A&P 2: Exam 3
Pyruvic acid can be converted into each of the following EXCEPT: lipid alanine lactic acid oxaloacetic acid acetyl coenzyme A
lipid
The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body is reduction anabolism oxidation metabolism catabolism
metabolism
Which pair of kidneys remains functional after birth? A and B are correct. A, B and C are correct. pronephros mesonephros metanephros
metanephros
The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation depends completely on contraction of smooth muscle cells in the wall of efferent arterioles. requires minutes to respond to changes in blood pressure. requires the presence of nitric oxide. normalizes renal blood flow and GFR in response to a change in blood pressure. controls the size of materials that cross the filtration membrane.
normalizes renal blood flow and GFR in response to a change in blood pressure.
Which substance listed is an enzyme, but does NOT digest triglycerides? gastric lipase pancreatic lipase pancreatic amylase lingual lipase bile
pancreatic lipase
Each of the following can ordinarily cross the filtration membrane EXCEPT: monosaccharides ions water platelets small proteins
platelets
The cephalic stage of digestion A and B are correct. is regulated primarily by CCK. begins when food enters the stomach. A, B and C are correct. prepares the mouth and stomach for the arrival of food.
prepares the mouth and stomach for the arrival of food.
The loop of Henle All of these are correct. is permeable to water along its entire length. reabsorbs Na+, K+, Ca2+, HCO3- and Cl-. contains fluid identical in composition to the glomerular filtrate. reabsorbs water only in its ascending limb.
reabsorbs Na+, K+, Ca2+, HCO3- and Cl-.
The blood vessels that supply the kidneys are the renal arteries. gonadal arteries. cystic arteries. branches of the celiac artery. suprarenal arteries.
renal arteries.
The layer of the kidney superficial to the renal pyramids but deep to the renal capsule is the renal medulla renal papilla renal lobe renal pelvis renal pyramid
renal lobe
Which of the following tests is most beneficial in evaluating kidney function? plasma creatinine level A and D are most beneficial. urinalysis blood urea nitrogen (BUN) renal plasma clearance
renal plasma clearance
Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria. All of these are correct. results in the net gain of 2 ATP molecules. converts two pyruvic acid molecules into one glucose molecule. occurs when phosphofructokinase activity level is low.
results in the net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
Tubular reabsorption usually helps control blood pH by removing H+ from the filtrate. All of the above are correct. returns 99% of the water filtered from the glomerulus to the blood. occurs mostly in the distal convoluted tubule. eliminates wastes from the body.
returns 99% of the water filtered from the glomerulus to the blood.
CCK produces a feeling of hunger by acting on the hypothalamus. stimulates the release of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes. is secreted by cells in the crypts of the large intestine. stimulates the relaxation of the gall bladder wall. increases gastric emptying.
stimulates the release of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys? regulation of blood volume and pressure production and release of calcitriol and erythropoietin regulation of blood composition and pH storage of urine maintenance of blood osmolarity
storage of urine
Place the following structures in the order in which urine would normally pass through them. 1. renal sinus 2. papillary duct 3. renal pelvis 4. major calyx 5. minor calyx 2, 4, 5, 3 but never 1 2, 5, 4, 3 but never 1 3, 4, 5, 2 but never 1 1, 4, 5, 3 but never 2 2, 4, 5, 1 but never 3
2, 4, 5, 3 but never 1
Place the following in the order that a molecule of water would ordinarily pass through them. 1. collecting duct 2. descending loop of Henle 3. papillary duct 4. glomerulus 5. ascending loop of Henle 6. glomerular capsule 7. distal convoluted tubule 8. proximal convoluted tubule 4, 6, 8, 2, 7, 5, 1, 3 4, 6, 8, 5, 2, 7, 1, 3 6, 4, 8, 2, 5, 7, 1, 3 4, 6, 8, 2, 5, 7, 1, 3 4, 6, 8, 2, 5, 7, 3, 1
4, 6, 8, 2, 5, 7, 1, 3
An individual has a glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure of 60 mmHg, a capsular hydrostatic pressure of 18 mmHg, and a blood colloidal osmotic pressure of 32 mmHg. What is the individual's net filtration pressure? 60 mmHg x 18 mmHg /32 mmHg = 34mmHg 60 mmHg - 18 mmHg + 32 mmHg = 54 mmHg 60 mmHg +18 mmHg + 32 mmHg = 110 mmHg 60 mmHg - 18 mmHg - 32 mmHg = 10 mmHg 60 mmHg + 18 mmHg - 32 mmHg = 46 mmHg
60 mmHg - 18 mmHg - 32 mmHg = 10 mmHg
A lab group is sent to the cafeteria to do an experiment. The instructions direct each student to obtain a regular saltine cracker and to chew it 25 times before swallowing. The students are to observe and record the initial and final tastes of the cracker. Most students record that the cracker initially tastes salty, but then tastes sweet. Which of the following correctly explains the students' observations? The salt on the crackers dissolved rapidly in saliva and was quickly detected by taste buds. Lingual lipase digested the cracker's fat into sugars that could then be tasted. Salivary amylase digested the cracker's starch into sugars that could be then be tasted. A and C are correct. A and B are correct.
