A&P 2 Exam and Quiz Recap
Know the specialized contractile and conductive cells of the heart.
- Contractile Cells: SA Node (sinoatrial node) - Conductive Cells: AV Node (atrioventricular node)
Know the characteristics of steroid hormone
- Derived from cholesterol - Lipids require protein transport molecule to get through the blood - Acts as the transcription level - Bind to receptors in target cells, influence cell activity by acting on DNA
Know examples of granular and agranular leukocytes
- Granular: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils - Agranular: monocytes and lymphocytes (B and T)
Know the location of the hypothalamus and hypophysis
- Hypothalamus: in the undersurface of the brain, below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland - Hypophysis: located in the sella turcica (bony hollow in the base of the skull) underneath the brain and behind the bridge of the nose.
Know examples of agranular leukocyte and their relevancy in disease control?
- Monocyte and Lymphocytes - Protect against illness and disease, they are considered immunity cells and are at war with foreign materials and destroy infectious agents and cancer cells
Know the risk factors for cardiovascular disease
- Poor diet, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, stress, smoking, and obesity Risk factors that cannot be controlled: family history, age, gender
Know the heart's semilunar valves and their locations
- Pulmonary valve: between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk that leads to the lungs - Aortic valve: between the left ventricle and aorta
Know the characteristics and pH of blood.
- Transport nutrients (amino acids, glucose, vitamins, minerals, and lipids) and oxygen. Carry waste from cells, temperature regulation, Immunity against pathogens, defense, and communication - pH of 7.35 to 7.45
Know the function of blood
- Transports nutrients (amino acids, glucose, vitamins, minerals, and lipids) and oxygen - Carry waste from cells - Temp and pH regulation - defense against pathogens; defense and communication
Know the heart's atrioventricular (AV) valves and their locations.
- Tricuspid valve: Between the right atrium and right ventricle - Mitral (Bicuspid) valve: Between the left atrium and left ventricle
Characteristics of Hyperthyroidism?
- thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine (T4) - Increases metabolism levels causing unintentional weight loss and rapid/irregular heartbeat - Fatigue, muscle weakness, difficulty sleeping
The normal average temperature of blood is around?
100.4 F
The normal pH range for blood is
7.35 - 7.45
Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates cortisol production?
ACTH (adrenocortiotropic hormone)
What would most likely result when aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is impaired?
Acidosis
Which gland is called the "emergency gland" and helps the body adjust to stress?
Adrenal (suprarenal) gland
What is the foramen ovale?
An opening between the right and left atria in the embryo and fetus. Only found in the fetus. Allows blood to bypass the fetal lung during fetal development.
When one hormone opposing the action of another hormone is it called:
Antagonistic effects
In which disorder is the aortic valve narrowed?
Aortic stenosis
Which blood glucose-lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?
Beta cells - Insulin
Know the substances that are excreted from the Hepatopancreatic Ampulla.
Bile and pancreatic juice
If you were to investigate the level of hormones in an individual, what is the most commonly used test?
Blood Test
What causes heart sounds?
Blood flowing though the heart. The first LUB sounds happens when the AV valves closes, the second DUB sounds happens when the SL valves closes
Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the concentration of which ions in the blood?
Calcium ions
What is the volume of blood ejection from the left ventricle into the aorta each min?
Cardiac output
Definition of a hormone
Chemical substances that affect the activity of another part of the body (target site). They serve as messengers, controlling and coordinating activities throughout the body.
Hormones produced by the duodenum and stimulates pancreas and gall bladder.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Which structure act as anchors for the atrioventricular valves?
Chordae tendineae
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to what?
Cortisol
The disease called ___________ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as "moon face."
Cushing syndrome
Lymphocytes that directly destroy foreign cells or virus - infected cells are ___ cells
Cytotoxic T Cells
What factor would increase the amount of oxygen discharge by hemoglobin into the peripheral tissues?
Decreased pH
Destruction of beta cells of the pancreas results in what metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia?
Diabetes mellitus
In a fetus, the structure temporarily shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta.
Ductus arteriosus
Which hormone stimulates proliferation of red blood cells in red bone marrow?
EPO (erythropoietin)
The process of white blood cells squeezing between cells to exit the blood vessel is called?
Emigration or Diapedesis
The internal lining of the cardiovascular system is formed by what tissue?
Endothelium
Match the following hormones with their site of synthesis
Epinephrine = adrenal medulla Gonadocorticoid (sex hormone) = Zona reticularis Glucocorticoid = Zona fasciculata Mineralocorticoid = Zona glomerulosa
Which plasma proteins play a role in blood clotting?
Fibrinogens
The thyroid gland is composed of many what, responsible for storage in thyroid hormone?
Follicles
What is coagulation?
Formation of blood clot in damaged blood vessel walls
Which anterior pituitary gland stimulates growth of bones?
