A&P 2 (LECTURE) - exam 3, digestive system + metabolism
chewing
Mastication
propulsive, alternating contractions of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle
Peristalsis
glycogen
What is the polysaccharide?
Patient is awake, alert, and at rest
When should Basal Metabolic Rate be measured?
mouth & small intestine
Where are carbohydrates digested?
mouth, stomach, & small intestine
Where are fats digested?
stomach & small intestine
Where are proteins digested?
small intestine
Where does digestion and absorption of carbohydrates take place?
on cecum of large intestine
Where is the appendix?
voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
3 phases of deglutition in order:
2 molecules gain energy by combining
Anabolic reaction
chewed mass of food
Bolus
molecules break apart and release energy
Catabolic reaction
sight and smell of food
Cephalic phase of digestion is triggered by
swallowing
Deglutition
inflammation of pouches found in intestine
Diverticulitis
a gradient of H+ ions is created between mitochondrial membranes; when the protein pump pushes H+ through, the energy adds Pi + ADP --> ATP
Electron transport chain
gained
Energy is ___ in an endergonic reaction
released
Energy is ___ in an exergonic reaction
bolus moves from esophagus to stomach
Esophageal deglutition
must be in the diet so that the body can create the rest
Essential amino acids
Tells G cells to release gastrin
Gastric phase of digestion
formation of glucose from noncarbohydrates
Glucogenesis
formation of glycogen for storage from glucose
Glycogenesis
formation of pyruvic acid from breaking down glucose
Glycolysis
formation of glucose for energy from glycogen
Glyogenolysis
2 maxillary and 2 palatine bones
Hard palate is made up of:
After being activated by HCl, it becomes pepsin, which breaks proteins into amino acids
How does pepsinogen work?
1. large intestine has haustrum 2. large absorbs water, electrolytes, vitamins, & minerals 3. tenia coli 4. epiploic appendages
How is the large intestine different from the small intestine?
2
How many ATP form as a result of glycolysis?
2
How many ATP form as a result of the Krebs cycle?
34
How many ATP form as a result of the electron transport chain?
32
How many teeth does an adult have?
putting food in mouth
Ingestion
inhibits gastrin release
Intestinal phase of digestion
keto acids formed during transamination are altered so they can easily enter the Krebs cycle pathways
Keto acid modification
Pyruvic acid (3C) is broken down into Acetyl CoA (2C) (by creating 1 CO2 molecule) and added to oxaloacetic acid (4C) to become citric acid (6C)
Krebs cycle
glucose + galactose
Lactose =
the breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids
Lipolysis
serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa, lumen
List the layers of the alimentary canal from superficial to deep:
detoxifies blood, produces bile
Liver function
glucose + glucose
Maltose =
amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ammonia is combined w/ CO2 to form urea
Oxidative deamination
electron transport proteins pump protons to create a proton gradient; ATP synthase uses the energy from the gradient to bind phosphate groups to ADP
Oxidative phosphorylation
mostly serous
Parotid salivary glands secrete:
bolus enters the oropharynx
Pharyngeal deglutition
folds of stomach that allow it to expand
Rugae
single bonds, solid at room temp.
Saturated fats
mixing contractions of circular smooth muscle only
Segmentation
gets rid of bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells
Stellate macrophage function
50/50 mucous & serous
Sublingual salivary glands secrete:
mostly mucous
Submandibular salivary glands secrete:
phosphate group is transferred from a substrate to ADP to form ATP
Substrate-level phosphorylation
glucose + fructose
Sucrose =
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The nasopharynx tissue is:
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The oropharynx tissue is:
amine group is switched from an amino acid to a keto acid
Transamination
double bonds, liquid at room temp.
Unsaturated fats
tongue pushes bolus posteriorly towards the oropharynx
Voluntary deglutition
parietal cells and chief cells
What 2 cell types are found in gastric pits?
glycolysis & Krebs cycle
What 2 processes involve substrate-level phosphorylation?
high blood glucose levels and presence of gastrin
What 2 things tell the pancreas to release insulin?
running; resting
What activity has the highest energy expenditure? Lowest?
glucose, fructose, galactose
What are the 3 monosaccharides?
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What are the accessory digestive organs?
bile duct, portal venule, hepatic arteriole
What are the components of a single portal triad?
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
What are the organs of the alimentary canal?
parasympathetic
What branch of the ANS controls digestion?
cardiac sphincter does not close and acidic contents of stomach revert upwards
What causes GERD
glucose
What do carbohydrates get broken down into?
produce pepsinogen
What do chief cells do?
absorb dietary fats to be broken down into triglycerides
What do lacteals do?
produce hydrochloric acid
What do parietal cells do?
aid peristalsis
What do tenia coli do?
digests lipids by breaking them down into triglycerides; emulsification
What does bile do?
tell your body that you're full
What does leptin do?
salivary amylase; in the mouth
What enzyme begins chemical digestion, and where?
lactase
What enzyme breaks down lactose?
lipase
What enzyme breaks down lipids?
triglycerides
What form of lipids are used the most
oxidative
What form of phosphorylation is most efficient in the formation of ATP?
T4 (thyroxine) and epinephrine
What hormone controls metabolism?
leptin
What hormone does adipose tissue release?
gastroesophageal reflux disease
What is GERD
water, caffeine, alcohol, some medication (aspirin, ibuprofen)
What is absorbed in the stomach?
portal triad
What is found at every point of a liver lobule?
blood vessels dilate, sweat is released
What is the body's response to an increase in temperature?
smooth muscle
What is the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus made of?
digests excess proteins that weren't digested in the stomach
What is the digestive function of the pancreas?
amine group (NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (C w/ double bound OH) and R group
What is the general structure of an amino acid?
combination of skeletal and smooth muscle
What is the middle 1/3 of the esophagus made of?
deciduous teeth
What is the name for baby teeth?
38
What is the net total of ATP molecules for a round of glycolysis + Krebs + ETC?
skeletal muscle
What is the top 1/3 of the esophagus made of?
X, vagus
What nerve controls digestion?
hypothalamus
What organ is the body's thermostat?
thyroid
What organ regulates metabolism?
electron transport chain
What process involves oxidative phosphorylation?
unsaturated
What type of fat is better for you?
simple columnar epithelium
What type of tissue is in the small intestine?