A and B are correct.
Amino acids released through protein catabolism may A and B are correct. A, B and C are correct. be stored in muscle tissue. be deaminated and converted to acetyl coenzyme A before entering the Kreb's cycle. be converted into other glucose.
A and B are correct.
Deglutition A and B are correct. involves the mouth908, Pharynx and esophagus. A, B and C are correct. occurs in voluntary, pharyngeal and esophageal stages. is controlled directly by the medulla oblongata and the hypothalamus.
A and B are correct.
The collecting ducts receive only 5-10% of the water and solutes that initially filtered out of the glomerulus. A and B are correct. A, B and C are correct. has little influence on blood K+ concentration. contains principal and intercalated cells.
A and B are correct.
The sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice elevates the pH of chyme, which creates favorable conditions for the actions of intestinal enzymes. depresses the pH of chyme. blocks the action of pepsin. A, B and C are correct. A and B are correct.
A and B are correct.
Which components of the nephrons are associated with the juxtaglomerular apparatus? ascending loop of Henle A, B and C are correct. afferent arteriole A and B are correct. collecting tubule
A and B are correct.
Which of the following are essential fatty acids? linoleic acid A and B are correct. linolenic acid arachidonic acid A, B and C are correct.
A and B are correct.
Which of the following correctly describes the oral cavity? Its boundaries include the lips, the cheeks, the palate, and tongue. A and B are correct. A, B and C are correct. It is part of the alimentary canal. It contributes to physical (mechanical) digestion, but not to chemical digestion.
A and B are correct.
Which of the following phosphorylation mechanisms do humans and other animals use? oxidative phosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation A and B are correct. A, B and C are correct. photophosphorylation
A and B are correct.
Why doesn't gastric juice digest the stomach? A and B are correct. A, B and C are correct. The gastric juice is too dilute to attack the stomach wall. The stomach is protected by an alkaline mucous membrane. The proteolytic enzyme produced by the stomach is secreted in inactive form.
A and B are correct.
Under which conditions is basal metabolic rate measured? awake but resting comfortable environment A, B and C are correct. fasting A and B are correct.
A, B and C are correct.
About 1/4000 babies are born with esophageal atresia, a condition in which the esophagus does not connect to the stomach. Many of these infants also have a fistula, or opening, that connects the esophagus to the trachea. How will esophageal atresia with tracheosesophageal fistula affect an infant? A, B and C are correct. The infant may develop pneumonia from milk entering the lungs. A and B are correct. The infant will not be able to absorb nutrients from milk. The infant will not be able to pass milk to its stomach.
A, B and C are correct.
Essential amino acids include isoleucine, leucine, lysine and methionine. A, B and C are correct. A and B are correct. cannot be made by the body. include phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
A, B and C are correct.
Mechanisms that control glomerular filtration include neural control renal autoregulation A, B and C are correct. A and B are correct. hormonal control
A, B and C are correct.
The filtration membrane consists of A and B are correct. glomerular endothelial cells the slit membranes between the pedicels of podocytes A, B and C are correct. the basal lamina
A, B and C are correct.
The urethra A and B are correct. serves both reproductive and urinary system functions in males. A, B and C are correct. has an opening between the clitoris and the vagina orifice in females. drains urine from the body.
A, B and C are correct.
Which body parts excrete heat, CO2, and water? sweat glands A and B are correct. GI tract lungs A, B and C are correct.
