A&P Ch. 22
Which of the following diseases is caused by a retrovirus that targets helper T cells and is contracted by intimate contact with the body fluids of infected individuals? rheumatoid arthritis filariasis appendicitis AIDS
AIDS
Lymphoid tissues __________. are dominated by lymphocytes are surrounded by a fibrous capsule lack a distinct boundary are dominated by lymphocytes and lack a distinct boundary
are dominated by lymphocytes and lack a distinct boundary
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. passively acquired naturally acquired passive innate actively acquired automatically acquired
naturally acquired passive
Which of the following terms describes the degeneration of tissue cells that have been damaged or destroyed by injury? fever necrosis antigen processing consolidation
necrosis
Which of the following is NOT a class of lymphocyte? neutrophils NK cells T cells B cells
neutrophils
2e) When NK cells recognize an abnormal cell, it adheres to it and then releases chemicals called ________ which function to lyse the abnormal cell.
perforins
Natural killer cells destroy other cells by secreting __________. cytokines lysozyme perforins cytokines and lysozyme
perforins
2b) Which innate defense is responsible for engulfing pathogens and cellular debris?
phagocytes
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the plasma cells. T cells. phagocytes. B cells. NK cells.
phagocytes
The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells. The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells. plasma liver helper T thymus NK
plasma
In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person is allergic to mumps. is relying on passive immunity. has just recovered from mumps. was recently infected with mumps. is immune to mumps.
was recently infected with mumps
The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin. The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin. 4, 1, 5, 3, 6, 2 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 6 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6 2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6 3, 6, 4, 5, 1, 2
241536
Fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than Fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than 37.2°C (99°F). 37°C (98.6°F). 40.6°C (105°F). 37.5°C (99.5°F). 38.9 °C (102°F).
37.2
If the disulfide bonds in IgG were broken, how many peptide chains would be set free? If the disulfide bonds in IgG were broken, how many peptide chains would be set free? dozens 2 8 6 4
4
Which of the following is an example of naturally acquired active immunity? Antibodies pass from mother to the developing child in the womb. A child receives the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. A child bitten by a rabid animal receives an injection of rabies antibodies. An adult contracts a streptococcus infection and recovers in a couple of weeks.
An adult contracts a streptococcus infection and recovers in a couple of weeks
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells. The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells. B NK cytotoxic T suppressor T helper T
B
Which of the following statements about B cells is INCORRECT? B cells account for 10-15 percent of circulating lymphocytes. B cells attack and kill cells infected with viruses. B cells can become cells that secrete antibodies. B cells can differentiate into plasma cells.
B cells attack and kill cells infected with viruses
Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the throat. periphery. groin. CNS. renal arteries.
CNS
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.
IgE
Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.
IgG
A fetus gains most of its immunity from __________. IgG antibodies secreted by fetal T cells IgA antibodies secreted by the placenta IgG antibodies that cross the placenta from its mother IgM antibodies produced by its liver
IgG antibodies that cross the placenta from its mother
Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.
IgM
Which type of antibody is secreted first after the arrival of an antigen? IgM IgE IgA IGg
IgM
1b) Lymphoid stem cells produce three classes of lymphocytes. ___________ and __________ cell types mature in the red bone marrow while ________ cells mature in the thymus
NK and B; T
Which of the following statements concerning inflammation and response to injury is INCORRECT? Fixed and free macrophages actively engulf pathogens and cell debris. Released histamine decreases capillary permeability and decreases blood flow through the area. Debris and bacteria are attacked by neutrophils drawn to the area by chemotaxis. Clotting factors and complement proteins leave the bloodstream and enter the injured area.
Released histamine decreases capillary permeability and decreases blood flow through the area.
If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of NK cells. neutrophils. T cells. red blood cells. B lymphocytes.
T cells
Which of the following statements concerning the thymus is INCORRECT? The thymus reaches its greatest size after 25 years. Thymic lobules consist of a densely packed outer cortex and a paler central medulla. The capsule that covers the thymus divides it into thymic lobes. The thymus lies behind the sternum.
