2+ form to be absorbed. Which of the following converts Fe3+ to Fe2+?
Stomach acid
What is viscosity?
The resistance of a fluid to flow due to particle cohesion
What is hemolysis?
The rupture of red blood cells
What happens to the fragments of old red blood cells after they rupture?
They are recycled by macrophages
What role do the kidneys play in erythrocyte homeostasis?
They detect hypoxemia and secrete erythropoietin
Which statement is true about erythrocytes?
They lack internal organs and perform anaerobic fermentation
Why do red blood cells rely on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP?
They lack mitochondria
True or false: erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before they die
True
Which nutrients are necessary for erythropoiesis?
Vitamin C, copper, folic acid
What is the main component of blood plasma but weight?
Water
Where are the first hemopoietic tissues in the human embryo found?
Yolk sac
Which term describes lymphocytes and monocytes?
agranulocytes
Inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhage, and increased red blood cells destruction are all common causes of the erythrocyte disorder called ________
anemia
Which term refers to a deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin?
anemia
Which molecule is the precursor to fibrin?
fibrinogen
Iron is critical for the synthesis of _____, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.
hemoglobin
Sickle-cell disease and thalassemia are hereditary defects in which of the following?
hemoglobin
High levels of billirubin in the blood lead to a condition called
jaundice
The Buffy coat is comprised of which of the following?
leukocytes and platelets
An excess of red blood cells is called _______
polycythemia
Which is not true regarding the life cycle of erythrocytes?
production of red blood cells takes about 1 month: usually takes 3-5 days
Where are mature leukocytes usually found?
residing in the connective tissues
Old blood cells usually die as they pass through what organ?
spleen
The hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations are clinical data that describe which of the following?
the amount of oxygen the blood can carry