A&P ch 25 Urinary system

The blood supply to the nephron is the __________. afferent arteriole segmental artery efferent arteriole renal artery interlobular artery

afferent arteriole

How is Na+ reabsorbed? by active transport using ATP by osmosis by diffusion by receptor-mediated endocytosis by facilitated diffusion

by active transport using ATP

Renal ptosis may lead to __________. -hydronephrosis due to urine backup -bleeding in the kidney tissue -renal calculus formation -degeneration of the perirenal fat

hydronephrosis due to urine backup

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the __________. nephron major calyx renal corpuscle loop of Henle glomerulus

nephron There are over 1 million nephrons per kidney.

The net filtration pressure (NFP) is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane. True or False

False- The net filtration pressure (NFP), responsible for filtrate formation, involves forces acting at the glomerular bed. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg), which is essentially glomerular blood pressure, is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane.

Every day the kidneys filter nearly __________ of fluid from the bloodstream. -200 liters -50 liters -500 liters -100 liters

200 liters

Arrange the following structures in the correct sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment: (1) ureter, (2) renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary bladder, (5) urethra.

3-calux, 2-renal pelvis, 1-ureter, 4-urinary bladder, 5-urethra The calyx is first and the urethra is last.

If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate __________. cannot be determined does not change decreases increases

Increases: If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate increases. This will increase glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

Which of the following statements about the urinary system is INCORRECT? -It produces renin, which helps regulate blood pressure. -It carries out the majority of gluconeogenesis in the body. -It metabolizes vitamin D to its active form. -It produces erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell formation.

It carries out the majority of gluconeogenesis in the body. -nope it does not

When the concentration of ADH increases, __________. -the specific gravity of the urine decreases -more urine is produced -less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct -less urine is produced -more salt is secreted by the nephron

Less urine is produced when the concentration of ADH increases.

Micturition is __________. a sacral reflex in infants present only in males the secretion of acid the production of urine a mechanism for concentrating urine

Micturition is a sacral reflex in infants. It is also called urination. Between ages 2 and 3, descending circuits from the brain have matured enough to begin to override reflexive urination.

__________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys, which carry out the processes that form urine. -Major calyces -Glomerular capsules -Nephrons -Renal pyramids

Nephrons

Which substance would NOT normally be expected in urine? protein chloride sodium nitrogenous waste water

Protein - Normally, proteins are too large to be filtered.

Which process results in increased blood pressure in response to hormone release? countercurrent mechanism myogenic mechanism tubuloglomerular response renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism adrenergic response

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism results in increased blood pressure in response to hormone release.

In situations where there is an extreme change of blood pressure (e.g., mean arterial pressure of less than 80 mm Hg), extrinsic controls take precedence over intrinsic blood pressure controls. True or false

True

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water. True or False

True

Which of the following is NOT one of the most common causes of incontinence in adults? a side effect after general anesthesia emotional problems nervous system problems physical pressure during pregnancy

a side effect after general anesthesia

The energy needed for secondary active transport is provided by the __________. cleavage of ATP concentration gradient established by Na renal capillary hydrostatic pressure concentration gradient established by Cl

concentration gradient established by Na

Water can leave the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. True or False

false - water can only leave the descending loop

Which of the following is NOT associated with primary nocturnal enuresis? -a small bladder capacity -females over the age of 60 years -inadequate nocturnal ADH production -unusually sound sleep

females over the age of 60 years

All of the following functions are carried out in the renal tubules, EXCEPT __________. secretion filtration reabsorption formation of urine

filtration

All of the following would stimulate the release of renin from granular cells, EXCEPT __________. -inhibition by the macula densa cells -stimulation of the granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system -reduced stretching of the granular cells -hemorrhaging or dehydration

inhibition by the macula densa cells

Which of the following substances is the standard substance used to measure the GFR? drug metabolites protein inulin glucose

inulin

The major calyces are the __________. large branches of the renal pelvis cone-shaped structures located in the renal medulla basic functional units of the kidneys expanded ends of renal pyramids expanded ends of nephrons

large branches of the renal pelvis

The renal hilum lies on the __________ surface of the kidney. lateral medial superior inferior

medial

The most important factor affecting the glomerular filtration rate is __________. capsular osmotic pressure blood osmotic pressure negative pressure net filtration pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure

net filtration pressure GFR is directly proportional to NFP.

The renal __________ is continuous with the ureter. cortex pelvis glomerulus medulla

pelvis

The __________ cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the posterior body wall. ureter fibrous capsule perirenal fat capsule renal fascia

perirenal fat capsule: It cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the posterior body wall.

Under normal resting conditions, the __________ arteries deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys each minute. -cortical radiate -interlobar -renal -segmental

renal

All of the following are layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerular membrane, EXCEPT the __________. renal capsule visceral layer basement membrane fenestrated endothelium

renal capsule

The glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and glomerulus make up the __________. collecting system renal corpuscle papilla nephron loop of Henle

renal corpuscle

The __________ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney that exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids. -renal pelvis -renal medulla -renal cortex -renal column

renal medulla

Which of the following substances is the largest component of urine by weight after water? inulin urea uric acid creatinine

urea

Which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder? renal pelvis prostate papillary duct ureter urethra

ureter

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is indicative that glomerular blood pressure may be too low to cause filtration? -renal ptosis -hydronephrosis -pyelitis -anuria

-anuria

In what part of the nephron is plasma filtered? -collecting duct -proximal convoluted tubule -renal corpuscle -distal convoluted tubule

-renal corpuscle

Tubular secretion is important for all EXCEPT which of the following? -eliminating undesirable substances or end products that have been reabsorbed by passive processes -ridding the body of excess glucose -controlling blood pH -disposing of substances, such as certain drugs

-ridding the body of excess glucose

Which of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of freshly voided urine in a healthy person? -slightly basic in pH -a given volume of urine has a greater specific gravity than the same volume of distilled water -slightly aromatic in odor -clear and pale to deep yellow in color

-slightly basic in pH

The reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes is because __________. -glucose cannot be reabsorbed by the kidney -the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded -glucose is too large to be filtered by the nephron -glucose is secreted in the collecting ducts of diabetics

-the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded

Urea transport into the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by __________. prostaglandin E2 renin ADH angiotensin II

ADH

Which of the following is NOT part of the filtration membrane? endothelium extraglomerular mesangial cells basement membrane podocytes

extraglomerular mesangial cells The filtration membrane is composed of three parts: capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and foot processes of podocytes.

True or false: The perirenal fat capsule is a transparent capsule that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney.

false

Which of the following is the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney? -the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule around the glomerulus -the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron -the proximal convoluted tubule -the vasa recta

the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron

The urethra has two functions in men, but only one in women. True or False

true

lcohol and many drugs prescribed for hypertension are all examples of diuretics. True or False

true

The presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate __________. trauma to the kidneys infection of the urinary tract albuminuria untreated diabetes mellitus

untreated diabetes mellitus