A&P: Ch. 10- Nervous System

_____ (input) neurons; make up sensory nerves

Afferent

_____ division works to transmit information from the body to the CNS (sensory)

Afferent

The PNS is divided into _____ and _____

Afferent, Efferent

_____ nerve tract- carry sensory impulses to brain

Ascending

The type of glia cell that extend through brain tissue; nourish neurons; help form blood-brain barrier; attach neurons to blood vessels; provide structural support.

Astrocytes

_____ in embryo begin process of organizing neurons that form brain.

Astrocytes

_____ wraps around brain capillaries and helps with BBB

Astrocytes

The _____ nervous system relays electrical impulses from the CNS to internal organs such as the heart. Regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate, peristalsis and breathing.

Autonomic

_____ motor provides involuntary activities such as control of blood pressure and heart rate

Autonomic

The _____ sends information received from the cell body to the next neuron by the continuation of the electrical signal.

Axon

_____ transmits impulses away from the cell body; efferent process; usually one; many are surrounded by Myelin or Myelin Sheath

Axon

The _____ exists throughout the brain and allows small molecules (like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water) to diffuse across to the brain but blocks larger molecules.

BBB

The _____ prevents damaging materials- toxins, pathogens, some meds like PCN, from entering brain tissue through the blood.

BBB

BBB stands for ________

Blood brain barrier

The feet of the astrocytes join with the endothelial cells lining the walls of capillaries to create a semi-permeable membrane called the _____.

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

The _____ is the main processor for all activities of the body

Brain

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the _____ and _____

Brain, Spinal cord

The nervous system consists of the _____, _____ and _____

Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves

Efferent means to _____

Carry outward

_____, soma, contains the nucleus, no centrioles, no mitosis found in or close to the CNS

Cell body

The _____ nervous system is the center of intellect and reasoning

Central

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Central nervous system (CNS), Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

_____ stops impulses. Ex: cholinesterase

Chemical inactivator

_____ have multiple branches that typically protrude from the cell body. Theses braches act as channels for incoming information from other neurons.

Dendrites

_____ transmits impulses toward the cell body; afferent processes

Dendrites

_____ nerve tract- carry motor impulses away from brain

Descending

Neuroglia _____ transmit impulses

Do not

_____ (output) neurons make up motor neurons

Efferent

_____ division works to transmit information from the CNS to the rest of the body (motor)

Efferent

The _____ system employs chemical messengers called hormones to communicate with cells. In contrast, the _____ system uses electrical signals to transmit messages at lightning speed

Endocrine, Nervous

_____ cells line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal; helps in forming and circulating CSF

Ependymal

The type of glia cell that line the spinal cord and cavities of the brain; some secrete cerebrospinal fluid; whereas others have cilia that aid fluid circulation.

Ependymal cells

There are many more _____ cells than there are neurons in the brain and they make up the majority of the brains weight.

Glial

Neuroglia are also called _____.

Glial cells

_____ of brain tumor that develops from neuroglia

Gliomatype

The word glia means "_____".

Glue

The _____ function of the nervous system begins appropriate responses to changes or store in memory

Integration

_____/_____ neurons- Impulses between sensory and motor neurons; called central/connecting neurons. Carry impulses from sensory to motor neurons

Interneurons, Association

The type of glia cell that performs phagocytosis, engulfing microorganisms and cellular debris.

Microglia

_____ function like macrophages and perform phagocytosis

Microglia

_____ is the type of glial cell known as "garbage collectors"

Microglia

_____ nerves are both sensory and motor neurons; peripheral nerves

Mixed

The _____ function of the nervous system sends signals to muscles/glands (effectors) for response

Motor

_____ nerves are made up of motor neurons; autonomic function

Motor

_____ neurons transmit impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and sends impulses to muscles and glands

Motor

_____ division transmits information from CNS to the rest of the body

Motor (efferent)

Efferent means _____. Afferent means _____.

Motor, Sensory

The _____ provide insulation to cells

Myelin sheath

A _____ is a group of axons &/or dendrites of many neurons with blood vessels & connective tissue; bundles of nerve fivers; white matter d/t myelin sheath

Nerve

A _____ is groups of neurons in CNS

Nerve tract

If there are no schwann cells, then there is no _____ which means that no regeneration can occur.