A, B and C are correct.
Which of the following is correct? The digestive system includes organs that food does not actually enter. The digestive system shares some structures with the respiratory system. A, B and C are correct. The digestive system includes a tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. A and B are correct.
A, B and C are correct.
Which substrate is correctly matched to the brush border enzymes that digest it? carbohydrate: α-dextrinase, maltase, lactase, sucrase nucleotide: nucleosidases, phosphatases A, B and C are correct. A and B are correct. protein: aminopeptidase, dipeptidase
A, B and C are correct.
Which of the listed hormones directly impacts water reabsorption but not Na+ reabsorption? aldosterone ADH atrial natriuretic peptide A and D are correct. angiotensin II
ADH
The most frequently used "energy currency" molecule of the cell is cGMP cAMP ATP GTP ADP
ATP
Bacteria in the large intestine ferment any carbohydrates left in chyme and release H2, CO2, and CH4 gases. convert any amino acids left in chyme into simpler substances, e.g. indole, skatole, and H2S. All of these are correct. synthesize some B vitamins and vitamin K. decompose bilirubin to simpler pigments such as stercobilin.
All of these are correct.
Factors that create the osmotic gradient that enables ADH to cause formation of concentrated urine include countercurrent flow in the LOHs. All of these are correct. differences in solute permeability and reabsorption in different parts of the long LOHs. differences in water permeability and reabsorption in different parts of the long LOHs. differences in solute and water permeability and reabsorption in the collecting duct.
All of these are correct.
Functions of the large intestine include: completion of absorption production of certain vitamins All of these are correct. formation of feces elimination of feces
All of these are correct.
Glucose-6-phosphate is produced by a kinase immediately after glucose enters a cell. may be converted to ribose-5-phosphate and used to make DNA. All of these are correct. cannot leave a cell unless it is dephosphorylated to glucose. may be converted to glycogen.
All of these are correct.
Methamphetamine mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. How would a high dose of this substance probably affect the kidneys? All of these are correct. Urine output will probably decrease. The GFR will probably decrease. The afferent arterioles will probably constrict. Blood flow into the glomerular capillaries will probably decrease.
All of these are correct.
The Kreb's cycle, or citric acid cycle, produces three NADH, three H?, one FADH2 and one ATP. is a series of oxidation-reduction reactions that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. produces 6 molecules of CO2. ultimately leads to the production of 12 ATP molecules from each pyruvic acid molecule. All of these are correct.
All of these are correct.
The small intestine is the major site of digestion and absorption. has villi and microvilli that increase its surface area for absorption. consists of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. All of these are correct. contains circular folds that increase surface area and absorption.
All of these are correct.
Which of the following is correct? Vitamins are organic nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and metabolism. All of these are correct. Minerals are inorganic elements that occur naturally in the Earth's crust. Nutrients are substances in food that body cells use for growth, maintenance, and repair. The body cannot synthesize most vitamins.
All of these are correct.
Which of the following is true of anabolism? Anabolic reactions are generally endothermic. Glycogenolysis is an anabolic reaction. Anabolic reactions convert polymers into monomers. Intracellular anabolic reactions do not require enzymes. Lipolysis is an anabolic reaction.
Anabolic reactions are generally endothermic.
Which of the following is NOT true of cholesterol? Cholesterol is necessary for synthesis of steroid hormones and bile. Cholesterol is necessary for most human cell membranes. Exercise, diet and medications can affect blood cholesterol levels. Most cholesterol is made by the liver, but it is also present in some foods. As blood cholesterol levels increase, the risk of heart and coronary artery disease decrease.
As blood cholesterol levels increase, the risk of heart and coronary artery disease decrease.
Which mineral (ion) is correctly matched to it functions in the body? Cr: nerve and muscle impulse conduction I-: nerve and muscle impulse conduction; osmotic pressure Fe: component of hemoglobin and of cytochromes K+: needed for normal insulin activity Na+: essential component of thyroid hormones
Fe: component of hemoglobin and of cytochromes
Which of the following is NOT true of catabolism? Catabolic reactions convert complex molecules into simpler ones. Formation of a peptide bond is a catabolic process. Most catabolic reactions are exothermic. Amylase is a catabolic enzyme. Glycolysis is a catabolic process.