The thymus reaches its greatest size after 25 years
The term lymphadenopathy refers to The term lymphadenopathy refers to accumulations of lymph in the tissue space. a congenital lack or malformation of lymph nodes. the lack of lymphocytes in peripheral circulation. a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes. increased numbers of circulating lymphocytes.
a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes
Innate defenses include __________. sweat and sebaceous glands of the skin, which aid in blocking the entry of harmful pathogens through the skin pyrogens, the release of which can elevate body temperatures above 37.2°C natural killer cells, which destroy abnormal cells All of the listed responses are correct.
all
Interferons __________. slow the spread of viral infections stimulate NK cell activity are small proteins All of the listed responses are correct.
all
The antigen-antibody complex may result in __________. agglutination attraction of phagocytes complement activation All of the listed responses are correct.
all
Which of the following are characteristics of free macrophages and microphages? chemotaxis adhesion diapedesis All of the listed responses are correct.
all
Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are allergies. signs of a weak immune system. immunodeficiency diseases. autoimmune diseases. the result of stress.
allergies
Free phagocytes found in the air sacs of the lungs are called Free phagocytes found in the air sacs of the lungs are called microglia. Kupffer cells. histiocytes. pleurocytes. alveolar macrophages.
alveolar macrophages
The body's innate defenses include all of the following except The body's innate defenses include all of the following except interferon. inflammation. the skin. complement. antibodies.
antibodies
Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. are frequently irregular in shape. have no basement membrane. are smaller in diameter. have only a tunica interna.
are smaller in diameter
CD4 and CD8 markers __________. suppress the immune response after a specific response has been made are produced and released into circulation by plasma cells are used in the process of costimulation, a necessary activity for the activation of T cells All of the listed responses are correct.
are used in the process of costimulation, a necessary activity for the activation of T cells
Immunity that results from vaccination against influenza is classified as __________. Immunity that results from vaccination against influenza is classified as __________. artificially induced active immunity artificially induced passive immunity naturally acquired passive immunity naturally acquired active immunity
artificially induced active immunity
Many American children of the 1950s suffered terribly from the polio virus until the Salk and Sabin vaccines were developed. These vaccines introduced inactivated viruses into the bodies of the vaccine recipients. The type of immunity conferred through this method is called __________. innate immunity artificially acquired passive immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially induced active immunity
artificially induced active immunity
1c) Once in the peripheral circulation, the major function of NK cells is? major function of B cells is? major function of T cells is?
attack foreign cells; produce and secrete antibodies; cell-mediated immunity
A disorder in which the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues is known as an __________. autoimmune disease allergy anaphylactic reaction immunodeficiency disease
autoimmune disease
When the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, a(n) ________ develops. When the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, a(n) ________ develops. immunodeficiency disease agglutination reaction allergic response autoimmune disease cross-reaction
autoimmune disease
T cells are responsible for __________. humoral immunity transforming into plasma cells cell-mediated immunity producing histamine
cell-mediated immunity
The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called polarity. cytotoxicity. chemotaxis. diapedesis. infection.
chemotaxis
2d) Which innate defense is a system of circulating proteins that assist antibodies in the destruction of pathogens?
complement
What are colony-stimulating factors? cytokines that enable the producing cell of cell neighbors to be virus resistant cytokines that slow the growth of a tumor or kill sensitive tumor cells cytokines that stimulate the production of blood cells in bone marrow and lymphocytes in lymph organs and tissues cytokines that stimulate B cell activity and T cell sensitivity
cytokines that stimulate the production of blood cells in bone marrow and lymphocytes in lymph organs and tissues
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. helper T suppressor T cytotoxic T B plasma
cytotoxic T
The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells. The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells. B cytotoxic T plasma suppressor T helper T
cytotoxic T
Which of the following is NOT a function of interleukin? enhancing nonspecific defenses decreasing T cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes moderating the immune response stimulating B cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production
decreasing T cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes
The primary function of the lymphatic system is The primary function of the lymphatic system is the transport of hormones. circulation of nutrients and dissolved gases. the production and distribution of plasma proteins. the production and maturation of leukocytes. defending the body against both external and internal threats.