Neurilemma

_____ is the outside wrapping of schwann cell; contains nuclei and cytoplasm; regeneration can occur if nerve is cut

Neurilemma

The study of the nervous system is called _____

Neurobiology

Neurons are the excitable, impulse-conducting cells that perform the work of the nervous system, while _____ protect the neurons.

Neuroglia

_____ bind neurons together.

Neuroglia

_____ do not participate in processing information but they are critically important in providing structural and metabolic support for the neurons in the brain and also getting rid of dead cells within the brain

Neuroglia

_____ is the 2nd type of nerve tissue; supporting cells found in CNS and PNS- support, protect and nourish neurons

Neuroglia

Unlike _____, which don't undergo mitosis, glial cells retain the ability to divide throughout life.

Neurons

_____, nerve cells, nerve fibers, structural unit of the nervous system, transmit impulses

Neurons

What are the two types of cells that make up the nervous system?

Neurons and neuroglia

Once the electrical signal reaches the terminal axon or button, structures at this end of the axon release a chemical substance called _____.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical _____ neurotransmitters released into synapse when electrical nerve impulses arrives; helps carry impulses to the next synapse; located in specific areas of neurons- chemicals through which neurons communicate; ex: _____ and _____

Neurotransmitters, Acetylcholine, Dopamine

_____ are the spaces between schwann cells; These areas depolarize with electrical impulse transmission

Nodes of ranvier

The type of glia cell that forms the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord; speed signal conduction.

Oligodendrocytes

_____ forms myelin sheath around axons

Oligodendrocytes

Name the 5 major types of glia contained in the nervous system.

Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, Microglia, Astrocytes, Schwann cells

Schwann cells are found in the _____; while all the rest of the types of glia are found in the _____.

PNS, CNS

Page 174- cervical nerves, thoracic nerves, lumbar nerves and sacral nerves

Page 174- cervical nerves, thoracic nerves, lumbar nerves and sacral nerves

_____ division has a calming effect

Parasympathetic

The _____ nervous system contains the cranial and spinal nerves and glanglia

Peripheral

The _____ nervous system relays information to and from the CNS

Peripheral

_____ are special cells that wrap around axon; layers of this cell membrane form myelin sheath

Schwann

The type of glia cell that form a myelin sheath around nerves in PNS; form neurilemma.

Schwann cells

Axons of _____ neurons can be found in a variety of places in the body such as muscles, the skin, the blood and connective tissue (tendons and ligaments)

Sensory

The _____ function of the nervous system detects changes or stimulus and feel sensations (temp, light, sound, internal changes)

Sensory

_____ nerves are made up of made up of sensory neurons; sensory function only- optic, and olfactory

Sensory

_____ neurons begin at skin and sense organs and carry impulses to spinal cord and brain

Sensory

_____ division carries signals from nerve endings to CNS

Sensory (afferent)

What are the functions of the nervous system?

Sensory, Integration, Motor

Stepping on a nail and your knee jerking upwards before you have yet to process the pain associated with stepping on a nail that went undetected is an example of the _____ system

Somatic

_____ motor allows voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

Somatic

_____ sensory carries signals from skin, bones, joints, and muscles

Somatic

_____ system relays electrical impulses from sensory receptors located externally within the skin and skeletal muscles to the CNS and vice versa (voluntary actions however reflexes also fall under this system)

Somatic

All _____ nerves are mixed

Spinal

The _____ acts as a transport system carrying electrical impulses away from or towards the brain to maintain homeostasis

Spinal cord

Satellite cells have _____ function

Supportive

_____ division arouses the body for action

Sympathetic

The ANS divides into _____ and _____

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic

_____ are small spaces between axon of one neuron and dendrites/ cell body of next; junction between 2 communicating neurons; ensures one way transmission of impulses

Synapses

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of the _____

Vast network of nerves throughout the body (Everything outside of the brain and spinal cord)

_____ sensory carries signals from viscera of heart, lungs, stomach and bladder

Visceral