Formation of a peptide bond is a catabolic process.
Each of the following is correct about glomerular filtration rate (GFR)EXCEPT: An insufficient GFR may allow wastes to accumulate in the blood. GFR increases dramatically when the GBHP drops below 45 mmHg. GFR remains fairly constant at mean arterial pressures between 80-180 mmHg. GFR is affected by the diameters of the afferent and efferent arterioles. GFR is dependent upon factors that determine net filtration pressure.
GFR increases dramatically when the GBHP drops below 45 mmHg.
Pancreatic juice includes all of the following EXCEPT: HCO3- HCl ribonuclease trypsinogen amylase
HCl
Which of the following is NOT correct? Normal body temperature is about 37°F. Shell temperature is lower than core temperature. Shell temperature is the temperature near the body surface. Hypothermia kills by inducing cardiac arrhythmias. Core temperature is observed in body structures deep to the skin and subcutaneous layer.
Normal body temperature is about 37°F.
Which histological feature of the small intestine is correctly matched to its product? K cells: secretin duodenal glands: acidic mucus Paneth cells: lysozyme S cells: CCK goblet cells: intestinal juice
Paneth cells: lysozyme
Which of the following is NOT correct? When O2 levels are low, pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl coenzyme A. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A transfers electrons to FAD. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A releases O2. When O2 levels are high, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrial matrix, where it is converted to acetyl coenzyme A.
Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrial matrix, where it is converted to acetyl coenzyme A.
Why does the osmolarity of tubular fluid decrease as it passes through the ascending loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? If ADH levels are low, the collecting ducts reabsorb large quantities of solute. The ascending loop of Henle (LOH) is permeable to water but not to solutes. If ADH levels are low, the collecting ducts reabsorb large quantities of water. The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is much more permeable to water than to solutes. The LOH and DCT reabsorb solutes and dilute the fluid entering the collecting ducts.
The LOH and DCT reabsorb solutes and dilute the fluid entering the collecting ducts.
Which of the following is correct? The endoderm of the primitive gut forms the smooth muscle of most of the digestive tract. All of these are correct. The mesoderm of the primitive gut forms the glands of most of the digestive tract. The endoderm of the primitive gut forms the connective tissue of most of the digestive tract. The endoderm of the primitive gut forms the epithelium of most of the digestive tract.
The endoderm of the primitive gut forms the epithelium of most of the digestive tract.
Which of the following is NOT associated with the pharyngeal stage of deglutition? The epiglottis opens, allowing the bolus to enter the larynx. The uvula and soft palate elevate, blocking the bolus from entering the nasopharynx. A bolus is transferred from the oral cavity to the pharynx. Involuntary muscle contraction occurs. The deglutition center of the brain stem is stimulated.
The epiglottis opens, allowing the bolus to enter the larynx.
A very busy nurse working at the end of his third 12 hour shift in a row made two bad mistakes with the same patient. First, he forgot to double-check the label on I.V. solution he was hanging to make sure it matched the order for the patient. Then he forgot to check the setting on the I.V. pump. The patient received a liter of hypertonic fluid in less than 15 minutes instead of receiving the same volume of the ordered isotonic fluid in 2 hours. How will the patient's body attempt to compensate for the nurse's mistakes? A and B are correct. The patient will secrete more ADH so that more water can be reabsorbed from the filtrate. The patient will secrete more aldosterone so that more Na+ and water can be reabsorbed. A, B and C are correct. The patient will secrete more ANP so that more Na+ and water can be secreted into the urine.
The patient will secrete more ANP so that more Na+ and water can be secreted into the urine.
Two hours ago, a student ate enchiladas, rice and beans for lunch. Which of the following is true of this student's metabolism? The primary hormone regulating the student's metabolism at this time is insulin. The student's adipocytes are converting triglycerides to glucose. The student's cells are converting amino acids to glucose. The student's cells are engaged primarily in glycogenolysis and lipolysis. The student is in the postabsorptive state.
The primary hormone regulating the student's metabolism at this time is insulin.
Which of the following is true of nephrons? Most of the nephrons are located entirely in the renal medulla. The proximal convoluted tubules allow the kidney to concentrate or dilute urine. There are about a billion nephrons in each kidney. They are the functional units of the kidneys. The collecting ducts of several nephrons empty into a single collecting duct.