defending the body against both external and internal threats
Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system? defense of the body against cancer transport of respiratory gases defense of the body against pathogens and defense of the body against cancer defense of the body against pathogens All of the listed responses are correct.
defense of the body against pathogens and defense of the body against cancer
The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called adherens. diffusion. transcytosis. diapedesis. chemotaxis.
diapedesis
Which of the following is NOT an effect of phagocytic activity? engulfing a pathogen or other foreign object and destroying that object by lysosomal enzymes elevating body temperature to increase body metabolism and potentially limit bacteria and viruses binding to or removing a pathogen from interstitial fluid and then destroying it with the help of other cells releasing tumor necrosis factor, leading to the death of the targeted pathogen
elevating body temp to increase body metabolism and potentially limit bacteria and viruses
Opsonization __________. inhibits phagocytosis lyses cell membranes facilitates phagocytosis All of the listed responses are correct.
facilitates phagocytosis
Lymph nodes function as __________. filters an early warning system filters and an early warning system None of the listed responses is correct.
filters and an early warning system
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins are __________. found only in foreign cells found only in lymphocytes and phagocytic cells found in every cell in the body found in every nucleated cell in the body
found in every nucleated cell in the body
Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? free and fixed macrophages. B lymphocytes. neutrophils. T lymphocytes. Natural Killer cells.
free and fixed macrophages
The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their heavy-chain constant segments. asymmetry. light-chain variable segments. reactivity. antigen specificity.
heavy-chain constant segments
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells. B cytotoxic T suppressor T helper T plasma
helper T
A new virus, C75AP, is identified that can suppress the immune response for certain types of lymphocytes by infecting them. If infected, the loss of function for which lymphocyte would have the greatest impact on subsequent immune response? A new virus, C75AP, is identified that can suppress the immune response for certain types of lymphocytes by infecting them. If infected, the loss of function for which lymphocyte would have the greatest impact on subsequent immune response? cytotoxic T cells B cells helper T cells NK cells
helper T cells
Which cell is needed to activate B cells? plasma cells cytotoxic T cells helper T cells phagocytes
helper T cells
B lymphocytes are responsible for __________. regulating the immune response cell-mediated immunity immunological surveillance humoral immunity
humoral immunity
Lymphocytes provide an adaptive or specific defense known as the Lymphocytes provide an adaptive or specific defense known as the inflammation of tissues. lymphocytic response. phagocytic response. adaptive defense. immune response.
immune response
2c) Which innate defense is a localized, tissue-level response that tends to limit the spread of injury or infection?
inflammation
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. active innate natural passive passive auto
innate
2a) Which innate defense are chemical messengers that coordinate defenses against viral infections?
interferons
Cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called Cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called immunoglobulins. transferrins. complement. interferons. interleukins.
interferons
Hormones that regulate the activity of B cells and T cells and enhance nonspecific defense are called Hormones that regulate the activity of B cells and T cells and enhance nonspecific defense are called mineralocorticoids. glucocorticoids. interleukins. calcitriol. immunoglobulins.
interleukins
Which of the following descriptions is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity? Which of the following descriptions is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity? intolerance memory versatility specificity
intolerance
A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John is producing T lymphocytes. is running a fever. is feeling achy. has swollen lymph nodes. has a sore throat.
is running a fever
The second response to a single antigen __________ the first response. is equal to varies, depending on circumstances, with is weaker than is stronger and longer-lasting than
is stronger and longer-lasting than
________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver. ________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver. Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Kupffer cells Ventricular macrophages
kupffer cells
Which graph depicts the antibody titer in a first exposure to a foreign antigen? left graph right graph Neither graph reflects primary response. Both graphs reflect the primary response.