GH (growth hormones)
The process by which formed elements of the blood develop is called
Hemopoiesis
What controls the anterior pituitary gland
Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus hormones
What are Gonadotropins Hormones (GnH)? Give Examples?
Hormones that stimulate the gonads (testes and ovaries) EX: LH and FSH
For a person living at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, what hematic parameter would you expect to happen?
Increase in red blood cell count (erythropoietin) and decrease in blood oxygen level since there is less oxygen at higher altitude.
Know the factors that will increase cardiac output?
Increasing heart rate or stroke volume. Stroke volume can be increased by sympathetic stimulation, epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, thyroid hormone
Where does the steroid hormone have their receptors?
Inside the target cells (in the cytoplasm or nucleus)
In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus, all of the following are true expect?
Intracellular and tissue levels of glucose is very high
What hormones are Gonadotropins?
LH and FSH
What is indicative of ECG (EKG) lacking P waves?
Lack of sinus beats, There is no normal atrial depolarization (contractions)
Which cardiac chamber has the thickest walls and forms the apex of the heart?
Left ventricle
Which chamber of the heart generates the highest pressure?
Left ventricle
Which of the following is not an antagonistic hormone pair?
Leptin; thymosin
Hormones that act on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream
Local hormone
Monocytes fuse together to from a large phagocytic cell called
Macrophage
Which part of the brain regulates heart rate?
Medulla oblongata
Which layer consists of cardiac muscle tissue?
Myocardium
The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the
Neurohypophysis
Which leukocytes are most common phagocytes and first ones to reach the site of injury?
Neutrophils
A person with A blood type should never receive a transfusion of B, nor ___ blood; but can receive A or ___ blood type.
Nor AB; or O
Where are the target cells for follicle - stimulating hormone?
Ovaries and Testes
This hormone stimulate milk ejection.
Oxytocin
Which hormone would increase in blood as a result of stretching the cervix during labor?
Oxytocin
Which hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus and stored at the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
Oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
What are the small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae on the endocardium of the heart.
Papillary muscle
This hormone has an opposite action of calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
What is used to reduce the friction between membranes surrounding of the heart?
Pericardial (serous) fluid
Cell fragments that aid in blood clotting.
Platelets aka Thrombocytes
During hemopoiesis, some of the myeloid stem cells will eventually develop into?
Progenitor cells
Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates milk production?
Prolactin
Which hormone stimulates milk production?
Prolactin
What is fossa ovalis and its functions?
Remnant of foramen ovale of fetal heart. Divides the heart into right and left parts. Allows efficient distribution of deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood.
What do you call the muscular chambers of the heart
Right and left ventricles; also called discharge chambers
The heart chamber that carry deoxygenated blood.
Right atrium and ventricle
Know the correct sequence of structures that allows the normal sequence of excitation to process through the heart.
SA node -> AV node -> Bundle of His -> Purkinje fibers
The second heart sound id represented by what?
Semilunar valves closing
If a patient received trauma to the chest that caused severe impairment of the primary pacemaker cells of the heart. What structures and areas received the greatest damage?
Sinoatrial (SA) nodes
Know the lipid soluble hormone derived from cholesterol
Steroids
Know the hormones that have additive effects
Synergistic effects EX: epinephrine and norepinephrine
Know the heart electrical conductive system
The heart is a pump made up of muscle. The heart's pumping action is controlled by an electrical conduction system that coordinates the contraction of the heart chambers
Be able to relate how the hypothalamus controls the hypophysis.
The hypothalamus controls many bodily functions like the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. They are connected by a nervous and endocrine system
Which valve of the heart does not have chordae tendineae attached?
The semilunar valves; aortic and pulmonary valves
Which hormone causes the development of megakaryoblasts?
Thrombopoietin
Which hormone promotes an increased metabolic rate?
Thyroid hormone (T3 - Triiodothyronine and T4 - thyroxine)
The valve that guards the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
Hormones that stimulates endocrine glands to release other homrones are
Tropic (Hormonal stimuli and Neural stimuli)
Stimulation of which nerve reduces heart rate?
Vagus nerve
Which of these periods represents greatest cardiac output?
Ventricular systole
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute: cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
Which component of the blood can migrate from the blood vessels into the interstitial fluid?
WBC aka Leukocyte
What is the determining factor that stimulates erythropoietin release from the kidney?
When oxygen level is low in the blood
From the left ventricle, where does blood pass?
aortic semilunar valve into the aorta
How many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC?
around 280 mil
Which hormone is detected in the urine in most common pregnancy tests?
hCH (human chorionic gonadotropin)
The chief function of the white blood cells (WBC)
helps defend the body against invasion by pathogens. Removes toxins, wastes, and abnormal/damaged cells
As each ventricle contracts, where does the blood move?
into an artery
A megakaryoblast will develop into
mature platelets
An amine hormone derived from serotonin?
melatonin
As each atrium contracts, where does the blood move?
through the atrioventricular (AV) valve