They are the functional units of the kidneys.
Which individual would be expected to have the highest metabolic rate? a female professional basketball player a male professional basketball player a female professional gymnast a female professional basketball player on maternity leave and breastfeeding her child a male professional gymnast
a female professional basketball player on maternity leave and breastfeeding her child
The hormone with the most important role in regulating Na+ and K+ balance is PTH aldosterone ADH androgen A and D are correct.
aldosterone
The most important hormonal regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion are ADH and angiotensin II. aldosterone and ANP. aldosterone and angiotensin II. aldosterone and ADH. aldosterone and angiotensin I.
aldosterone and angiotensin II.
During abdominal surgery, immobilization of the patient's intestines is often desirable. Which of the following types of medications would be most effective at immobilizing the intestines? Both B and C are correct. an antiadrenergic medication an anticholinergic medication a cholinergic medication Both A and C are correct
an antiadrenergic medication
The kidneys are surrounded by capsules of epithelial tissue. are protected from mechanical trauma by a thick layer of loose connective tissue. are retroperitoneal and are attached to the posterior abdominal wall. have concave lateral borders. are partially protected by ribs 6-9.
are retroperitoneal and are attached to the posterior abdominal wall.
Which of the following statements about the ureters is NOT correct? rely on a combination of gravity, hydrostatic pressure and gravity to move urine. transport urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. are separated from the urinary bladder by an anatomical valve. enter the urinary bladder on its posterior. are lined with a mucous membrane, have a middle muscular layer and an outer serosa.
are separated from the urinary bladder by an anatomical valve.
The remains of a human child are found. There are some deciduous teeth in the jaws, but permanent incisors and 1st molars are clearly present and show some wear. Second molars are barely visible, but show no wear. Based on this evidence, the age of the child at the time of death can be estimated as less than 5 years of age. can be estimated as older than 6 years but less than 12 years of age. can be estimated as older than 12 years but less than 16 years of age. can be estimated as older than 16 years but less than 20 years of age. cannot be estimated.
can be estimated as older than 6 years but less than 12 years of age.
Lipogenesis can convert excess glucose and amino acids into fatty acids. occurs when individuals use more calories than they consume. A and B are correct. A, B and C are correct. is stimulated by thyroid hormones.
can convert excess glucose and amino acids into fatty acids.
The autonomic nervous system sends parasympathetic impulses to the GI tract via nerves originating in thoracic spinal cord. A, B and C are correct. sends sympathetic impulses to the GI tract via the vagus nerve. A and B are correct. can regulate the enteric nervous system.
can regulate the enteric nervous system.
All of the following are possible fates of glucose in the human body EXCEPT: cell wall synthesis triglyceride synthesis amino acid synthesis glycogen synthesis ATP synthesis
cell wall synthesis
Hydrolysis of large biological molecules into smaller ones that can be absorbed by cells is secretion propulsion ingestion chemical digestion mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
The gallbladder wall contains skeletal muscle. contains hepatocytes arranged around central veins. concentrates and stores bile. drains directly into the common hepatic duct. lies on the lateral surface of the liver.
concentrates and stores bile.
Triglycerides consist of 3 glycerol molecules joined to one fatty acid molecule. are seldom removed from adipocytes once stored. are synthesized in a process called β oxidation. stored in adipose tissue are the major energy reserves of the body. are more difficult to store than glycogen.
consist of 3 glycerol molecules joined to one fatty acid molecule.
The tongue All of these are correct. contains taste buds in papillae on its ventral and medial surfaces. forms the roof of the mouth and is covered by a serous membrane. contains intrinsic muscles used in speaking and swallowing. secretes lingual amylase.
contains intrinsic muscles used in speaking and swallowing.
Bile chemically digests fats. has an acidic pH. contains water, bile salts, bile pigments, bile acids, cholesterol, lecithin and ions. A and B are correct. A, B and C are correct.
contains water, bile salts, bile pigments, bile acids, cholesterol, lecithin and ions.
Hepatocytes do each of the following EXCEPT: destroy worn-out blood cells and bacteria in the venous blood drained from the GI tract. synthesis most plasma proteins. convert biliverdin to hemoglobin. convert NH3 to urea. deaminate amino acids.
convert biliverdin to hemoglobin.