left graph
The smallest lymphatic vessels are called __________. lymph ducts lymph capillaries superficial lymphatics deep lymphatics
lymph capillaries
1e) In general, the first step in activating the immune response occurs when debris and pathogens are processed by macrophages and presented to nearby lymphocytes. This is called _________________.
lymph flow
Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that the lymph nodes are actively producing phagocytes. lymph is not flowing consistently through these lymph nodes. the focus of the infection is the lymph nodes. the lymph nodes have increased their secretion of thymosin. the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes
The ________ tissues are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes. The ________ tissues are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes. lymphatic areolar connective dense irregular connective reticular connective All of the answers are correct.
lymphatic
1a) A blockage of lymphatic drainage that causes swollen and distended limbs is called ___________.
lymphatic obstruction
The lymphoid tissue of the spleen ("white pulp") contains many __________. The lymphoid tissue of the spleen ("white pulp") contains many __________. red blood cells free macrophages lymphocytes arteries
lymphocytes
________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. ________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. Transponder Secondary Primary Memory Responder
memory
1d) __________ is a collection of lymphoid tissues that protect epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems.
mucosa associated lymphoid tissues
MHC class II proteins are found __________. only in lymphocytes and phagocytic cells in all nucleated cells in the body in erythrocytes only in foreign proteins
only in lymphocytes and phagocytic cells
Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the thymus. yellow marrow. circulation. red bone marrow. spleen.
red bone marrow
Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the thymus. red bone marrow. liver. kidneys. spleen.
red bone marrow
Lymph nodes do all of the following except Lymph nodes do all of the following except accumulate cancer cells. produce antibodies through B cells. monitor the contents of lymph. remove excess nutrients from the lymph. remove debris and pathogens from the lymph.
remove excess nutrients from the lymph
The spleen __________. produces a hormone that functions to mature lymphocytes removes abnormal red blood cells from circulation and initiates the immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to circulating antigens removes abnormal red blood cells from circulation initiates the immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to circulating antigens
removes abnormal red blood cells from circulation and initiates the immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to circulating antigens
Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons? Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons? secrete organic solvent secrete free radicals secrete strong acid secrete mutant proteins that get incorporated into the target's DNA secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis
secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells can destroy a target cell by each of the following processes EXCEPT __________. secreting antibodies that destroy cell membranes activating genes that dictate the death of the target cell releasing perforin to rupture the cell membrane releasing lymphotoxin
secreting antibodies that destroy cell membranes
In general, lymphocytes In general, lymphocytes spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue. are located primarily in the blood stream. have relatively short life spans. have two nuclei. are produced and mature only in red bone marrow.
spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue
Lymphoid organs include which of the following? spleen and tonsils spleen tonsils gallbladder
spleen and tonsils
Adaptive responses __________. respond to a variety of foreign antigens target a specific antigen each time it is activated include complement and interferons include fever
target a specific antigen each time it is activated
Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in the tonsils. Peyer's patches. bone marrow. the adult spleen. the adult thymus.
the adult spleen
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the right lymphatic duct. hepatic portal vein. thoracic duct. cisterna chyli. dural sinus.
thoracic duct
The majority of lymph fluid in the body returns to the venous circulation via the __________. intestinal tract thoracic duct right lymphatic duct cisterna chyli
thoracic duct
T cells develop from stem cells in the T cells develop from stem cells in the thymus. liver. spleen. bone marrow. kidneys.
thymus
T cells originate and complete their development in the __________. spleen thymus bone marrow lymph nodes
thymus
Autoimmune illness results from a failure of what aspect of immunity? Autoimmune illness results from a failure of what aspect of immunity? specificity versatility tolerance memory
tolerance
Cells of the immune system usually ignore antigens found in the body. This is called __________. memory tolerance versatility specificity
tolerance
Hormones that slow tumor growth are called Hormones that slow tumor growth are called radiation agents. interferons. chemotherapins. tumor necrosis factors. transferrins.
tumor necrosis factors
The antigen-binding sites are found in the __________. variable segments light segments constant segments heavy segments
variable segments
