a&p ch 25

The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to supply hydrogen atoms to the mitochondria. produce proteins for energy storage. produce citric acid to make vitamin C. produce Acetyl CoA. phosphorylate glucose molecules.

supply hydrogen atoms to the mitochondria

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during glycolysis. the formation of water. electron transport. the citric acid cycle. the formation of pyruvic acid.

the citric acid cycle

Synthesis of fatty acids starts with __________. pyruvic acid acetyl-CoA amino acids monoglyceride

acetyl-coA

Cells must synthesize new organic compounds to perform structural maintenance or repairs. to store nutrient reserves. to support growth. to produce secretions. All of the answers are correct.

all

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for muscle contraction. protein synthesis. glycogen synthesis. ion transport. All of the answers are correct.

all

During glycolysis four molecules of ATP are produced. two molecules of ATP are consumed. hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules. a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid. All of the answers are correct.

all

In the electron transport chain NADH and FADH2 donate hydrogen atoms. generates a concentration gradient by pumping hydrogen ions. reduced molecules transfer energy to ATP formation. oxidative phosphorylation leads to ATP formation. All of the answers are correct.

all

The heat-gain center for thermoregulation resides in the pre-optic hypothalamus. activates skin vasoconstriction. activates nonshivering thermogenesis. activates shivering thermogenesis. All of the answers are correct.

all

A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is magnesium. potassium. calcium. sodium. selenium.

calcium

The end products of aerobic respiration are NADH and FADH2. carbon dioxide and alcohol. pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide. oxygen and water. carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP).

carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP)

The major anion in body fluids is iodide. chloride. bicarbonate. sulfate.

chloride

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are VLDLs. HDLs. LDLs. chylomicrons. coenzymes.

chylomicrons

Which of the following complements the actions of glucocorticoids? insulin androgens epinephrine growth hormone glucagon

growth hormone

About 40% of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as __________. urine perspiration feces heat

heat

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called anabolism. oxidative phosphorylation. metabolism. glycolysis. catabolism.

metabolism

The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. ribosome. mitochondrial matrix. cytosol. golgi apparatus.

mitochondrial matrix

The major cation in cytoplasm is potassium. calcium. magnesium. sodium. iron.

potassium

What is the role of NADH in metabolism? transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes in the mitochondrial cristae produce bicarbonate ions for a pH buffer produce carbon dioxide phosphorylate ADP into ATP convert pyruvic acid into acetyl-coA

transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes in the mitochontrial cristae

The ammonia that is removed from an amino acid during deamination is converted to the less toxic form of __________. ketone bodies nitric oxide urea nitrite ion

urea

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin A. B. C. D. E.

A

Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin ________. C A B12 B6 B9

B6

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body. A E D B12 C

D

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin A. B. E. C. K.

K

In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another. a coenzyme the acetyl group NAD ADP a hydrogen ion

a coenzyme

Each cytochrome contains an inorganic salt. a lipoprotein. an ATP synthase. a metal ion. All of the answers are correct.

a metal ion

The citric acid cycle directly produces most of the ATP from the catabolism of glucose. contains enzymes called cytochromes. consumes two moles of carbon dioxide. forms acetyl-CoA from glucose-6-phosphate. begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.

begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid

Which of these is not characteristic of the absorptive state? glycogen synthesis insulin secretion triglyceride synthesis glucagon secretion

glucagon secretion

Sweating produces heat loss largely by __________. dripping hot sweat conduction of heat from the body interior evaporative cooling radiation of heat from the skin

evaporative cooling

During beta-oxidation, __________. triglycerides are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and glycerol fatty acids are converted to glucose molecules fatty acids are converted into molecules of acetyl-coA All of these processes occur during beta-oxidation.

fatty acids are converted into molecules of acetyl-coA

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is vitamin C. folic acid (folate). pantothenic acid. pyridoxine (B6). vitamin K.

folic acid (folate)

Sometimes called "good cholesterol," ________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) very-high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs) very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs)

high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is magnesium. iron. calcium. zinc. cobalt.

iron

The essential fatty acids are leucine and lysine. HDLs and LDLs. glycerol and pyruvic acid. linoleic acid and linolenic acid. cholesterol and glycerol.

linoleic acid and linolenic acid

Which of these statements is not true about beta-oxidation? Lipid molecules are converted into glucose molecules. It yields large amounts of ATP. It takes place in mitochondria. Two-carbon fragments are formed.

lipid molecules are converted into glucose molecules

Which organ produces most of the urea in the body? kidneys stomach liver intestine

liver

Gluconeogenesis is performed by __________. liver cells red blood cells skeletal muscle cells All of these cells perform gluconeogenesis.

liver cells

During starvation there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies. carbohydrate reserves maintained by metabolizing inorganic compounds. carbohydrate utilization increases. muscle proteins are used as an energy source. gluconeogenesis ceases.

muscle proteins are used as an energy source

The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is thiamine. folic acid (folate). niacin. riboflavin. cobalamin.

niacin

The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because ADP is phosphorylated. citric acid molecules have oxygen atoms. FADH2 is produced. oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide. NAH+ is converted into NADH.

oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide

The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is pyridoxine (B6). pantothenic acid. niacin. riboflavin. folic acid (folate).

pantothenic acid

Lipids are the primary nutrient metabolized in cells. deliver somewhat less energy than an equivalent mass of glucose. are difficult to store since they are not water soluble. yield quick bursts of energy. provide energy for cells with modest energy demands.

provide energy for cells with modest energy demands

A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is pantothenic acid. riboflavin. folic acid (folate). pyridoxine (B6). niacin.

pyridoxine (B6)

The loss of infrared energy from the body is called convection. evaporation. thermal regulation. conduction. radiation.

radiation

When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+. made; recycled oxidized; reduced reduced; oxidized phosphorylated; dephosphorylated phosphorylated; deaminated

reduced; oxidized

The function of the citric acid cycle is to remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. produce carbon dioxide. produce water. transfer the acetyl group. hydrolyze glucose.

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes

The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is niacin. cobalamin. thiamine. folic acid (folate). riboflavin.

riboflavin

During the absorptive state, skeletal muscle breaks down glycogen. the liver forms glycogen. skeletal muscle fibers release glucose. adipocytes release fatty acids to the circulation. insulin levels are low.

the liver forms glycogen

Which of these is not likely to occur during the postabsorptive state? The liver produces more glycogen. Beta-oxidation increases. Blood glucose levels fall. Gluconeogenesis begins

the liver produces more glycogen

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. the mitochondria nucleus the plasma membrane cytoplasm the endoplasmic reticulum

the mitochondria

The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is cobalamin. folic acid (folate). riboflavin. niacin. thiamine.

thiamine

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is transferred to a keto acid. transferred to acetyl-CoA. absorbed by water. converted to urea. converted to ammonia.

transferred to a keto acid