Which of the following homeostatic disturbances might result from liver failure? increased ability to recycle hemoglobin decreased clotting time due to increased prothrombin synthesis increased bone density due to increased production of the active form of vitamin D decreased ability to maintain normal blood glucose levels increased ability to convert medications and hormones into inactive substances
decreased ability to maintain normal blood glucose levels
Which of the following is NOT a satiety signal? decreased blood glucose decreased glucocorticoid level increased stomach distension decreased androgen level increased CCK level
decreased blood glucose
When a molecule is oxidized in a cell, electrons are transferred from the original molecule to NADH or FADH2. electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the original molecule. A and C are correct. electrons are transferred from NAD+ or FAD to the original molecule. electrons are transferred from the original molecule to NAD+ or FAD.
electrons are transferred from the original molecule to NAD+ or FAD.
The pharynx serves the respiratory, but not the digestive, system. All of these are correct. extends from the internal nares to the esophagus. is composed of smooth muscle. is lined with a serous membrane.
extends from the internal nares to the esophagus.
Which substances are NOT absorbed via some form of active transport? fatty acids galactose nucleotides glucose amino acids
fatty acids
Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin necessary for DNA synthesis, normal blood cell production and the prevention of neural tube defects? vitamin B12 riboflavin folic acid vitamin A vitamin K
folic acid
Components of the renal corpuscle include the proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle glomerulus and glomerular capsule loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule glomerular capsule and proximal convoluted tubule glomerulus and renal capsule
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
Each of the hormones listed stimulates protein synthesis EXCEPT: T3 testosterone glucagon estrogen insulin
glucagon
Each of the following is a waste product normally secreted by the kidneys EXCEPT urea bilirubin ammonia glucose creatinine
glucose
Each of the following substances is ordinarily secreted from the blood and tubular cells into tubular fluid EXCEPT: penicillin creatinine glucose K+ NH4+
glucose
Which of the following is NOT absorbed by the gastric epithelium? alcohol glucose water some ions short chain fatty acids
glucose
Which of part of the brain regulates body temperature, appetite and thirst? cerebral cortex pons hypothalmus medulla oblongata cerebellum
hypothalmus
An individual suffering from hyposecretion by gastric chief cells would have excessive amounts of pepsinogen and gastric lipase. inadequate amounts of intrinsic factor and HCl. inadequate amounts of mucus. inadequate amounts of pepsinogen and gastric lipase. excessive amounts of intrinsic factor and HCl.
inadequate amounts of pepsinogen and gastric lipase.
Which of the following is an effect of starvation? decreased glucagon synthesis increased muscle mass increased ketone body formation decreased cortisol synthesis increase insulin synthesis
increased ketone body formation
Micturition, which is also called urination or voiding, All of these are correct. is a cranial reflex. involves contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter. is a reflex that cannot be voluntarily controlled. stimulates motor neurons that cause the external urethral sphincter to contract.
involves contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
The intestinal phase of digestion occurs quickly after ingested food raises gastric pH. All of these are correct. is mediated by CCK and secretin. is an immediate response to stomach distension. begins when someone thinks about, sees, smells, initially tastes food.
is mediated by CCK and secretin.
The peritoneum covers the posterior side of retroperitoneal organs. includes the visceral peritoneum, which lines the abdominal wall. All of these are correct. includes the parietal peritoneum, which forms the serosa of GI tract organs. is the largest serous membrane in the body.
is the largest serous membrane in the body.
The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) receives tubular fluid directly from the Bowman's capsule. is the major site where parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+. secrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+. secretes Na+ and Cl-. are impermeable to water.
is the major site where parathyroid hormone (PTH)
The liver makes bile. is the smallest organ inside the body. is usually located in the left hypochondriac region. is largely avascular. is completely retroperitoneal.
is the smallest organ inside the body.
As tubular fluid flows up the ascending loop of Henle, its concentration decreases. its concentration decreases only if ADH is present. its concentration decreases only if aldosterone is present. its concentration increases. its concentration remains unchanged.
its concentration decreases.
Which of the following is NOT part of the alimentary canal? esophagus small intestine stomach tongue pharynx
tongue
Which of the following reactions is NOT part of the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP? glycolysis Kreb's cycle reactions β oxidation formation of acetyl coenzyme A electron transport chain reactions
β oxidation